Rad tech Physics ch.1(Radiation Units, Atoms, and Atomic Structure) – Flashcards
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What are the two major systems of measurement?
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English(british) & Metric(CGS or MKS)
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What is the International System(SI)?
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an expanded metric system that has 4 additional base units (electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance and luminous intensity)
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1 inch=
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2.54 cm
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1 kg=
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2.2 lbs
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10^6
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mega (M)
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10^3
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kilo (k)
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10^2
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hecto (h)
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10^1
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deka (da)
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10^-1
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deci (d)
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10^-2
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centi (c)
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10^-3
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milli (m)
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10^-6
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micro (u)
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10^-9
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nano (n)
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1 Liter=
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1.09 quarts
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How much natural radiation do we receive each year?
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3.1 mSv/year
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How much manmade radiation do we receive each year?
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3.2 mSv/year
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Who was the first person to think that matter was composed of atoms?
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Democritus
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What did the Ancient Greeks believe in?
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Earth, Air, Fire, Water
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What did the Ancient Greeks believe could change the 4 elements?
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Wet, Dry, Hot, Cold
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What is the significance of John Dalton?
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He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory
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Dmitri Mendeleev
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Developed the first element chart, and discovered that they could be arranged by anatomic #
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JJ Thompson
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Proposed that atoms looked like plum pudding (plums were electrons)
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Ernest Rutherford
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Believed that the atom had a nucleus which was positively charged with electrons surrounding
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Niels bohr
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Believed that the atom looked like a miniature solar system expanded on Rutherford's idea
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Nucleons
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neutrons and protons
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Electron shells
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Arranged from order from the first shell (K) to the last shell (Q). Contain one subatomic particle: Electrons (- charge)
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Mixtures
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All sorts of things
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Substance
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definite constant composition
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Molecules
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smallest character substance
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Atom
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smallest particle of an element that has characteristic properties
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Compound
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combination of two or more elements
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2,000 times bigger than electrons
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protons and neutrons
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formula for finding number of electrons in shell
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2n^2, where n=principle quantum #
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Electron binding energy
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how tightly the electron is held in its shell
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What determines the electron binding energy?
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by the distance of electron shell from the nucleus (K shell produces the greatest binding energy because the closer to the nucleus, the greater the attraction, which means the greater the energy)
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Unit for measuring electron energy
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Electron volt (eV)
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What is an Electron volt (eV)?
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energy acquired by an electron as its accelerated through the potential difference of 1 Volt.
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Ionization
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adding or removing an electron from its shell
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In ionization, if an electron is added, then...
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it is termed a negative ion
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In ionization, if an electron is removed, then...
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it is termed a positive ion
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Atomic number
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Equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom... "Z number"
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Atomic Mass Number
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Equal to the number of protons and neutrons in an atom "A number" *May be measured using amu (atomic mass unit)
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Y
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element
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How are atoms arranged the periodic table?
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by their atomic (Z#) in the periodic table of elements
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Rows
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Arranged by increasing Z#
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Columns or groups
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Elements with similar chemical properties and same number of electrons in their outer shell.
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Isotopes
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Protons are the same; nucleus has excess energy(radioactive)
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isobars
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"A" number stays the same
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Isotones
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Same number of neutrons
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isomers
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nucleon arrangement is different
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ions
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different number of electrons
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Unstable isotopes often have?
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a deficient of excess number of neutrons, which caused them to spontaneously change from one element to another (considered radioisotopes)
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Radioactive decay
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Process where a radioisotope is transformed into a new element
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Half Life
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time required for a radioisotope to decay to one-half of its decay; half life is unique to its radioisotope
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Radioisotopes release what three different forms of ionizing radiation?
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Gamma, Alpha, Beta (Particulate particles)
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Gamma rays are physically identical to what?
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x-rays
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Gamma radiation
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Photon or electromagnetic radiation; similar to x-rays
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Alpha particle
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-2 protons and 2 neutrons (He nucleus) -A# = 4; Z# = 2 -4 amu; positive charge -very ionizing, but can only harm you if you injest them
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Beta particles
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-identical to an electron, comes from the nucleus -1/2,000 amu; negative charge -neutron changes into a proton -can penetrate skin
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Symbol: X
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Exposure
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Symbol: D
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Absorbed dose
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Symbol: Efd
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Dose limit
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Symbol: A
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Activity
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Traditional unit for Exposure
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Roentgen (R)
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Traditional unit for Absorbed dose
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Rad
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Traditional unit for Dose limit
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Rem
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Traditional unit for Activity
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Curie (Ci)
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SI unit for Exposure
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Coulombs/Kilogram (C/Kg)
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SI unit for Absorbed dose
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Gray (Gy)
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SI unit for Dose limit
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Sievert (Sv)
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SI unit for Activity
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Becquerel (Bq)
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Effect measured for Exposure
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Air ionizations
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Effect measured for Absorbed dose
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energy absorbed
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Effect measured for Dose Limit
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Biologic effects
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Effect measured for Activity
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disintegrations per second (dps)
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Measuring media for Exposure
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Air
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Measuring media for Absorbed Dose
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Matter
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Measuring media for Dose Limit
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Tissue
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Measuring media for Activity
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N/A
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Exposure is what type of radiation?
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x-ray and gamma ray
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Absorbed dose is what type of radiation?
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All types
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Dose Limit is what type of radiation?
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All types
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Activity is what type of radiation?
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Radioactive nuclides
