Which definition most accurately describes applied ethics?

The practical application of moral standards that are meant to benefit the patient More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/law-and-ethics/

Define applied ethics

Study of how ethical theories are put into place More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/business-ethics-test-1/

What is applied ethics?

Branch of ethics that considers the practical application of ethical principles to specific issues of social or personal concern More test answers on https://studyhippo.com/business-ethics-study-review/

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Applied Ethics Ethics

Ethics Midterm Chapters 1-9 – Flashcards 66 terms

Daphne Armenta

66 terms

Preview

Ethics Midterm Chapters 1-9 – Flashcards

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ethics (or moral philisophy)

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the philosophical study of morality

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morality

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belifs concerning right and wrong, good and bad; they can include judgments, rules, principles, and theories

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descriptive ethics

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the scientific study of moral beliefs and practices

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normative ethics

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the study of the principles, rules, or theories that guide our actions and judgments

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metaethics

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the study of the meaning and logical structure of moral beliefs

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applied ethics

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the application of moral norms to specific moral issues or cases, particularly those in a profession such as medicine or law

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instrumentally (or extrinsically) valuable

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valuable as a means to something else

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intrinsically valuable

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valuable in itself, for its own sake

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principle of universalizability

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the idea that a moral statement (principle, rule, or judgment) that applies in one situation must apply in all other situations that are relevantly similar

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principle of impartiality

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the welfare and interests of each individual should be given the same weight as all others

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Euthyphro's definition of piety

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"piety is that which is dear to the gods, and impiety is that which is not dear to them"

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objectivism

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the view that some moral principles are valid for everyone

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cultural relativism

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the view that an action is morally right if one's culture approves of it. implications: that cultures are morally infallible, that social reformers can never be morally right, that moral disagreements between individuals in the same culture amount to arguments over whether someone disagrees with her culture, that other cultures cannot be legitimately criticized, and that moral progress is impossible

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subjective relativism

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the view that an action is morally right if one approves of it. implications: that individuals are morally infallible and that genuine moral disagreement between individuals is nearly impossible

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emotivism

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the view that moral utterances are neither true nor false but are expressions of emotions or attitudes. implications: that people cannot disagree over the moral facts because there are no moral facts, that presenting reasons in support of a moral utterance is a matter of offering nonmoral facts that can influence someone's attitude, and that nothing is actually good or bad

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cognitivism

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the commonsense view of moral judgments is that they ascribe moral properties to such things as actions and people and that they are therefore statements that can be true or false

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noncognitivism

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denies that moral judgments are statements that can be true or false; they do no ascribe properties to anything (ie emotivism)

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statement

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an assertion that something is or is not the case

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premise

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a supporting statement in an argument

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conclusion

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the statement supported in an argument

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deductive argument

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an argument that is supposed to give logically conclusive support to its conclusion

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inductive argument

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an argument that is supposed to offer probable support to its conclusion

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valid argument

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a deductive argument that does in fact provide logically conclusive support for its conclusion

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invalid argument

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a deductive argument that does not offer logically conclusive support for the conclusion

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moral theory

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an explanation of what makes an action right or what makes a person or thing good

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consequentialist theory

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a theory asserting that what makes an action right is its consequences

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nonconsequentialist theory

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a theory asserting that the rightness of an action does not depend on its consequence

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utilitariansim

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a theory asserting that the morally right action is the one that produces the most favorable balance of good over evil, everyone considered

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ethical egoism

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a theory asserting that the morally right action is the one that produces the most favorable balance of good over evil for oneself

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categorical imperative

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an imperative that we should follow regardless of our particular wants and needs; also, the principle that defines Kant's ethical system

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Kant's theory

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a theory asserting that the morally right action is the one done in accordance with the categorical imperative

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natural law theory

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a theory asserting that the morally right action is the one that follows the dictates of nature

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divine command theory

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a theory asserting that the morally right action is the one that God commands

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theories of value

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moral theories concerned with the goodness of persons or things

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theories of obligation

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moral theories concerned with the rightness or wrongness of actions

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act-egoism

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the theory that to determine right action, you must apply the egoistic principle to individual acts

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rule-egoism

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the theory that to determine right action, you must see if an act falls under a rule that if consistently followed would maximize your self-interest

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psychological egoism

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the view that the motive for all our actions is self-interest

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principle of utility

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Bentham's definition: "that principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question."

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greatest happiness principle

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Mill's definition: the principle that "holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness."

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act-utilitarianism

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the theory that right actions are those that directly produce the greatest overall good, everyone considered

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rule-utilitariansim

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the theory that the morally right action is the one covered by a rule that if generally followed would produce the most favorable balance of good over evil, everyone considered

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hedonic calculus

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quantifies happiness and handles the necessary calculations for act-utilitarianism

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hypothetical imperative

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an imperative that tells us what we should do if we have certain desires

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categorical imperative

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an imperative that we should follow regardless of our particular wants and needs; also, the principle that defines Kant's ethical system

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means-ends principle

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the rule that we must always treat people (including ourselves) as ends in themselves, never merely as a means

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doctrine of double effect

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the principle that performing a good action may be permissible even if it has bad effects, but performing a bad action for the purpose of achieving good effects is never permissable; any bad effects must be unintended

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virtue ethics

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a theory of morality that makes virtue the central concern

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eudaimonia

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happiness, or flourishing

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virtue

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a stable disposition to act and feel according to some ideal or model of excellence

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golden mean

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Aristotle's notion of a virtue as a balance between two behavioral extremes

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ethics of care

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a perspective on moral issues that emphasizes close personal relationships and moral virtues such as compassionn, love, and sympathy

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abortion

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the deliberate termination of a pregnancy by surgical or medical (with drugs) means

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therapeutic abortion

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an abortion performed to protect the life or health of the mother

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conception

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the merging of a sperm cell and an ovum into a single cell; also called fertilization

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quickening

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the point in fetal development when the mother can feel the fetus moving (it occurs at about sixteen to twenty weeks)

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viability

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the stage of fetal development at which the fetus is able to survive outside the uterus

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person

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a being thought to have full moral rights

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genome

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an organism's complete set of DNA

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gene

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a discrete section of genetic code

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chromosome

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one of forty-six molecules containing genes and residing in the cell's nucleus

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gene therapy

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an experimental technique for directly changing a person's genes to prevent or treat disease

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genetic enhancement

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genetic intervention to make people better than normal, to maximize human traits and capabilities

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genetic engineering

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direct genetic intervention in an organism's genome to enhance traits and capabilities

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cloning

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the production of a genetically identical copy of an existing biological entity through an asexual process

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reproductive cloning

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the genetic duplication of a fully developed adult animal or human

STUDY

Applied Ethics Decision Making Ethics Health Care Professionals Natural Law Theory

Bioethics – Flashcard Test Questions 10 terms

Jessica Forbes

10 terms

Preview

Bioethics – Flashcard Test Questions

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Ethics is the study of morality using the tools and method of

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Philosophy

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The use of moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues is called

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Applied ethics

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A key feature of moral norms is

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Normative dominance

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A moral principle that applies in all cases unless an exception is warranted is

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Prima facie

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The overridding of a person's actions or decision-making for his or her own good is known as

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Paternalism

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A moral theory explains

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Why an action is right or wrong or why a person or person's character is good or bad

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Consequentialist moral theories insist that the rightness of actions depends solely on

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Their consequences or results

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Feminist ethics is an approach to morality aimed at

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Advancing women's interests and correcting injustices inflicted on women through social oppression and inequality

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Act-utilitarianism is the view that

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The rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions

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Kant says that through reason and reflection we can derive our duties from

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The categorical imperative

STUDY

Applied Ethics Decision Making Ethics Health Care Professionals Natural Law Theory

Medical Ethics: Week 1 Vaughn 56 terms

Cindy Krause

56 terms

Preview

Medical Ethics: Week 1 Vaughn

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study of morality using the tools and methods of philosophy

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Ethics

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empirical facts of morality

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descriptive ethics

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search for and justification of moral standards or norms

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normative ethics

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How we decide what ought to be done?

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normative ethics

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the use of moral norms to resolve practical moral issues

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applied ethics

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fundamental meaning of ethics... how do we have norms in the first place?

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metaethics

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common morality assumes there are objective moral standards that are inherently true and therefore true for everyone

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Moral objectivism

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states that there are no objective standards, moral values are relative to what we believe

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moral relativism

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moral values are based on personal belief. Anything that anyone believes is right; therefore, there are no moral values

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subjective relativism

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different cultures have different moral judgments and moral norms are relative to culture

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cultural relativism

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common morality, inherent

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moral norms

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normative dominance, universality, impartiality, reasonableness

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characteristics of moral norms

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moral norms take precedence over other norms

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normative dominance

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apply in all relevantly similar situations

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universality

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everyone is treated the same unless there is a morally relevant difference

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impartiality

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result of careful reflection in which we arrive at good reasons for accepting them

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reasonableness

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at least one statement (premise) providing support for another statement (conclusion)

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argument

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give logically conclusive support to their conclusions and are valid or invalid

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deductive arguments

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give probable support to their conclusions and are strong or weak

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inductive arguments

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straw man, appeal to the person, appeal to ignorance, begging the question, slippery slope

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common fallacies in moral arguments

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not presenting the opposing case well... presenting the opposing case weakly and subsequently tearing it down

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straw man

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devaluing the argument because you devalue the person

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appeal to the person

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if don't know something is wrong, it must be true

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appeal to ignorance

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assuming the conclusion to be true in premises without ever showing it

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begging the question

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if we do this, these things are going to happen, so we shouldn't do this

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slippery slope

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applies in all cases unless an exception is warranted... weighing of duties that come in conflict

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prima facie

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autonomy, beneficence, utility, and justice

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essentials of moral principles

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self-governance, self-determination

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autonomy

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we should do good to others and avoid doing them harm... active (advance others' welfare) and nonmaleficence (not to intentionally inflict harm)

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beneficence

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we should produce the most favorable balance of good over bad for all concerned

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utility

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getting what is fair or what is their due

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justice

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affirming the antecedent, denying the consequent

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valid arguments

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if p, then q p therefore, q

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affirming the antecedent

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if p, then q not q therefore, not p

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denying the consequent

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affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent

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invalid arguments

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if p, then q q therefore, p

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affirming the consequent

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if p, then q not p therefore, not q

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denying the antecedent

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gives an explanation for why we consider an action to be right or wrong or a person to be good ar bad

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moral theory

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why we believe what we believe and how we get to our conclusions

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moral theory

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duties and things are inherently right or wrong (Kant)

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deontological

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consequences from the action are important

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consequential

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1700s, sought to devise a system of morality purely based on reason with a fundamental categorical imperative and not just hypothetical imperatives.

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Immanuel Kant

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a moral statement or command that was not dependent on the circumstances

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fundamental categorical imperative

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dependent on circumstances

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hypothetical imperatives

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"act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law" and "act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end"

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kant's categorical imperative

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Jeremy Bentham, late 1700s to 1800s and John Stuart Mill, 1800s, and Peter Singer, current. Right actions are those that maximize the utility for everyone involved

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Utilitarianism

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utility of each individual acts is maximized

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act-utilitarianism

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rule are devised which result in maximal utility when they are followed

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rule-utilitarianism

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John Rawls, principles of justice can be generated from an idealized contract that members of a society would agree to in hypothetical conditions that ensure fair and unbiased choices... involves the veil of ignorance

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Contractarianism

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aristotle, Alasdair MacIntyre, focuses on the development of a virtuous character rather than determining the rightness of actions... moedling and living a virtuous life

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virtue ethics

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what is right is determined by what God has commanded

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divine command theory

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foundation of our common morality

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character of God

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right actions conform to moral standards that are present within nature itself... self-evident truth, nature is teleological, and intrinsic nature of how things are can indicate how things should be

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natural law theory

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used in natural law theory, intentions are more important than consequences

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double effect

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consistency with our common morality. consistency with facts of the moral life. resourcefulness in moral problem-solving.

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Vaughn's criteria for judging moral theories

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moral principles are based on some sort of moral theory or understanding of common morality even if not always articulated. principles can be absolute or prima facie. Tom L. Beacuchamp and James F. Childress constructed the widely accepted system of ethical principles used in bioethics.... involves the 4 principles

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moral principles in bioethics

STUDY

Applied Ethics Criminal Justice Ethics Ethics Of Care Moral Development Theory

AJS 123 Exam #1 – Flashcards 161 terms

Gabriela Compton

161 terms

Preview

AJS 123 Exam #1 – Flashcards

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The term _______________ refers to what is judged as good conduct.

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Morality

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The application of ethical principles to specific issues such as social research or medical practice is ____________ethics.

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applied

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While duties are what you must do in order to be good, ______________ are commendable but not required actions.

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superogatories

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Rain is good is an example of a ___________statement.

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value

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What is a part of every ethical system?

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An explicit value system

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Our behavior is influenced by our value system? True or False?

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True, behavior and conduct is generally the best indicator of what a person values.

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The value of survival is particular to the U.S. ethical system? True or False?

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False, survival is a basic human value that underpins all ethical systems.

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Behavioral decisions that can be judged under ethical standards involve______________.

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free will

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We usually discuss moral or immoral behavior only in cases in which the behavior significantly __________________.

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affects others

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Most behaviors that might be judged as ethical or unethical for criminal justice professionals fall into four major categories including these three____________, ______________, ____________.

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theft, malfeasance, and gossip.

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Broad social questions, often concerning the government's social control mechanisms and the impact on those governed are called _________ __________.

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ethical issues

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Would whether you personally should use marijuana for medicinal purposes be an ethical issue?

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An ________ ______best describes a situation in which one person must make a decision about what is the best thing to do?

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ethical dilemma

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Seeking the advice of moral or ethical judges is one of the steps to resolving an individual or group ethical dilemma? True or False?

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False, this is not included in the ethical dilemma resolution matrix.

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A structured set of principles that defines what is moral is referred to as: ________ ________

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ethical system

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The concept or belief in God is required for any ethical system? True or False?

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False, God is the giver of rules on good and evil for religious based ethical systems but other ethical systems do not require a belief in the existence of God or any universal god inspired revelation.

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___________ ethical systems focus on intent instead of consequences.

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deontological

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An ethical system which judges the consequences of an act is referred to as ____________.

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teleological

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A rule that states that, "Lying is never justified" would be an example of statement consistent with the ethical system of _____________.

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formalism

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In ______________ utilitarianism, one judges an action in reference to the precedent it sets and the long-term utility of the rule set by that action.

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rule

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Is humility one of the six pillars of character?

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Ehtics of _______ is the system concerned with needs and relationships?

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Care

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_____________________ postulates that what is good for one's survival and personal happiness is moral.

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Egoism

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_________ ____________ describes the position of what is good or bad changes depending on the individual or group, and that are no moral absolutes.

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Ethical relativism

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The mediator between people's essential selfishness and generosity is referred to as ___________.

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justice

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The ____________ theory of distributive justice would be most opposed to government involvement in the distribution of goods.

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libertarian

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___________________ theories of distributive justice attempt to maximize benefits for individuals and society in a mixed emphasis on entitlements and needs.

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Utilitarian

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The ______ __ _______ ethical system is most consistent with a Marxist theory of distributive justice.

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Ethics of care

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While __________________ justice involves the concept of just deserts, __________________ justice concerns the steps we must take before administering punishment.

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substantive, procedural

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Substantive justice and procedural justice are components of _____________ justice.

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corrective

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Retributive justice is best described as attempting to bring ___________ to our criminal justice process.

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balance

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An ancient right based on church power which allowed a person respite from punishment as long as he or she was within the confines of church grounds is called _________________.

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sanctuary

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The type of justice that looks to the greatest good for all as the desired end is called ___________ justice.

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Utilitarian

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Deterrence is the central theme of __________ theory of corrective justice

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Utilitarian

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Procedural protections that are part of due process include a right to have the proceedings or trial restarted after a verdict.True or False?

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False, Once a verdict is rendered there is no right to have a new trial or proceeding unless and until an appeals court determines that process was unfair.

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The voluntary breaking of established laws based on one's moral beliefs is called _____ ________.

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civil disobedience

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___________ _____________ is an approach to corrective justice that focuses on meeting the needs of all concerned.

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Restorative Justice

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____________ justice is most closely associated with discussions of criminal law.

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Corrective

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Moral beliefs arise from a habit of moral behavior that is the product of reinforcement is a statement that reflects moral _____________ theory.

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learning

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Moral ____________ is a term not generally associated with learning theory.

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reasoning

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Ethical leaders should foster personal relationships with their subordinates in order to facilitate _________ of ethical conduct.

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modeling

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The discomfort that results when behavior is not consistent with beliefs is called ___________ _________.

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cognitive dissonance

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Social learning theory reflects the idea of modeling as the mechanism of development. True or False?

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True

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Social learning theorists believe that as we develop, we move from pure egoism toward altruism. True or False?

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False

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According to Kohlberg, the first stage of moral development is called the __________ and _________ stage.

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punishment/disobedience

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During Kohlberg's __________________level, the person approaches a moral issue motivated purely by personal interests.

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pre-conventional

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During Kohlberg's __________________ level, a person moves beyond the norms and laws of a society to determine universal good, that is, what is good for all societies.

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post conventional

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During Kohlberg's __________________ level, people perceive themselves as members of society, and living up to role responsibilities is paramount in believing oneself to be good.

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conventional

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According to the "corruption continuum" organizations can become corrupt through charismatic leadership. True or False?

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False

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The condition in which a worker has abandoned the mission of the organization and is just "going through the motions" is called ________ ______.

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burn out

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Moral ___________ is assigned to all human beings since we have the ability to decide what is good or bad.

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responsibility

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We make ethical ___________using rationales derived from traditional and historical ethical systems.

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judgements

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Ethical systems are the same as moral rules.True or False?

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False

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Ethical formalism is a ____________ type of ethical system.

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Deontological

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Giving someone a car because they need it, and then having them die in a car crash because the brakes failed is a good act under the system of Ethical ____________

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Formalism

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____________would sacrifice the individual for the good of the majority.

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Utilitarianism

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____________ justice deals with how to achieve a fair resolution between individuals when one feels they have been wronged.

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Rectificatory

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______________justice involves the determination of just deserts.

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Substantive

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Procedural justice necessarily produces substantive justice. True or False?

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True

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Under the retributive system, the reason we punish is to balance the rights of victims and offenders in society. True or False?

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True

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Under the ________ rationale for punishment, we weigh the punishment to the crime in order to deter other criminal conduct and to assure the safety of the majority of society.

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utilitarian

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According to Kohlberg, all people progress through each stage of moral development until they reach the highest stage. True or False?

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False

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Morality?

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a system of determination of right and wrong conduct that is based on individual judgments and values and is generally self determined.

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Ethics?

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a system of analysis or thinking about how good is determined and determines the rules developed for various groups in society by which the right conduct is determined by and for the members of that group.

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Ethical Issue?

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a broad social question involving right or wrong and is generally group determined. It may not have an impact on any single individual.

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Ethical Dilemma?

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a decision faced by an individual where the right thing to do is not clear or the temptation to do the wrong thing is strong. The decision will generally have some immediate impact on the individual making the decision.

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Teleological Systems?

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ethical systems that make a determination of right by predicting the outcome or impact of the decision.

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Deontological Systems?

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ethical systems that determine the right by the motivation of the actor to do the right thing and to fulfill their duty to others and society or group.

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Ethics of Care?

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based on bringing about an outcome that builds human relationships and demonstrates caring for everyone involved.

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Utilitarianism?

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determines the right by what would benefit the most members of the group or society or by maximizing pleasure and reducing pain to the most people.

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Natural Law Ethical System?

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look to nature to interpret universal principles of right and wrong. Right is what is natural. God is not required for for this type of ethical system.

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Religion as an Ethical System?

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determines the good according to law/rules established or interpreted from God however god is defined.

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Substantive Justice?

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means the law itself must be fair and just.

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Procedural Justice?

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means that the process by which the law is applied is fair, equal and just.

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Kohlberg's moral development theory?

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rejected learning theory and proposed that all humans develop their ability to reason morally in stages just as they develop physically and cognitively. He developed a set of six stages or steps in moral development that he believed applied throughout societies universally and described how people developed and to what extent they developed the ability to reason morally and apply ethical principles.

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What problems do critics of Kolhberg's theory of moral development see in his ideas?

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The primary criticism is the limited scope of the research on which he based his theory. Only males were tested and it may be that females develop moral reasoning differently than males. The number and scope of his subjects was also limited.

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The term ______________ refers to the power to make a decision or choice.

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discretion

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The study and analysis of what constitutes good or bad conduct is called ____________.

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ethics

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___________________ refers to the study of ethics applied to a specific profession or subject.

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Applied ethics

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The term _________________ refers to applied ethics relevant to a particular occupation or profession.

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professional ethics

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The term __________________ refers to commendable actions that are not required in order to be considered moral.

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superagatories

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_____________________ are defined as judgments of desirability, worth, or importance.

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Values

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Ethical ____________________are broad social questions, often concerning the government's social control mechanisms and the impact on those governed.

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issues

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Duties?

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required obligations that are expected to be fulfilled due to status or position.

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Superogatories?

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are not required but are actions that go beyond what may be expected "above the call of duty."

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List and discuss the five steps used to clarify any ethical dilemma that are presented in the class?

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Review all the relevant facts. Identify relevant potential values. Identify various ethical issues for all parties. Decide which ethical issues must be resolved and what conduct standards apply (ethical system). Resolve the dilemma.

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In common usage, the terms "ethical" and "moral" are often considered as being interchangeable. True or False?

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True

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Superogatories are actions that a moral person must perform. True or False?

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False

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Moral culpability is assigned to all human beings since we have the ability to decide what is good or bad. True or False?

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True

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The first step in analyzing an ethical dilemma is to consider the underlying values of each of the involved parties. True or False?

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False

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We make ethical judgments using rationales derived from traditional and historical ethical systems. True or False?

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True

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__________________ ethics determine what people ought to do and defines moral duties based on ethical systems or other means of analysis.

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Normative

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In ______________ utilitarianism, one judges an action in reference to the precedent it sets and the long-term utility of the rule set by that action.

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rule

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In _______________ utilitarianism, only the basic utility derived from an action is examined.

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act

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The authority of religious ethics, in particular such as those of Judeo-Christian ethics, stems from a willful and rational _____.

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God

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The __________ _____ ethical system embraces human's inclination for self-preservation.

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natural law

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_____________________ postulates that what is good for one's survival and personal happiness is moral.

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Egoism

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________________________________ describes the position of what is good or bad changes depending on the individual or group, and that are no moral absolutes.

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Ethical relativism

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Ethical systems are the same as moral rules. True or False?

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True

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Ethical formalism is a deontological ethical system. True or False?

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True

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Telling a lie to someone who doesn't deserve the truth is not a lie according to Ethical Formalism. True or False?

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True

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Utilitarianism would sacrifice the individual for the good of the majority. True or False?

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True

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Under the Ethics of Virtue you can have an excess of honor, truth, or shame. True or False?

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True

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The imperative principle is associated with utilitarianism. True or False?

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True

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Ethical systems are exclusive, meaning that their defining precepts never overlap with other ethical systems. True or False?

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False

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______________________________ refer to the study of duty or moral obligation emphasizing the intent of the actor or good will as the element of morality.

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Deontological ethical system

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The term ____________________holds that the only thing truly good is a good will, and what is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative ethical system.

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Ethical Formalism

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_____________________ is an ethical system that defines good as that which results in the greatest good for the greatest number.

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Utilitarianism

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_____________________ exist apart from humankind and can be discovered by reason or science.

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natural laws

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____________________ is an ethical system that bases ethics largely upon character and possession of virtues.

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Ethics of Virtue

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____________________ is an ethical system that defines what is good as meeting needs and preserving and enriching relationships.

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Ethics of Care

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According to the concept of ______________________ humans naturally and inherently seek self-interest, and that they can do nothing else because it is their nature.

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psychological egoism

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The term ____________________ refers to the idea that many values and behaviors differ from culture to culture and are functional to the culture that holds them.

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cultural relativism

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______________________ is the philosophical position that, although there are a few universal truths, different situations call for different response; therefore, some action can be right or wrong depending on situational factors.

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situational ethics

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Discuss the one similarity among all religious systems presented in your class?

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All religious system by definition have a divine power or god that reveals truth.

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Describe and discuss the natural law ethical system. Provide examples.

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Ethics are derived from discerning the nature of the world and ethical principles are what is natural and compatible with nature whether created or evolved.

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Discuss the arguments against and supporting Relativism?

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makes the determination of right and wrong dependent on the culture and therefore not universal. Such rules may conflict between cultures.

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Discuss the arguments against and supporting Absolutism?

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believes that right is a fundamental determined rule and does not vary based on culture or circumstances. It is a very inflexible system and may justify bad outcomes.

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Situational Ethics?

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determines the good based on considerations of circumstances and potential outcomes.

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Relativism?

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applies ethics relative to culture and human judgments about desired conduct.

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___________________________ is an approach to corrective justice that focuses on meeting the needs of all concerned.

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Restorative Justice

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The libertarian theory of justice promotes minimal governmental interference in the distribution of goods. True or False?

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True

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Distributing society's goods based on need is associated with the Marxist approach to justice. True or False?

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True

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Substantive justice involves the determination of just deserts. True or False?

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True

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Sanctuary allowed offenders to escape punishment as long as they were members of the clergy. True or False?

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False

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Under the retributive system, the reason we punish is for the greater good of society. True or False?

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False

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Under the utilitarian rationale for punishment, we weigh the punishment to the crime in order to balance the wrong to society. True or False?

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False

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______________________ is concerned with the fairness of contracts and business relations.

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Commutative justice

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______________________ is concerned with punishments and sanctions.

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Corrective justice

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_____________________ justice is concerned with the allocation of the goods and burdens of society.

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Distributive

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_____________________ justice concerns fairness in business dealing.

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Rectificatory

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The constitutionally mandated procedural steps designed to eliminate error in any governmental deprivation of protected liberty, life, or property are called ___________________,

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due process

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__________________ justice concerns the steps taken to reach a determination of guilt, punishment, or other conclusion of law.

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Procedural

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___________________ justice concerns the determination and methods of punishment.

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Retributive

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The component of _________________ justice is concerned with the determination and methods of punishment.

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retributive

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Distributive Justice?

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concerned with the fair and equitable provision of society goods, opportunities and services.

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Corrective Justice?

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about conforming individual conduct with the expectations and safety of society. It strives to bring about compliance with societies laws and norms of conduct.

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Commutative Justice?

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concerned with reducing conflicts and enforcing contracts between people in society.

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Mercy?

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being excused from the punishment for a wrong.

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Justice?

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getting what one deserves for conduct that caused injury or loss to society.

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Define and discuss the concept of civil disobedience. Provide examples.

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Civil disobedience is intentionally and publicly breaking a law that one considers an unjust law. Rosa Parks, a black woman in the south, refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man and move to the back and was arrested for violating the law that compelled black citizens to sit in the back of the bus.

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During Kohlberg's __________________level, the person approaches a moral issue motivated purely by personal interests.

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pre-conventional

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During Kohlberg's __________________ level, a person moves beyond the norms and laws of a society to determine universal good, that is, what is good for all societies.

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post conventional

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During Kohlberg's __________________ level, people perceive themselves as members of society, and living up to role responsibilities is paramount in believing oneself to be good.

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conventional

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Some biological theorists believe that morality lies in the "emotion" centers of the brain. True or False?

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True

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A combination of moral training and a positive social environment has been shown to improve both moral reasoning and moral behavior in offender populations. True or False?

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True

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Theorists who view deviance as incomplete socialization have a perspective that is most consistent with learning theory. True or False?

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True

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According to learning theory, moral behavior is learned best through reinforcement and exposure to higher order reasoning. True or False?

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False

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According to Kohlberg, moral development is closely related to intellectual development. True or False?

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True

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According to Gilligan, men are not capable of analyzing an ethical dilemma using the care perspective. True or False?

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False

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Learning theorists believe that punishments and rewards are more effective methods to keep workers ethical than training classes. True or False?

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True

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Burnout refers to when criminal justice professionals lose their ideals. True or False?

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True

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The psychological term referring to the discomfort that is created when behavior and attitude or belief are inconsistent is _________________________.

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cognitive dissonance

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The term _____________________ refers to an individual's feeling of competence.

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self efficacy

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_____________________ theories of behavior propose individuals have normal growth patterns in such areas as morality and emotional maturity.

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Developmental

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Gilligan's description of a "soft" moral orientation emphasizing relationships and needs is referred to as the ________________________.

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care perspective

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According to ___________________ theorists, the most effective way to change the ethics of a profession is to utilize rewards and punishments to change behaviors; that is, supervision and discipline are the vehicles to creating an ethical organization.

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learning

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______________________ are employees who exposes what they believe to be wrongdoing or illegality in their organization.

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Whistleblowers

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What are the three basic approaches used to explain human behavior?

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Biological, learning and developmental explanations.

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Briefly explain how biological approaches might explain antisocial behavior?

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The male hormone testosterone may cause more aggressive and antisocial behavior by males. Women are the biological birth givers and may therefore be biologically programed to be more relational and caring.

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Describe and discuss modeling and reinforcement and how they are related to moral development?

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Learning theory supports the notion that people learn from those in position of leadership or authority and therefore children will learn moral standards from observing parents. Employees from the actions of the supervisors or leaders.

STUDY

American Medical Association Applied Ethics Divine Command Theory Ethics Good And Bad Play The Game Search For Truth Terminally Ill Patient

Bioethics – Flashcards 316 terms

Sienna Rogers

316 terms

Preview

Bioethics – Flashcards

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Ethics

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The study of morality using the tools and methods of philosophy. AKA moral philosophy

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Normative ethics

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The search for, and justification of, moral standards, or norms.

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Metaethics

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The study of the meaning and justification of basic moral beliefs.

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Applied ethics

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The use of moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues.

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Bioethics

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Applied ethics focused on health care, medical research, and medical technology.

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Subjective Relativism

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The view that right actions are those sanctioned by a person

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Cultural Relativism

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The view that right actions are those sanctioned by one's culture

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Moral Objectivism

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The view that there are moral norms or principles that are valid or true for everyone

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Argument

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At least one statement (premise) providing support for another statement (conclusion)

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Deductive argument

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An argument intended to give logically conclusive support to its conclusion

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Inductive argument

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An argument intended to give probable support to its conclusion

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Evaluating Arguments

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Step 1. Study the text until you thoroughly understand it. Step 2. Find the conclusion. Step 3. Identify the premises.

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Modus Ponens

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1. If p, then q. 2. p. 3. Therefore, q.

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Modus Tollens

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1. If p, then q. 2. Not q. 3. Therefore, not p.

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Moral Premises supported by

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Other moral principles Moral theories Considered moral judgments

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Moral Premises criticized by

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Counterexamples

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Moral Argument

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A moral argument is one whose conclusion is a moral statement. (action is right or wrong or that a persons motive is good or bad) A moral argument has (1) at least one moral premise and (2) at least one nonmoral premise.

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Moral Principles

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1. Autonomy 2. Beneficence 3. Utility 4. Justice

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Absolute principle

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An absolute principle applies without exceptions.

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Prima facie principle

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A moral principle that applies in all cases unless an exception is warranted.

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Moral Norms

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1. Normative Dominance 2. Universality 3. Impartiality 4. Reasonableness

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Moral Values

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Moral values concern things we judge to be morally good, bad, praiseworthy, or blameworthy—character or motives.

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Moral Obligations

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Moral obligations concern our duty—our actions.

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Morality

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• Actions are morally right or wrong. • Persons are morally good or bad. Beliefs regarding morally right and wrong actions and morally good and bad persons or character.

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Ethics is the study of morality using the tools and method of

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philosophy

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The use of moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues is called

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applied ethics

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A key feature of moral norms is

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Normative dominance

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Paternalism

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The overriding of a person's actions or decision-making for his or her own good.

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The principle of respect for autonomy places no restraints on what can be done to an autonomous person.

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FALSE

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Nonmaleficence is the bedrock precept of codes of conduct for health care professionals.

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TRUE

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That equals should be treated equally is a basic precept of the principle of autonomy.

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FALSE

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Moral absolutism is the view that there are moral norms or principles that are valid or true for everyone.

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FALSE

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From the fact that cultures have divergent moral beliefs on an issue, it does not logically follow that there is no objective moral truth.

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TRUE

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Descriptive Ethics

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The study of morality using the methodology of science.

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divine command theory

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The view that right actions are those commanded by God and wrong actions are those forbidden by God. Many religious & nonreligious people reject theory b/c it implies that God's commands are arbitrary.

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Ethical relativism

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The view that moral standards are not objective but are relative to what individuals or cultures believe.

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Moral absolutism

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The belief that objective moral principles allow no exceptions or must be applied the same way in all cases and cultures.

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Moral objectivism

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The view that there are moral norms or principles that are valid or true for everyone.

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Autonomy

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Autonomous persons should be allowed to exercise their capacity for self-determination

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Beneficence

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We should do good to others and avoid doing them harm

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Utility

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We should produce the most favorable balance of good over bad for all concerned

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Justice

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We should treat equals equally Treating equals equally

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act-utilitarianism

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The view that the rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions.

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consequentialist theory

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A moral theory asserting that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences or results.

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contractarianism

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Moral or political theories based on the idea of a social contract or agreement among individuals for mutual advantage.

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deontological (or nonconsequentialist) theory

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A moral theory asserting that the rightness of actions is determined partly or entirely by their intrinsic nature.

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doctrine of double effect

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The principle that performing a bad action to bring about a good effect is never morally acceptable but that performing a good action may sometimes be acceptable even if it produces a bad effect.

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moral theory

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An explanation of why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person's character is good or bad. Tells you what about an action makes it right. Alone are NOT the ultimate authority in moral deliberations; involve both general & particular (theory, principles, & considered judgements)

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natural law theory

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The view that right actions are those that conform to moral standards discerned in nature through human reason.

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rule-utilitarianism

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The view that a right action is one that conforms to a rule that, if followed consistently, would create for everyone involved the most beneficial balance of good over bad.

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utilitarianism

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The view that right actions are those that result in the most beneficial balance of good over bad consequences for everyone involved. CENTRAL MORAL PRINCIPLE : "Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By 'happiness' is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by 'unhappiness,' pain and the privation of pleasure."

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virtue ethics

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A moral theory that focuses on the development of virtuous character.

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Consequentialist moral theories insist that the rightness of actions depends solely on

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Their consequences or results

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Feminist ethics is an approach to morality aimed at

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Advancing women's interests and correcting injustices inflicted on women through social oppression and inequality.

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Kant says that through reason and reflection we can derive our duties from

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The categorical imperative.

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Natural law theory is the view that right actions are those that conform to moral standards discerned in nature through human reason.

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TRUE

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Natural law tradition resolves dilemmas through the principle of utility.

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FALSE

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Rawls's equal liberty principles says that each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.

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TRUE

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According to virtue ethics, the central task in morality is knowing and applying principles.

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FALSE

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In the ethics of care, the heart of the moral life is feeling for and caring for those with whom you have a special, intimate connection.

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TRUE

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Kant's categorical imperative

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"act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law"

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Ethics of care

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the heart of the moral life is feeling for and caring for those with whom you have a special, intimate connection

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Moral Criteria of Adequacy

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Criterion1: consistency with our considered moral judgements Criterion2: consistency with the facts of the moral life Criterion3: resourcefulness in moral problem-solving

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distributive justice

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Justice regarding the fair distribution of society's advantages and disadvantages.

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egalitarian theories of justice

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Doctrines affirming that important benefits and burdens of society should be distributed equally.

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libertarian theories of justice

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Doctrines holding that the benefits and burdens of society should be distributed through the fair workings of a free market and the exercise of liberty rights of noninterference.

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managed care

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A system for providing health care to a particular group of patients (members of the system) using restraints to control costs and increase efficiency.

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utilitarian theories of justice

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Doctrines asserting that a just distribution of benefits and burdens is one that maximizes the net good (utility) for society.

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Libertarian

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The theory of justice insisting that the benefits and burdens of society should be distributed through the fair workings of a free market and the exercise of liberty rights of noninterference

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Norman Daniels believes that a strong right to health care can be derived from the principle of

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Fair equality of opportunity

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Allen Buchanan rejects

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A right to a decent minimum of care.

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Health insurance is so expensive that its high cost is the main reason for lack of coverage.

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TRUE

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Some theorists think that a legitimate question in allocating transplant organs is which potential recipients—if given the chance to live—are expected to contribute most to the good of society.

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TRUE

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The utilitarian purpose behind using quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) is

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To do the most good with the resources available

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Some argue that QALYs are unfair to

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Older people and the disabled.

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Most wealthy nations can provide maximum health care for everyone.

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FALSE

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The United States spends more on health care per capita than any other country.

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TRUE

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Utilitarian theories of justice affirm that important benefits and burdens of society should be distributed equally.

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FALSE

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moral theories are not relevant to our moral life

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FALSE

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Macroallocation

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Rationing on the level of the total health care system

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Logical argument and persuasion are essentially the same thing.

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FALSE

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author defends the position that there is no moral right to healthcare, and that while society may choose to help those in need out of compassion or benevolence, there is no obligation to do so

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engelhardt

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Act-utilitarianism is the view that

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The rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions

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Although the United States spends more on health care than any other country, the quality of the care is not obviously better overall than that of other countries.

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TRUE

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A right not to be interfered with in obtaining something is known as a

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Negative right

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A moral theory explains

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why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person's character is good or bad

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A deductive argument is intended to give

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Logically conclusive support to its conclusion

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Moral premises can be called into question by showing that they

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Conflict with credible principles, theories, or judgments

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Making, using, and critically assessing moral theory is a normal, pervasive feature of the moral life.

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TRUE

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If people's moral judgments differ from culture to culture, moral norms are relative to culture.

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FALSE

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The theory of justice insisting that the benefits and burdens of society should be distributed through the fair workings of a free market and the exercise of liberty rights of noninterference is

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libertarian

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According to John Harris, a key failing of QALYs is that they

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Cannot accommodate the subjectivity of people's assessments of the value of their own lives

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Cultural relativism logically entails tolerance for other cultures.

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FALSE

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John Stuart Mill claims that some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others, and that this is compatible with the principle of utility.

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TRUE

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Kant's principle of respect for persons says that we should always treat persons

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Never merely as a means to an end

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The Congressional Budget Office has estimated that President Obama's Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) will _____.

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Reduce the number of uninsured by 32 million in 2019

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Classic utilitarianism depends heavily on a strong sense of impartiality.

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TRUE

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The misrepresentation of a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is known as

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The Straw man fallacy

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Any moral theory that is inconsistent with the facts of the moral life is

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Problematic

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The rationing of health care has never been tried in the United States.

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FALSE

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Immanuel Kant's second formulation of the categorical imperative involves that we should always treat other rational beings as ends in themselves, never as mere means.

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TRUE

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The primary inspiration for contemporary versions of virtue ethics is

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Aristotle

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Norman Daniels argues that a strong right to health care can be derived from the principle of

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Fair equality of opportunity

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In the ethics of care, the heart of the moral life is best described as

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feeling for and caring for those with whom you have a special, intimate connection

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What a right to a decent minimum of care involves has been fairly easy to specify.

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FALSE

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The data that a moral theory is supposed to explain are

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Our considered moral judgments

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With regard to the issue of how to fairly allocate exotic (medical) lifesaving therapy, Nicholas Rescher argues that it is not ethically defensible to combine a points-based scoring system with an element of chance.

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FALSE

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In assessing an argument, the first order of business is to _____.

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Find the Conclusion

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"Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By 'happiness' is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by 'unhappiness,' pain and the privation of pleasure." This is a central moral principle of:

answer

Utilitarianism

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Rawls's equal liberty principles says that each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.

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TRUE

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autonomy

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A person's rational capacity for self-governance or self-determination. Respect for persons as autonomous agents

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medical futility

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The alleged pointlessness or ineffectiveness of administering particular treatments.

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paternalism

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The overriding of a person's actions or decision-making for his or her own good. Utilitarianism allows for the possibility of paternalism. Kantian ethics rejects paternalism. Natural law theory is more paternalistic than Kantian ethics.

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strong paternalism

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The overriding of a person's actions or choices although he or she is substantially autonomous.

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weak paternalism

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Paternalism directed at persons who cannot act autonomously or whose autonomy is greatly diminished.

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Autonomy principle

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Autonomous persons should be allowed to exercise their capacity for self-determination

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The right to refuse treatment is problematic when

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1. the patients are "mature minors" 2. parents reject medical treatment for their minor children The courts have established the principle that a competent patient has a right to reject recommended treatments, even life-saving ones

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Nurses must come to terms with many of the same moral questions and principles that weigh so heavily on physicians:

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beneficence versus patient autonomy patient-provider confidentiality truth-telling refusal of treatment informed consent futile treatment

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Argument against full disclosure:

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1. truth-telling can be injurious, evoking in patients feelings of panic, hopelessness, fear, and depression. 2. Patients do not want to know the truth, especially if the prognosis is grim. 3. Physicians have no duty to tell patients the truth because patients are incapable of understanding it.

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Counterargument:

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1. Many exaggerate the harm done to patients by full disclosure, underestimate the beneficial effects of truthfulness, and fail to recognize that misleading or lying to patients can also do damage. 2. Data from surveys suggest that most patients really do prefer to be told the truth about their diagnosis. 3. (A) Even if communicating the whole truth is impossible, physicians still have an obligation to try to convey to patients the essential and relevant information; (B) conveying the "whole truth and nothing but the truth" is unnecessary.

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Main Argument in Favor of Truth-Telling

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We must always respect people's autonomy—their rational capacity for self-determination. Full disclosure respects their autonomy.

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Confidentiality

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An obligation or pledge of physicians, nurses, and others to keep secret the personal health information of patients unless they consent to disclosure ARGUMENTS FOR CONFIDENTIALITY: 1. Without respect for confidentiality, physicians would have a difficult time fulfilling their duty of beneficence. 2. Without respect for confidentiality, trust between physician and patient would break down. 3. Disclosure of confidential medical information could harm patients. 4. Persons have a right to privacy.

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Right to privacy

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The authority of persons to control who may possess and use information about themselves

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Paternalism directed at persons who cannot act autonomously or whose autonomy is greatly diminished is known as

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Weak paternalism

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The overriding of a person's actions or choices although he or she is substantially autonomous is called

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Strong paternalism

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The case of Helga Wanglie concerned what some have referred to as

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Medical futility

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The case of Elizabeth Bouvia concerned

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Refusal of treatment

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Generally, Kantian ethics rejects

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Paternalism

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Weak paternalism is not usually considered an objectionable violation of autonomy.

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TRUE

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Since the 1970s, several children have died after their parents refused medical treatment because of religious beliefs.

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TRUE

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For both physician and patients, the issue of futility is not a question of values.

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FALSE

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Physicians are obliged to regard every patient request as legitimate.

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FALSE

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According to Roman Catholic doctrine, a hopelessly ill patient has the right to refuse extraordinary life-sustaining treatments.

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TRUE

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Advocates of full disclosure insist that informed patients are

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Better patients

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The notion of patients imparting information to health professionals who promise, implicitly or explicitly, not to disclose that information to others is known as

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Confidentiality

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The authority of persons to control who may possess and use information about themselves is considered

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A right to privacy

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The case of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California concerned a conflict between

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A duty of confidentiality and a duty to warn.

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The case of Carlos R. was mostly about

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Medical confidentiality versus a duty to warn.

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The Hippocratic Oath insists on a strong duty of truth-telling.

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FALSE

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Data from surveys suggest that most patients prefer to be told the truth about their diagnosis.

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TRUE

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The main argument in favor of truth-telling rests on the physician's duty of beneficence.

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FALSE

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Complete confidentiality in modern health care is entirely feasible.

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FALSE

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Most cancer patients want to know the details of their disease, whether the news is good or bad.

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TRUE

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Alan Goldman includes the following premise in his description of the basic argument for medical paternalism: disclosure of information is sometimes likely to be detrimental to the patient's health and may perhaps even hasten the patient's death.

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TRUE

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Many skeptics of full disclosure have argued that physicians have no duty to tell patients the truth because

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Patients are incapable of understanding the truth

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A DNR is a directive telling the medical staff to

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Forgo CPR on patients

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Early medical practice was strongly paternalistic.

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TRUE

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In the Hippocratic Oath, the physician's respect for confidentiality is

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clearly expressed

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Mark Siegler suggests that patients should be given better education about what 'medical confidentiality' means, and that patients should have the option to restrict access to specific parts of their medical records.

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TRUE

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A person is either fully autonomous or entirely lacking in autonomy.

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FALSE

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Terrence F. Ackerman defends the claim that illness is not an evil, on the basis that it does not compromise our efforts to control our lives.

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FALSE

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Disclosure of confidential medical information has exposed some patients to discrimination from insurance companies and employers.

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TRUE

question

Kantian ethics implies an unambiguous duty to truth-telling and confidentiality.

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TRUE

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The utilitarian philosopher John Stuart Mill endorsed state paternalism.

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FALSE

question

Court rulings have established that competent patients have a right to

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Reject recommended treatments

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Some reject the traditional model of nursing, arguing instead that the nurse's ultimate responsibility is to be

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An advocate for patients

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The law recognizes that the duty to respect confidentiality has exceptions.

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TRUE

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Physicians agree that the obligation to respect confidentiality is absolute.

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FALSE

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Ruth Macklin defends the view that multiculturalism requires us to accept practices that involve negative health consequences for patients.

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FALSE

question

The traditional notion of a nurse is that of a care-giver subordinate to physicians and duty bound to carry out their directives for patient care and treatment. For many nurses this model seems fraught with conflicts between _____.

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The nurse's obligation to follow doctor's orders and her duty of beneficence toward her patients

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Alan Goldman argues that one reason why we should be reluctant to delegate medical decisions that have crucial effects on our lives to doctors, even despite their expertise, is because self-determination has great independent value.

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TRUE

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James Rachels claims that the loss of privacy is disturbing to us because controlling who has access to us, and information about us, allows us to maintain the variety of relationships with other people that we want to have.

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TRUE

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The Hippocratic Oath asserted patients' rights to decide about their own medical care.

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FALSE

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One reason why weak paternalism is not usually considered an objectionable violation of autonomy is because the relevant patients are already substantially nonautonomous.

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TRUE

question

The physician's duties of confidentiality and preventing harm are

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Sometimes in conflict in HIV cases

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Mill thinks it is morally defensible to tell a lie if the greatest happiness of the greatest number is thereby maximized.

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TRUE

question

The main argument in favor of truth-telling rests on the physician's duty of beneficence.

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FALSE

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The American Medical Association's code of medical ethics includes the declarations that patients have a basic right to available adequate healthcare, that physicians and society should continue to work towards this goal, and that physicians should assume a part of the responsibility for the medical care of those who cannot afford essential health care.

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TRUE

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In general, Kantian ethics views paternalism as

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A violation of autonomy

question

According to Ruth Macklin, Western physicians should respect cultural and religious beliefs from diverse non-Western cultures as much as possible, but they need not embrace beliefs that can result in practices that are detrimental to patients or others.

answer

TRUE

question

Many skeptics of full disclosure have argued that physicians have no duty to tell patients the truth because

answer

Patients are incapable of understanding the truth

question

For an act-utilitarian, the morality of truth-telling and confidentiality must be judged

answer

case by case

question

Informed consent

answer

The action of an autonomous, informed person agreeing to submit to medical treatment or experimentation.

question

Conditions for informed consent

answer

The patient is competent to decide. She gets an adequate disclosure of information. She understands the information. She decides about the treatment voluntarily. She consents to the treatment.

question

Competence

answer

The ability to render decisions about medical interventions

question

Courts and legislatures have mandated the disclosure of:

answer

The nature of the procedure The risks of the procedure The alternatives to the proposed procedure, including the option of no treatment The expected benefits of the proposed treatment

question

Waiver

answer

The patient's voluntary and deliberate giving up of the right to informed consent. The patient's voluntary and deliberate giving up of the right of informed consent is called

question

Therapeutic privilege

answer

The withholding of relevant information from a patient when the physician believes disclosure would likely do harm The withholding of relevant information from a patient when the physician believes disclosure would likely do harm is known as

question

Clinical trial

answer

A scientific study designed to systematically test a medical intervention in humans

question

Blinding

answer

A procedure for ensuring that subjects and researchers do not know which interventions the subjects receive (standard treatment, new treatment, or placebo)

question

Placebo

answer

An inactive or sham treatment

question

Randomization

answer

The assigning of subjects randomly to both experimental and control groups

question

Drug testing stages of clinical trials

answer

Phase I trial—Tests the drug in a few people for safety and adverse reactions and ascertains safe and unsafe doses (nontherapeutic). Phase II trial—Investigators give the drug to larger groups of subjects to get a preliminary indication of its effectiveness and to do more assessments of safety. Phase III trial—Researchers try to finally establish whether the drug is effective, determine how it compares with other proven treatments, and learn how to use it in the safest way (therapeutic; largest trials; capable of providing definitive answers about a treatment's worth).

question

Ethical Requirements for Clinical Trials

answer

Subjects must give their informed voluntary consent to participate. The study must be designed to minimize risks to subjects and offer an acceptable balance of risks and benefits. Subjects must be selected fairly to avoid exploiting or unjustly excluding them. The subjects' privacy should be protected, and the confidentiality of research data must be preserved. Before the research is conducted, it must be reviewed and approved by an independent panel.

question

Beneficence

answer

Doing good for, and avoiding harm to, persons

question

Moral Justification for Clinical Trials

answer

Therapeutic trials are usually justified by the potential good to the subjects and to future patients or society. Nontherapeutic trials are often justified by significant potential good to society.

question

Research on the Vulnerable

answer

The essential moral conflict is between (1) the duty to shield the vulnerable from abuse & (2) the aspiration to benefit them or society through needed research.

question

The ability to render decisions about medical interventions is known as

answer

competence

question

Usually patients are presumed to be competent unless there are good reasons to think otherwise.

answer

TRUE

question

A credible and severe threat of harm or force to control another has been called

answer

Coercion

question

Philosophers have justified informed consent through appeals to the principles of autonomy and beneficence

answer

TRUE

question

For a clinical trial to be morally permissible, subjects must give their informed voluntary consent.

answer

TRUE

question

Many critics see huge discrepancies between the ethical ideal of informed consent and the laws or rules meant to implement it.

answer

TRUE

question

Physicians who are in doubt about the relative merits of the treatments in a study are said to be

answer

In equipoise

question

The requirement of informed consent can be derived directly from Kantian ethics.

answer

TRUE

question

For most clinical trials, randomization is unnecessary.

answer

FALSE

question

Usually the safety and effectiveness of a treatment can be established by a single clinical trial.

answer

FALSE

question

The action of an autonomous, informed person agreeing to submit to medical treatment or experimentation is known as

answer

informed consent

question

The heart of the modern doctrine of informed consent is

answer

Kantian

question

Out of the post-World War II trial of Nazi doctors came the Nuremberg Code.

answer

TRUE

question

Patients are legitimately judged incompetent in cases of

answer

Mental retardation and dementia

question

A scientific study designed to test a medical intervention in humans is known as

answer

A clinical trial

question

The use of placebos in control groups is

answer

Often cause for serious moral concern

question

Robert Levine claims that one part of a practical way to address issues created by cultural differences when obtaining informed consent in human subjects research is to require review of the research by research ethics committees that are ideally based in the communities in which research is to be conducted.

answer

TRUE

question

Probably the chief argument against the third-world AZT studies is that in using a placebo (no-treatment) group, some of the subjects were deprived of an effective treatment that could have prevented many babies from being infected with HIV.

answer

TRUE

question

Incompetence does not come in degrees.

answer

FALSE

question

In the 1970s, courts began to insist that the adequacy of disclosure should be judged by what patients themselves find relevant to their situation.

answer

TRUE

question

Informed consent requires that patients understand all information given to them.

answer

FALSE

question

Some theorists have defined informed consent as autonomous authorization.

answer

TRUE

question

The infamous experiment to study the damaging effects of untreated syphilis in 600 poor black men is known as

answer

The Tuskegee study

question

An indispensable feature of most clinical trials is

answer

Blinding

question

A widely accepted proviso in human research is that the use of placebos is unethical when effective treatments are already available.

answer

TRUE

question

It is generally understood that consent to do research on children is not required.

answer

FALSE

question

It is generally agreed that subjects may not be paid under any circumstances.

answer

FALSE

question

viability

answer

The development stage when the fetus can survive outside the uterus. The development stage at approximately 23 to 24 weeks of pregnancy when the fetus may survive outside the uterus is known as

question

In Roe v. Wade, the Court saw a guaranteed right of personal privacy in

answer

The Fourteenth Amendment

question

A key premise in many arguments against abortion is that

answer

The unborn is an innocent person from the moment of conception.

question

Mary Anne Warren identifies five traits that are "most central" to personhood and declares that a fetus

answer

Has none of these traits.

question

Abortion liberals contend that even if infants are not persons, infanticide is

answer

Rarely permissible

question

Almost half of all pregnancies are unintended.

answer

TRUE

question

Judith Jarvis Thomson argues that even if the unborn is a person from the moment of conception, abortion may still be morally justified.

answer

TRUE

question

Some reject Thomson's argument by contending that it holds only if the woman bears no responsibility for her predicament.

answer

TRUE

question

The natural law position on abortion as articulated in Roman Catholicism is that the fetus is an innocent person from the moment of viability.

answer

FALSE

question

Some people opposed to abortion argue that the fetus is a potential person and thus has the same right to life as any existing person.

answer

TRUE

question

abortion

answer

The ending of a pregnancy.

question

induced abortion

answer

The intentional termination of a pregnancy through drugs or surgery.

question

quickening

answer

At about 16 to 20 weeks of pregnancy, a pregnant woman's experience of fetal movement inside her.

question

spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)

answer

An abortion resulting from natural causes such as a birth defect or maternal injury.

question

therapeutic abortion

answer

Abortion performed to preserve the life or health of the mother.

question

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

answer

The uniting of sperm and egg in a laboratory dish, instead of inside a woman's body

question

In the debates on IVF, John Robertson argues for

answer

Procreative liberty

question

A woman who gestates a fetus for others, usually for a couple or another woman, is called a

answer

Surrogate The classic case of Baby M concerned Surrogacy

question

The asexual production of a genetically identical entity from an existing one is known as

answer

Cloning

question

Reproductive cloning

answer

Cloning aimed at the live birth of an individual.

question

therapeutic or research cloning

answer

Cloning done for purposes other than producing a live individual.

question

infertility

answer

The inability to get pregnant after one year of unprotected sex.

question

cycle

answer

(in assisted reproductive technology [ART]) A sequence of steps involved in trying to achieve pregnancy through ART, typically extending from egg retrieval to embryo transfer.

question

IVF cycles pose health risks for both woman and child.

answer

TRUE

question

The strongest arguments for IVF have appealed to individual autonomy or reproductive rights.

answer

TRUE

question

Mary Anne Warren argues that IVF comes with substantial risks and burdens and that women are too constrained or coerced by society to decide about the technology for themselves.

answer

FALSE

question

Probably the most pervasive—and perhaps the strongest—argument against surrogacy is that surrogacy arrangements amount to baby-selling.

answer

TRUE

question

Genetic determinism is a myth.

answer

TRUE

question

chromosome

answer

A string-like, gene-containing molecule in the nucleus of a cell.

question

eugenics

answer

The deliberate attempt to improve the genetic makeup of humans by manipulating reproduction.

question

gene

answer

The fundamental unit of biological inheritance.

question

gene therapy

answer

The manipulation of someone's genetic material to prevent or treat disease.

question

genetic discrimination

answer

The use of genetic information by employers, insurance companies, and others to discriminate against or stigmatize people.

question

genetic testing

answer

Procedures used to check for genetic disorders by looking for changes in a person's DNA.

question

genome

answer

An organism's entire complement of DNA.

question

Genetic discrimination is prohibited by law.

answer

true

question

Those who believe that embryos have the moral status of persons are likely to view embryonic stem cell research as

answer

Immoral

question

Currently human cloning seems likely to result in

answer

High rates of serious birth defects

question

Surrogate arrangements are generally simple and legally straightforward.

answer

FALSE

question

The core question in public disputes about embryonic stem cells is whether it is morally permissible to destroy human embryos in a search for cures.

answer

TRUE

question

Those who believe that early embryos have less than full moral status but are still deserving of some respect usually regard embryonic stem cell research as

answer

Morally acceptable

question

Many symptomless people at risk for Huntington's disease decide not to be tested.

answer

TRUE

question

The Hebrew and Christian scriptures denounce abortion.

answer

FALSE

question

The risk of death associated with abortion performed at eight weeks or earlier is

answer

One death per 1 million abortions

question

Negative eugenics is widely regarded as

answer

Permissible or obligatory

question

Conservatives on the abortion issue charge that liberals' standards for personhood imply that

answer

Cognitively impaired individuals are not persons

question

An animal or human clone is

answer

Not a perfect copy of an individual

question

The Roman Catholic position on abortion incorporates

answer

The doctrine of double effect

question

Some bioethicists have insisted that discrimination or disrespect for persons is not entailed by genetic testing.

answer

TRUE

question

Direct-to-consumer genetic tests are reliable, useful, and safe.

answer

FALSE

question

Late-term abortions are

answer

rare

question

Judith Jarvis Thomson argues that

answer

Unjustly killing a fetus is always wrong

question

Some have objected to IVF because of its potential for causing birth defects and disease in children.

answer

TRUE

question

Multiple pregnancies resulting from IVF cycles raise the risks of children's life and health.

answer

TRUE

question

Most Western industrialized countries have lower abortion rates than the United States does.

answer

TRUE

question

The use of genetic information by employers, insurance companies, and others to discriminate against or stigmatize people is known as

answer

Genetic discrimination

question

The uniting of sperm and egg in a laboratory dish, instead of inside a woman's body, is called

answer

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

question

Some argue against surrogacy by claiming that it amounts to

answer

Baby-selling

question

Even when genetic tests correctly predict a genetic disorder, they usually cannot foretell how severe its symptoms will be or when they will appear.

answer

TRUE

question

Some argue that gene therapy should not be permitted because it amounts to

answer

Eugenics

question

In Roe v. Wade, the Court balanced the woman's right and state interests according to trimester of pregnancy.

answer

TRUE

question

Most of the moral controversy over embryonic stem cells has focused on their source, which is mainly

answer

Blastocysts

question

A common charge against genetic testing to prevent birth impairments is that it amounts to disrespect or discrimination against

answer

People with disabilities

question

Mary Anne Warren identifies five traits that are "most central" to personhood and declares that a fetus

answer

Has none of these traits

question

Fertility clinics store frozen embryos but never destroy them.

answer

FALSE

question

Euthanasia

answer

directly or indirectly bringing about the death of another person for that person's sake

question

Active euthanasia

answer

Performing an action that directly causes someone to die; "mercy killing." active euthanasia is killing

question

Passive euthanasia

answer

Allowing someone to die by not doing something that would prolong life. passive euthanasia is letting die.

question

Voluntary euthanasia

answer

Euthanasia performed when competent patients voluntarily request or agree to it.

question

Involuntary euthanasia

answer

Bringing about someone's death against her will or without asking for her consent although she is competent to decide.

question

Nonvoluntary euthanasia

answer

Euthanasia performed when patients are not competent to choose it for themselves and have not previously disclosed their preferences.

question

Some argue that there is no morally significant difference between mercifully killing a patient and mercifully letting the patient die.

answer

TRUE

question

Physician-Assisted Suicide

answer

A patient's taking his or her own life with the aid of a physician. The AMA has denounced PAS. Many people (including some physicians) support its use. It is legal only in Oregon.

question

Definitions of Death

answer

Traditional view—Death is the cessation of breathing and heartbeat. Standard in law and medicine—Whole brain view: An individual should be judged dead when all brain functions permanently stop. Alternative notion—Higher brain standard: Individuals are dead when the higher brain functions responsible for consciousness permanently close down.

question

Active Voluntary Euthanasia Arguments for:

answer

Arguments for: Autonomy: Respecting people's inherent right of self-determination means respecting their autonomous choices about ending their lives. Beneficence: If we are in a position to relieve the severe suffering of another without excessive cost to ourselves, we have an obligation to do so.

question

Active Voluntary Euthanasia Arguments against:

answer

Arguments against: Moral difference between killing and letting die: Killing is worse than letting die, so giving a patient a lethal injection to effect an easy death is wrong, but disconnecting his feeding tube may be permissible. Moral difference between intending someone's death and not intending but foreseeing it: The former is wrong; the latter is permissible.

question

Performing an action that directly causes someone to die—what most people think of as "mercy killing"—is called

answer

Active euthanasia

question

Passive euthanasia (both voluntary and nonvoluntary) is

answer

Legal

question

The definition of death that has become the standard in legal and medical matters is called

answer

The whole brain view.

question

The strongest argument offered to support active voluntary euthanasia is derived from

answer

The principle of autonomy.

question

Those who oppose euthanasia often draw a sharp distinction between

answer

Killing and letting die

question

The American Medical Association has denounced physician-assisted suicide as unethical and inconsistent with physicians' duty to promote healing and preserve life.

answer

TRUE

question

Some argue against active voluntary euthanasia by advancing a distinction between intending someone's death and not intending but foreseeing it.

answer

TRUE

question

Slippery slope arguments are seldom used in debates about euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide.

answer

FALSE

question

The mere possibility of abuses arising from allowing euthanasia or assisted suicide is in itself a good reason to ban the practices.

answer

FALSE

question

Most ethicists agree that the horrific suffering of dying patients can always be relieved without resort to lethal means.

answer

FALSE

question

Injecting a terminally ill patient with a lethal drug without the patient's consent is

answer

Active nonvoluntary euthanasia

question

Injecting a terminally ill patient with a lethal drug with the patient's consent is

answer

Active voluntary euthanasia

question

The American Medical Association has denounced physician-assisted suicide as unethical and inconsistent with physicians' duty to promote healing and preserve life.

answer

TRUE

question

Performing an action that directly causes someone to die—what most people think of as "mercy killing"—is called

answer

Active euthanasia

question

The moral principle of individual well-being can be used to support an argument defending voluntary active euthanasia.

answer

TRUE

question

The principle of justice provides a stronger source of support for active voluntary euthanasia than the principle of autonomy.

answer

FALSE

question

Scientific research on whether policies permitting euthanasia or assisted suicide lead to unjustified killing is

answer

Scant

question

Withdrawing life-sustaining measures from a terminally ill patient with the patient's consent is

answer

Passive voluntary euthanasia

question

Withdrawing life-sustaining measures from a terminally ill patient without the patient's consent is

answer

Passive nonvoluntary euthanasia

question

Daniel Callahan defends the position that a person's right of self-determination can justify someone else killing that person for mercy's sake.

answer

FALSE

question

The Philosophers' Brief includes the argument that states cannot deny people wishing to die a chance to demonstrate that their decisions are informed, stable, and free.

answer

TRUE

question

Some argue that directly intending a patient's death may be permissible because, to the patient, death

answer

May not be a harm

question

Doctors are unanimous in their rejection of physician-assisted suicide.

answer

FALSE

question

Oregon's 1994 Death With Dignity Act does not permit doctors to prescribe drugs that terminally ill patients can use to commit suicide.

answer

FALSE

question

The Smith-Jones thought experiment provides support for the position that active euthanasia is not morally worse than passive euthanasia.

answer

TRUE

question

The whole brain view is the standard definition of death in law and medicine.

answer

TRUE

STUDY

Applied Ethics Divine Command Theory Ethics Natural Law Theory Straw Man Fallacy

Bio Ethics Ch 1-3 – Flashcards 70 terms

Isabella Parker

70 terms

Preview

Bio Ethics Ch 1-3 – Flashcards

question

T/F The principle of respect for autonomy places no restraints on what can be done to an autonomous person.

answer

False

question

T/F Cultural relativism implies that we cannot legitimately criticize other cultures.

answer

true

question

T/F All religious people accept the divine command theory

answer

False

question

In assessing an argument, the first order of business is to _____.

answer

1. find the conclusion

question

T/F If people's moral judgments differ from culture to culture, moral norms are relative to culture.

answer

false

question

T/F Cultural relativism logically entails tolerance for other cultures

answer

false

question

T/F Moral absolutism is the view that there are moral norms or principles that are valid or true for everyone.

answer

False

question

A moral principle that applies in all cases unless an exception is warranted is

answer

Prima Facie

question

The overriding of a person's actions or decision-making for his or her own good is known as

answer

paternalism

question

A key feature of moral norms is

answer

normative dominance

question

A deductive argument is intended to give

answer

Logically conclusive support to its conclusion

question

The use of moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues is called

answer

applied ethics

question

T/F From the fact that cultures have divergent moral beliefs on an issue, it does not logically follow that there is no objective moral truth.

answer

true

question

The misrepresentation of a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed is known as

answer

Straw Man fallacy

question

T/F Logical argument and persuasion are essentially the same thing.

answer

False

question

Ethics is the study of morality using the tools and method of

answer

philosophy

question

The argument form of "If p, then q; p; therefore, q" is called _____.

answer

modus ponens

question

T/F Nonmaleficence is the bedrock precept of codes of conduct for health care professionals.

answer

True

question

Moral premises can be called into question by showing that they

answer

Conflict with credible principles, theories, or judgments

question

T/F That equals should be treated equally is a basic precept of the principle of autonomy.

answer

False

question

Chapter 2

answer

question

T/F According to virtue ethics, the central task in morality is knowing and applying principles.

answer

False

question

T/F In the ethics of care, the heart of the moral life is feeling for and caring for those with whom you have a special, intimate connection.

answer

True

question

A moral theory explains

answer

Why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person's character is good or bad

question

T/F Natural law tradition resolves dilemmas through the principle of utility.

answer

False

question

T/F Casuistry is a method of reasoning that emphasizes cases and analogy rather than universal principles and theories.

answer

True

question

The primary inspiration for contemporary versions of virtue ethics is

answer

Aristotle

question

Underlying natural law theory is the belief that

answer

All of nature, including humankind, is teleological

question

Act-utilitarianism is the view that

answer

The rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions

question

Natural law theory is the view that right actions are those that conform to moral standards discerned in nature through human reason.

answer

True

question

Kant says that through reason and reflection we can derive our duties from

answer

The categorical imperative

question

T/F Classic utilitarianism depends heavily on a strong sense of impartiality

answer

True

question

T/F Rule-utilitarianism is the idea that the rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions.

answer

False (Act-Utilitarianism)

question

T/F Rawls's equal liberty principles says that each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all.

answer

True

question

Kant's categorical imperatives are absolutist

answer

True

question

Feminist ethics is an approach to morality aimed at

answer

Advancing women's interests and correcting injustices inflicted on women through social oppression and inequality

question

Consequentialist moral theories insist that the rightness of actions depends solely on

answer

Their consequences or results

question

The data that a moral theory is supposed to explain are

answer

Our considered moral judgements

question

Kant's principle of respect for persons says that we should always treat persons

answer

Never merely as a means to an end

question

Any moral theory that is inconsistent with the facts of the moral life is

answer

Problematic

question

T/F Moral theories are not relevant to our moral life.

answer

False

question

Chapter 3

answer

question

T/F For both physician and patients, the issue of futility is not a question of values.

answer

False

question

T/F Weak paternalism is not usually considered an objectionable violation of autonomy.

answer

True

question

A DNR is a directive telling the medical staff to

answer

forgo CPR on a patient

question

Early medical practice was strongly paternalistic.

answer

True

question

In general, Kantian ethics views paternalism as

answer

A violation of atonomy

question

The case of Helga Wanglie concerned what some have referred to as

answer

Medical Futility

question

Generally, Kantian ethics rejects

answer

Paternalism

question

The overriding of a person's actions or choices although he or she is substantially autonomous is called

answer

Strong Paternalism

question

The utilitarian philosopher John Stuart Mill endorsed state paternalism.

answer

False

question

A person is either fully autonomous or entirely lacking in autonomy.

answer

Falsse

question

Since the 1970s, several children have died after their parents refused medical treatment because of religious beliefs.

answer

True

question

Paternalism directed at persons who cannot act autonomously or whose autonomy is greatly diminished is known as

answer

Weak Paternalism

question

answer

The nurse's obligation to follow doctor's orders and her duty of beneficence toward her patients

question

T/F Physician autonomy is the freedom of doctors to determine the conditions they work in and the care they give patients

answer

True

question

T/F The Hippocratic Oath asserted patients' rights to decide about their own medical care.

answer

False

question

T/F According to Roman Catholic doctrine, a hopelessly ill patient has the right to refuse extraordinary life-sustaining treatments.

answer

True

question

Physicians are obliged to regard every patient request as legitimate

answer

False

question

Some reject the traditional model of nursing, arguing instead that the nurse's ultimate responsibility is to be _____

answer

An advocate for patients

question

Court rulings have established that competent patients have a right to

answer

reject commended treatments

question

The case of Elizabeth Bouvia concerned

answer

refusal of treatments

question

Chapter 4

answer

question

The authority of persons to control who may possess and use information about themselves is considered

answer

right to privacy

question

The case of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California concerned a conflict between

answer

A duty of confidentiality and a duty to warn

question

The notion of patients imparting information to health professionals who promise, implicitly or explicitly, not to disclose that information to others is known as

answer

confidentiality

question

The physician's duties of confidentiality and preventing harm are

answer

sometimes conflict in HIV cases

question

The case of Carlos R. was mostly about

answer

Medical confidentiality versus a duty to warn

question

In the Hippocratic Oath, the physician's respect for confidentiality is

answer

clearly expressed

question

T/F Complete confidentiality in modern health care is entirely feasible.

answer

False

STUDY

Applied Ethics Authority And Power Criminal Justice Criminal Justice System Ethics Good Samaritan Act Morals And Ethics

Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions – Flashcards 66 terms

Ray Collins

66 terms

Preview

Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions – Flashcards

question

Discretion

answer

The authority to make a decision between two or more choices

question

Wholesight

answer

Exploring issues with one's heart as well as one's mind.

question

morals

answer

Principals of right and wrong.

question

ethics

answer

The discipline of determining good and evil and defining moral duties.

question

meta-ethics

answer

The discipline of investigating the meaning of ethical terms, including a critical study of how ethical statements can be verified. (Are they relative or universal?; self constructed or independent?)

question

normative ethics

answer

What people ought to do; defines moral duties.

question

applied ethics

answer

The study of what is right and wrong pertaining to a specific profession or subject. (How used in a field)

question

professional ethics

answer

Applied principals of right and wrong relevant to specific occupations or professions.

question

duties

answer

Required behaviors or actions.

question

superogatories

answer

Actons that are commendable but not required in order for a person to be considered moral. (above & beyond)

question

imperfect duties

answer

Moral duties that are not fully explicated or detailed.

question

values

answer

Judgements of desirability, worth, or importance. (prioritization of desirable traits)

question

ethical issues

answer

Difficult social questions that include controversy.

question

ethical dilemmas

answer

Situations in which it is difficult to make a decision either because the right course of action is not clear or the right course of action carries some negative consequences.

question

morals and ethics relate to

answer

relate to standards of behavior; come from Greek and Latin roots meaning custom or behavioral practices

question

Examples of how discretion permeates every phase of CJ and creates ethical dilemmas for CJ professionals:

answer

Each stage of CJ system professionals have discretion or power to choose behaviors. Legislature creates laws, PO's enforcement, Prosecution on charges, Judges on evidence, Corrections on daily lives

question

Why is ethics important in CJ?

answer

There are many opportunities for abuse of power or coercion; Public servants have special duties; Sensitize to issues, provide tools to identify and resolve dilemmas.

question

What behaviors may fall into moral/ethical judgements?

answer

Those ACTS that can be judged under moral critera committed by HUMANS, of FREE WILL, and which AFFECT OTHERS.

question

Difference between Ethical Issues and Dilemmas?

answer

Issues - are broad in nature, affecting society. Dilemmas - are independent personal events, may be right or wrong, decision presents challenge.

question

Public Servant

answer

funded from Public funds and held to a higher standard because they have taken on special duties involving public trust.

question

Felkenes's 6 reasons for CJPs to study ethics:

answer

1. Profession is dependent on moral and ethical behavior 2. Training develops analytical skills and reasoning needed to understand the pragmatic and theoretical aspects of CJ system. 3. CJPs need to quickly recognize ethical consequences of actions and the moral principals involved. 4. Considerations are central to discretion, force, and due process decisions. 5. Germane to mgmt and policy decisions ie rehab, deterrence.. 6. Essential aspects of CJ research.

question

Four elements that specify the types of behaviors that are judged under CJ Professional ethics:

answer

1. Acts involving citizens/clients (harassment/mal-mis-feasance) 2. Acts involving other employees (harassment, gossip, lying..) 3. Acts involving one's Org. (theft, work ethic, false reports..) 4. Acts involving subordinates (discipline, demands, criticism..)

question

Groups traditionally exempt from legal and moral culpability (& why);

answer

The Young and Insane - Capacity to reason (must be sufficiently aware of the world to be able to decide rationally between good and bad).

question

What are the 5 steps in analyzing an ethical dilemma?

answer

1. Identify the facts 2. Identify relevant values and concepts 3. Identify all possible moral dilemmas for each party involved 4. Decide which is the immediate moral or ethical being faced 5. Resolve the dilemma by using an ethical system or other means of decision making.

question

Ethical System

answer

A structured set of principles that defines what is moral.

question

deontological ethical system

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The study of duty or moral obligation emphasizing the INTENT of the actor as the element of morality.

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teleological ethical system

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An ethical system that is concerned with the CONSEQUENCES or ends of an action to determine goodness. ("End justifies means")

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ethical formalism

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The ethical system espoused by Kant that focuses on DUTY; holds that the only thing truly good is GOOD WILL, and that what is good is that which conforms to the CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE.

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3 principals of ethical formalism (Kant)

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1. Act only on what would be acceptable if it were universal law. 2. Act toward humanity only towards good end - never for means. 3. Act freely in consistency with universal law.

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hypothetical imperative

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Statements of contingent demand known as if-then statements (opposite of categorical imperative which are "musts" with no "ifs")

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categorical imperative

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The concept that some things just must be, with no need for further justification, explanation, or rationalization to why they exist. (should do duty, act as want all to act, and not use people)

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utilitarianism

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The ethical system that claims that the greatest good is that which results in the greatest happiness for the greatest number.

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act utilitarianism

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They type of utilitarianism that determines the goodness of a particular act by measuring the utility (good) for all, but only for that specific act and without regard to future actions.

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rule utilitariansim

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The type of utilitarianism that determines the goodness of an action by measuring the utility of that action when it is made into a rule for behavior.

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natural law

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The idea that principals of morals and rights are inherent in nature and not human made, such laws are discovered by reason but exist apart from humankind.

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ethics of virtue

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The ethical system that bases ethics largely upon character and posession of virtues.

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principal of the golden mean

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Aristotle's concept of moderation, in which one should not err toward excess or deficiency; this principle is associated with the ethics of virtue.

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ethics of care

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The ethical system that defines good as meeting the needs of others and preserving and enriching relationships.

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peacemaking justice

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An ancient approach to justice that includes the concepts of compassion and care, connectedness and mindfulness.

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egoism

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The ethical system that defines the pursuit of self-interest as a moral good.

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psychological egoism

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The concept that humans naturally and inherently seek self-interest, and that we can do nothing else because it is our nature.

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enlightened egoism

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The concept that egoism may appear altruistic because it is in one's long-term best interest to help others in order to recieve help in return.

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imperative principle

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The concept that all decisions should be made according to absolute rules. (Religious or absolutist ethics)

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utilitarian principle

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The principle that all decisions should be made according to what is best for the greatest number.

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generalization principle

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The principle that all decisions should be made assuming that the decision would be applied to everyone else in similar circumstance. (Ethical Formalism)

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5 questions a CJP facing an ethical question should ask:

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1. Does the action violate any person's rights incl. due process? 2. Does the action involve treating a person as means to an end? 3. Is the action illegal? 4. Will the action produce more bad than good for all affected? 5. Does the action violate dept proceedure or professional duty?

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cultural relativism

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The idea that values and behaviors differ from culture to cultrue and are functional in the culture that holds them.

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principal of forfeiture

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The idea that one gives up one's right to be treated under the princples of respect for persons to the extent that one has abrogated someone else's rights. (self defense acceptable defense - associated with deontological ethical system)

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situational ethics

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The philosophical position that although there are a few universal truths, different situations call for different responses; therefore, some action can be right or wrong depending on the factors

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moral pluralism

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The concept that there are fundamental truths that may dictate different definitions of what is moral in different situations. (Resolves difference between absolutism and relativism)

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Relativism

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position that what is good or bad changes depending on the individual or group and there are no moral absolutes; what is right is dependent on culture and individual beliefs. (Syn Situational Ethics)

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Ethical Systems

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provide the guidelines or principles to make moral decisions.

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Key Principal: Ethical Formalism

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What is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative.

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Key Principal: Utilitarianism

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Good = good for greatest number

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Key Principal: Religion

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Good = God's will

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Key Principal: Natural Law

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Good = that which is natural

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Key Principal: Ethics of Virtue

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Good = that which conforms to the Golden mean

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Key Principal: Ethics of Care

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Good = meets the needs of those concerned

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Key Principal: Egoism

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Good = benefits oneself

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3 consistent elements of most approaches:

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1. must know the facts 2. apply "front page" test 3. use a formula or set of ethical principles to resolve dilemmas

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3 parts of the Ethical Pyramid

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Moral Judgement (top) Moral Rules (middle) Ethical System (bottom)

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4 characteristics of moral systems (Baelz)

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1. Prescriptive - behavior is demanded or prescribed 2. Authoritative - not subject to debate 3. logically impartial or universal - applies in all cases to everyone 4. Not self serving - directed towards others, good = all not indiv.

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3 ways humans "know" God's will

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1. Individual concience 2. Religious authorities 3. Holy scriptures

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6 Pillars of character:

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1. Trustworthiness 2. Respect 3. Responsibility 4. Fairness 5. Caring 6. Citizenship

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3 Principals of Ethical decision making: (Krogstand and Robertson)

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1. The Imperative Principle - to look at obligations and duties 2. The Utilitarian Principle - to examine moral ideas 3. The Generalization Principle - to evaluate against consequence

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Situational ethics vs. Relativism

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Relativism takes cultural differences into account and has no absolutes, whereas Situational ethics recognizes some absolute truths while also recognizing multicultural truths.

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