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what is a group?

answer

2 or more people who interact and influence one another

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collective influences (3 examples)

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Social Facilitation, social loafing, deindividuation

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3 examples of social influences

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Group polarization, group think, minority influences

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Social facilitation

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(original meaning) tendency of people to perform simple or well learned tasks better when other are present. (current meaning) strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others (running faster with someone else than being w yourself

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Social loafing

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tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable `

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Deindividuation

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loss of self awareness and evaluation apprehension occurs in group situations that fosters responsiveness to group norms

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anonymity

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nobody knows you

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arousing & distracting activities

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there a self reinforcing pleasure in acting impulsively while observing others doing likewise

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diminished self awareness

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a group experiences that diminish self consciousness tend to disconnect behavior from attitudes

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self awareness

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opposite of deindividuation

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group polarization

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group discussion often strengthens members initial indignation

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explaining polarization ( 2 theories)

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informational influences and normative influences

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informational influences

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influence that result from accepting evidence about reality

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normative influence

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influenced based on a person's desire to be accepted or admired by others

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pluralistic ignorance

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a false impression of what most people are thinking or feeling or how they are responding

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group thinking

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when a group becomes so cohesive that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative causes of action

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two symptoms lead group members to over estimate their groups might and right

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1. an illusion of invulnerability 2. unquestionable belief in the groups morality

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group members also become close minded

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3. rationalization- Groups discount challenges by collectively justifying their decision

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4. sterotyped view of opponent

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participant in these group thank tanks consider their enemies too evil to negotiate with or too weak and unintelligent to defend themselves against the planed initiative

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5. conformity pressure

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Group members rebuffed those who raised doubts about the groups assumptions and plans at times not by argument but by personal sarcasm

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6.self censorship

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to avoid uncomfortable disagreements members misheld or discounted their misgivings

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7. illusion of unanimity

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self censorship and pressured not to puncture the consensus creates an illusion of unanimity

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8. mind guards

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some members protect the group from information that would call into question the effectiveness or morality of its decisions.

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preventing group think

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1. be impartial 2. encourage critical evaluation 3. occasionally subdivide the group, then reunited to air differences 4. welcome critiques from outside experts and associates 5. before implementing, called a "second chance" meeting to air way lingering doubts. (two minds are greater than one!)

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3 ways to enhannce group brainstorming

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1. combine group & solitary brainstorming 2. have group members interact by writing 3. incorporate electric brainstorming

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group problem solving

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when group members freely combine their creative ideas and varied insights.

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3 things that determine minority influences

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1. consistency 2. self-confidence 3. defections from the majority

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leadership (3 types)

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1. task leadership 2. social leadership 3. transformation leadership

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task leadership

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a directive style goal oriented challenging goals

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social leadership

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building teamwork, mediating conflicts and being supportive

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transformational leadership

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motivates others to identify with and commit themselves to the groups mission: charismatic

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prejudice

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a preconceived negative judgement of a group and its individual members it is an attitude

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sterotype

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a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people

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discrimination

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a negative behavior

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prejudice

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is a negative attitude

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recism

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an individual a prejudicial attitudes and discrimination behavior toward people of a given race

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sexism

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same as racism but except toward people of a given sex.

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implicit

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automatic may linger, change as new habits are formed.

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explicit

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conscious, may change with education

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displaced aggression

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when the cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown, we often redirect our hostility

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the social identity theory

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we categorize, we identify, we compare

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ingroup bias

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tendency to favor your own group

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status is relative

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to perceive ourselves as having status; we need people below U.S.if your status is secure we have less need to feel superior

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what does motivation to avoid prejudice do to people?

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lead people to modify their thought and actions aware of gap between how they should feel and how they do feel, self conscious people will feel quit and try to inhibit their prejudicial response

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what are the cognitive sources of prejudice?

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1. pressed for time 2. preoccupied 3.tired 4. emotionally aroused 5. too young to appreciate diversity

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today many people live in a "just world phenomenon"

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the tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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consequences of prejudice?

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1. self perpetuating prejudgments 2. discrimination impact: self-fulfilling prophecy 3. stereotype threat 4. do stereotype bias judgement of individuals

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aggression

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(hurting others) physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

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2 types of aggression among animals

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social aggression silent aggression

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social aggression

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display of rage

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silent aggression

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predator stalks

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In humans:

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1. hostile aggression 2.instrumental aggression

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Hostile aggression

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comes from anger/ the goal is to injure (murders)

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instrumental aggression

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the goal is to injure but only as a means to some other end

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terrorism

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a strategic tool used during conflict

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wars

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are instrumental aggression

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3 theories of aggression

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1. biological influences 2. frustration 3. learned behavior

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1. biological

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A) abnormal brains: can contribute to abnormally aggressive behavior such as murders and death row inmates B) Genetic influence- 3 year old who exhibits little conscientiousness & little self-control is more vulnerable to substance abuse & arrest by age 30-32 C) alcohol- unleashes aggression when people are provoked

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testosterone

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levels tend to be higher among prisoners convicted of planned and unplanned violent crime than off nonviolent crimes

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2. frustration

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the blocking of goal directed behavior

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examples of frustration

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A) frustration aggression theory- frustration triggers a readiness to be aggressive B) Displacement- (Example: starts anger from dad to mom to kids and continuous down to everybody c) relative deprivation

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aggression cues

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A) the sign of a weapon B) aggression against women

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examples of aggression cues

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tv, internet, and video games.

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some influences on aggression

answer

aversive, arousal, the media, group context

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aversive

answer

incidents/ pain, uncomfortable heat, an attack or overwhelming

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arousal

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risk towards love to get a "rush" ( skydiving)

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the media

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tv, internet, video games

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group context

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the bigger the group the more aggressive. assariot begins aggressive acts often tend to spread rapidly

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aggression be reduced?

answer

1. reduced aversive stimulation 2. rewarding & modeling nonaggression 3. eliciting reactions incompatible with aggression

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ways to reduce aggression

answer

1.do NOT plant false, unreachable expectations in people's minds 2. rewards & reinforce cooperation & non aggressive behavior and ignore aggressive behavior 3. prevent aggression before it happens teach non aggressive conflict resolution strategies 4. teach problems: solving skills, emotion control strategies and conflict resolution technique 5. reduce tv watching and video game play

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teach problems

answer

solving, skills, emotion control strategies, and conflict resolution techniques.

social psychology chapter 8, 9, and 10 – Flashcards

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