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study of morality using the tools and methods of philosophy

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Ethics

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empirical facts of morality

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descriptive ethics

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search for and justification of moral standards or norms

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normative ethics

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How we decide what ought to be done?

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normative ethics

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the use of moral norms to resolve practical moral issues

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applied ethics

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fundamental meaning of ethics... how do we have norms in the first place?

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metaethics

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common morality assumes there are objective moral standards that are inherently true and therefore true for everyone

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Moral objectivism

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states that there are no objective standards, moral values are relative to what we believe

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moral relativism

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moral values are based on personal belief. Anything that anyone believes is right; therefore, there are no moral values

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subjective relativism

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different cultures have different moral judgments and moral norms are relative to culture

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cultural relativism

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common morality, inherent

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moral norms

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normative dominance, universality, impartiality, reasonableness

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characteristics of moral norms

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moral norms take precedence over other norms

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normative dominance

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apply in all relevantly similar situations

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universality

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everyone is treated the same unless there is a morally relevant difference

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impartiality

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result of careful reflection in which we arrive at good reasons for accepting them

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reasonableness

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at least one statement (premise) providing support for another statement (conclusion)

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argument

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give logically conclusive support to their conclusions and are valid or invalid

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deductive arguments

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give probable support to their conclusions and are strong or weak

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inductive arguments

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straw man, appeal to the person, appeal to ignorance, begging the question, slippery slope

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common fallacies in moral arguments

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not presenting the opposing case well... presenting the opposing case weakly and subsequently tearing it down

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straw man

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devaluing the argument because you devalue the person

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appeal to the person

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if don't know something is wrong, it must be true

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appeal to ignorance

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assuming the conclusion to be true in premises without ever showing it

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begging the question

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if we do this, these things are going to happen, so we shouldn't do this

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slippery slope

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applies in all cases unless an exception is warranted... weighing of duties that come in conflict

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prima facie

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autonomy, beneficence, utility, and justice

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essentials of moral principles

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self-governance, self-determination

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autonomy

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we should do good to others and avoid doing them harm... active (advance others' welfare) and nonmaleficence (not to intentionally inflict harm)

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beneficence

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we should produce the most favorable balance of good over bad for all concerned

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utility

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getting what is fair or what is their due

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justice

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affirming the antecedent, denying the consequent

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valid arguments

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if p, then q p therefore, q

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affirming the antecedent

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if p, then q not q therefore, not p

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denying the consequent

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affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent

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invalid arguments

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if p, then q q therefore, p

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affirming the consequent

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if p, then q not p therefore, not q

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denying the antecedent

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gives an explanation for why we consider an action to be right or wrong or a person to be good ar bad

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moral theory

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why we believe what we believe and how we get to our conclusions

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moral theory

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duties and things are inherently right or wrong (Kant)

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deontological

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consequences from the action are important

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consequential

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1700s, sought to devise a system of morality purely based on reason with a fundamental categorical imperative and not just hypothetical imperatives.

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Immanuel Kant

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a moral statement or command that was not dependent on the circumstances

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fundamental categorical imperative

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dependent on circumstances

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hypothetical imperatives

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"act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law" and "act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end"

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kant's categorical imperative

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Jeremy Bentham, late 1700s to 1800s and John Stuart Mill, 1800s, and Peter Singer, current. Right actions are those that maximize the utility for everyone involved

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Utilitarianism

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utility of each individual acts is maximized

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act-utilitarianism

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rule are devised which result in maximal utility when they are followed

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rule-utilitarianism

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John Rawls, principles of justice can be generated from an idealized contract that members of a society would agree to in hypothetical conditions that ensure fair and unbiased choices... involves the veil of ignorance

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Contractarianism

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aristotle, Alasdair MacIntyre, focuses on the development of a virtuous character rather than determining the rightness of actions... moedling and living a virtuous life

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virtue ethics

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what is right is determined by what God has commanded

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divine command theory

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foundation of our common morality

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character of God

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right actions conform to moral standards that are present within nature itself... self-evident truth, nature is teleological, and intrinsic nature of how things are can indicate how things should be

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natural law theory

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used in natural law theory, intentions are more important than consequences

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double effect

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consistency with our common morality. consistency with facts of the moral life. resourcefulness in moral problem-solving.

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Vaughn's criteria for judging moral theories

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moral principles are based on some sort of moral theory or understanding of common morality even if not always articulated. principles can be absolute or prima facie. Tom L. Beacuchamp and James F. Childress constructed the widely accepted system of ethical principles used in bioethics.... involves the 4 principles

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moral principles in bioethics

Medical Ethics: Week 1 Vaughn

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