question

The system that maintains male privilege in society is known as:

answer

Patriarchy

question

___ highlights tension in the social structure that may fracture and lead to social change.

answer

Conflict Theory

question

The social thinker who coined the term "sociology" in 1838 was ___.

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August Comte

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Conflict theory originated in the work of ____.

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Karl Marx

question

According to Durkheim's typology, "suicide bombers" would be an example of _____.

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Altruistic Suicide

question

W.E.B Du Bois believed that the elimination of white prejudice would reduce racial conflict and create more equality between blacks and whits. In order to advance his interest in creating racial equality, Du Bois

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Co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

question

To achieve the deepest and most through understanding of the rationalizations and motives that criminals use, and the meaning and consequences of their actions, which method would you use

answer

Participant Observation

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Which off the following is not a feature of symbolic interactionism?

answer

that societal meanings never change

question

Sociologists say we must look beyond individual states of mind to explain human behavior. What do sociologists focus on in their explanations of human behavior?

answer

Social Causes

question

Which theoretical perspective is most likely to focus the meanings behind fashion choices made by the consumers?

answer

Symbolic Interactionist

question

Stable patterns of social relations are called:

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Social Structure

question

The sociological imagination allows people to:

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Understand the relationship between social issues and private troubles

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One aspect of social organization is the patters of intimate social relations that are formed during face-to-face interpersonal interactions. Sociologists call these patterns:

answer

Microstructures

question

Sociologists use the term microstructures to refer to

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Patterns of social relations that are intimate and personal.

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The social class system in the United States would be an example of what kind of social structure?

answer

Macro-Structure

question

The entire social world has become more interconnected economically and politically. This is creates which type of social organization?

answer

Global Structures

question

Which of these is not considered one of the key features of functionalism?

answer

Competing Interests

question

The sociologist best known for emphasizing that various institutions must work to ensure the smooth operation of society as a whole is ______.

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Talcott Parsons

question

An early critic of Karl Marx, and the person who noted the rapid growth of the service sector within the industrial economy, was _____.

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Max Weber

question

Experiments to measure the impact of media violence on children are most like to lack ____ because of the artificial setting in which experiments are conducted.

answer

Validity

question

Ideas or standards for what is right or wrong, good or bad, and other types of judgements are called _____.

answer

Values

question

Which of these is the best example of material culture?

answer

A computer

question

When humans make and use tools and techniques that improce their ability to take what they want from nature, they are engaged in ____.

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Production

question

Jim traveled to Thailand for a vacation and became shocked and judgmental toward "foreign" practices. Which term best describes Jim's reaction?

answer

Ethnocentrism

question

The necessity to understand that other people have values that differ from ours and that we should not see these values as inferior but merely different is known as _____.

answer

Cultural Relativism

question

The opposite of ethnocentrism is _____.

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Cultural Relativism

question

The belief that all cultures and all cultural practices have equal value is known as _____.

answer

Cultural Relativism

question

One benefit of the lack of consensus and erosion of authority within postmodernism is that

answer

People are freer to choose their own identities and are more tolerant of differences.

question

Brym and Lie define cultural lag as

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The tendency of symbolic culture to change more slowly than material culture.

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In Weber's sense of the term, rationalization is

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The application of the most efficient means to achieve any particular goal.

question

When people make purchases in order to feel good about themselves or their situation, they are engaging in _____.

answer

Consumerism

question

Some sociologists argue that consumerism acts as a constraint in people's lives because

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It drive people into debt and requires more work.

question

American core values have remained remarkably stable despite the changes brought by postmodernism.

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False

question

Postmodernism has many parents, teachers, politicians, religious leaders, and some university professors worried about the future.

answer

True

question

Because people contribute to the creation of culture, culture is always liberating.

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False

question

What has happened to attitudes toward government within postmodern society?

answer

There has been a decline in confidence in the government

question

In the popular film, "Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan," ____ us a major source of humor.

answer

Ethnocentrism

question

In contemporary society, we are overly busy and often feel rushed trying to accomplish too much during the average workday. Our lives seem so highly regimented that each moment is precisely planned. Sociologists attribute this to the growth of _____.

answer

Rationalization

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Advocates of ___ have argued that school and college curricula should present a more balanced picture of United States history, culture, and society by reflecting the ethnic and racial diversity of the United States.

answer

Multiculturalsim

question

The authors suggest that the "rights revolution" has raised difficult issues. One of the most controversial is the question of

answer

Making reparation for past discrimination.

question

The discussion of the "wild boy of Aveyron" in the text illustrates that without childhood socialization

answer

Most of our human potential remains unlocked until we are socialized.

question

George Hebert Mead is best known for his study of ____.

answer

The Self

question

When people enter military boot camp they are epected to radically change physically, mentally, and emotionally. This is an example of what kind of socialization?

answer

Resocialization

question

The process of socialization begins

answer

At birth

question

The core idea of the perspective of symbolic interactionism is that

answer

Through the process of face-to-face

question

George Herbert Mead called the impulsive and spontaneous aspect of the self the ____.

answer

"I"

question

According to the research of Carol Gilligan, the moral development of boys and girls does not reflect biological or cognitive differences tied to sex. Rather

answer

The differences are the result of different cultural standards passed on to boys and girls.

question

Widely shared expectations about how males and females are supposed to act are called ____.

answer

Gender Roles

question

A ____ is the behavior expected of a person occupying a particular position in society.

answer

Role

question

Settings in which people are isolated from the larger society under the strict control and constant supervision of a specialized staff are called _____.

answer

Total Institutions

question

The idea of the hidden curriculum was first proposed by ____.

answer

Conflict Theorists

question

Which of these is not one of the stages in an initiation rite?

answer

Individuation

question

The individual's conscious experience of a distinct, personal identity that is separate and meaningful from all other people is called _____.

answer

The self

question

According to Mead, children learn to use language and other symbols by

answer

Imitating important people in their lives.

question

The fastest growing mass medium is ____.

answer

the Internet

question

____ emphasize how socialization serves to create orderly social relations.

answer

Functionalists

question

The Thomas theorem was first proposed by _____.

answer

Symbolic Interactionist

question

When an expectation leads a person to create the very situation that they predicted, this is known as _____.

answer

A self-fulfilling prophecy

question

A category of people composed of individuals who are not necessarily friends but are about the same age and of similar status is called a _____.

answer

Peer Group

question

Today, those who watch the most TV tend to be _____.

answer

Socially disadvantaged

question

____ are composed of one or more networks of people who identify with one another and adhere to defined norms, roles, and statuses.

answer

Social Groups

question

How do symbolic interactionists explain people's altruistic and fair behavior?

answer

When people are altruistic and fair they are generally following social norms

question

Which of these statements is not part of Weber's analysis of bureaucracies?

answer

the largest bureaucracies are the most efficient

question

Which of the following is false in regards to facial expressions, body language, and gestures?

answer

Most gestures and postures mean the same thing in all cultures

question

When considering the strength of weak ties who is most likely to provide the most useful information about employment opportunities

answer

acquaintances

question

secondary groups designed to achieve explicit objectives are called

answer

formal organisations

question

The horrifying case of gang rape of a young woman with mental retardation in Glen Ridge New Jersey did not result in serious punishment for the perpetrators . How does the research Bernard Lefkowitz explain this?

answer

the actions of the perpetrators were consistent with the values of the adults around them

question

In the Nazi genocide operations it was possible for some officials to ignore the fool or of what was happening because

answer

the process was broken down into many small tasks

question

In the 1950s and 1960s, stewardesses were expected to behave suggestively and appear available romantically. At the same time they were expected to politely ward off any advances from passengers. This balance, which was difficult to achieve, is an example of _____.

answer

Role Strain

question

People who work as teachers, sales clerks, nurses, and flight attendants are expected to manage their own emotions but also those of students, customers, patients and others. Hoschchild has termed this type of work ____.

answer

Emotional Labor

question

Which of these does not describe social interaction?

answer

A winner-takes-all process

question

Dramaturgical analysis originated in the work of ____.

answer

Erving Goffman

question

____ involves giving the impression that one is "going through the motions" even though one lacks a serious commitment to a role.

answer

Role distancing

question

When people try to control how others see them, they are engaged in _____.

answer

Impression Management

question

____ are visual indicators of other people's social postition.

answer

Status Cues

question

Structures of authority tend to render people obedient

answer

Obedient

question

The classical experiment involving gauging the relative lengths of lines drawn on cards was conducted by ____.

answer

Solomon Asch

question

Emotional responses are not involuntary reactions

answer

True

question

Every society has norms that govern the expression of emotions.

answer

True

question

Milgrim's experiment teaches us that as soon as we are introduced to a structure of authority, we are inclined to obey those in power.

answer

True

question

How has the diagnosis of mental illness changed since the 19th century?

answer

Today Americans are more comfortable seeing their problems as medical or psychological conditions

question

Which of the following is not identified as factoring into the disproportionately high arrest, conviction, and incarceration rates of African Americans?

answer

Geographical distribution

question

Durkheim's controversial claim that deviance is actually beneficial for society is part of the ____ perspective on deviance and crime

answer

Functionalist

question

The sociological term for the ability to carry out one's will against the resistance of others is _____.

answer

Power

question

A major consequence of the War of Drugs in the U.S. since the 1980s is

answer

A dramatic increase in the incarceration rate of non-violent offenders

question

A point illustrated in the film Easy A that is related to Durkheim's thinking but was not made by Durkheim is that

answer

Norm-breakers can provide outsiders with the oppurtunity to become insiders

question

A ____ is a means of showing disapproval of deviance.

answer

Negative Sanction

question

Which theoretical perspective is most focused on learning and labeling deviant and criminal roles?

answer

Symbolic Interactionism

question

The theory of deviance and crime that emphasizes the disparity between the value placed on success and the opportunities for achieving it was introduced by ____.

answer

Robert Merton

question

According to Robert Merton, which of the following social types would accept cultural goals but replace conventional means with alternative means of achieving them?

answer

Innovator

question

Which theory focuses on the power and influence of the wealthy and elites in defining those with less power as deviant and criminal?

answer

Conflict

question

Which theory contends that criminals are those likely to have few social attachments, few legitimate opportunities, weak conventional beliefs, and few involvements in their community?

answer

Control

question

After 1970, more attention was brought to crimes against women that had been largely overlooked previously. New laws brought attention to date rape and marital rape, as well as sexual harassment. What is the explanation for these changes?

answer

Women achieved greater status within the family, employment and other social institutions

question

Which of the following is false in regards to prisons in the U.S.?

answer

As society has become modern, revenge is no longer a motivation for prisons

question

Such crimes embezzlement, false advertising, tax evasion, insider stock trading, fraud , copyright infringement, and price fixing are all examples of _____.

answer

White-collar crime

question

Which of the following is the most cost effective drug policy?

answer

Drug prevention and treatment

question

Labeling theory holds that deviance results

answer

Not just from the actions of the deviant but also from the responses of others.

question

There is no longer a gender gap in arrests; women are now arrested as often as men.

answer

False

question

One of the positive aspects of the death penalty is that because it is so severe it it applied in a just and consistent way for all persons convicted of crimes.

answer

False

question

One must learn how to get high, and also to recognize the effects of marijuana. These things do not just occur "naturally."

answer

True

question

In the story of the Titanic what was/were the consequences of social inequality?

answer

Members of the upper class were given a better chance of survival

question

During the recent period of postindustrialism, social inequality has increased in the US and the UK, but remained fairly stable in countries such as France, Germany, and Canada. How did these countries achieve a stable level of inequality?

answer

through tax and welfare policies

question

___ is the measure of income inequality that ranges from zero to one. It measures the level of internal stratification, and allows researchers to compare inequality between societies.

answer

The Gini Index

question

What you are able to earn in a given period of time is called your ___.

answer

Income

question

If you are not wealthy, but do well in school and are able to obtain a very high paying job, your social position would be based on ____.

answer

Achievement

question

The trend most responsible for the gap between the rich and poor increasing over the past fifty years is

answer

Technological factors that have created new jobs made others more routine and less skilled.

question

Class position in a stratification system is determined by ____, according to Max Weber

answer

Market Situation

question

The percentage of Americans who fall below the poverty threshold is called ____.

answer

The Poverty Rate

question

The US has a low level of internal stratification compared with the rest of the world.

answer

False

question

Functionalism argues that because all occupations are necessary for the smooth functioning of society, social stratification is unfair and unjustified.

answer

False

question

Which of these statements about income is false?

answer

the US has less income inequality than most other countries

question

Over a lifetime, an individual may experience considerable movement up or down the stratification system. Sociologists call this movement ___.

answer

Vertical social mobility

question

In general, over the course of history, as societies became richer and more complex, what has been the pattern in terms of levels of social inequality?

answer

It first increased, then tapered off, and then began to decline

question

The domestication of animals is a characteristic of which type of society?

answer

Pastoralism

question

The tendency of industrialization to lower the level of social stratification

answer

Was not apparent in the first stages of industrial growth

question

Marx argued that as the capitalist economy matured

answer

The capitalist class would get smaller and richer, while the working class grew larger and poorer.

question

Marx called those who do not own the "means of production" and who work for wages ____.

answer

The proletariat

question

Marx called the member of the class that owned the owned the factories, land, and tools, or "means of production," ____.

answer

The bourgeoisie

question

According to Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore, society needs to create incentives to motivate the most talented people to train for the most important jobs. This is a core assumption within the ___ perspective on social stratification.

answer

Functionalist

question

___ are not just political groups but, more generally, organizations that seek to impose their will on others.

answer

Parties

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