Psych Chapter 5 – Learning – Flashcards
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learning
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a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
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behaviorism
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theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking wishing and hoping
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habituation
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repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases organisms responsiveness to it; "getting used to it"
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associative learning & conditioning
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learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection or an association between two events; classical/Pavlovian conditioning and operant conditioning
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conditioning
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process of learning associations
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classical conditioning
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passive learning; organisms learn the association between two stimuli
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operant conditioning
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active learning; organisms learn association between a behavior and a consequence (reward or punishment)
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observational learning
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passive learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior and the consequences of
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reflexes
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automatic stimulus-response connections
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unconditioned stimulus - UCS
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stimulus that produces a response without prior learning
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unconditioned response - UCR
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an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus; usually involuntary
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conditioned stimulus - CS
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a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus
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conditioned response - CR
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the learned response to the conditioned stimulus and that occurs after conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing
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acquisition
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the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired
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contiguity
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CS and US are presented close together in time
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contingency
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the occurrence of one stimulus can be predicted from the presence of another
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generalization - CC
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the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response
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discrimination - CC
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the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others
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extinction - CC
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the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent
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spontaneous recovery
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the process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning
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counterconditioning
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a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response
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aversive conditioning
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a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus
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immunosuppression
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a decrease in the production of antibodies
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taste aversion
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a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea
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respondent behavior
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behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus
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law of effect
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Thorndike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behavior followed by negative outcomes are weakened
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shaping
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rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior
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reinforcement
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the process by which a stimulus or an event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again
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positive reinforcement
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the presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior
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negative reinforcement
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the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior
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avoidance learning
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an organism's learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response
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learned helplessness
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through experience with unavoidable aversive stimuli, an organism learns that it has no control over negative outsomes
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primary reinforcer
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a reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable
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secondary reinforcer
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a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience; a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer
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token economy
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behaviors are rewarded with tokens that can be exchanged later for desired rewards
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generalization - OC
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performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation
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discrimination - OC
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responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced
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extinction - OC
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decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced
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continuous reinforcement
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behavior is reinforced everytime it occurs
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partial reinforcement
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behavior is reinforced only a portion of the time
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schedules of reinforcement
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specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced
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ratio schedules
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involve the number of behaviors that must be performed prior to reward
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interval schedules
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refer to the amount of time that must pass before a behavior is rewarded
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fixed schedule
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number of behaviors or amount of time is the same
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variable schedule
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required number of behaviors or the amount of time that must pass changes and is unpredictable
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fixed-ratio schedule
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reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors
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variable-ratio schedule
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a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis
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fixed-interval schedule
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reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed
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variable-interval schedule
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a timetable in which a behavior in reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed
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punishment
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a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur
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positive punishment
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the presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior
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negative punishment
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the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior
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applied behavior analysis (behavioral modification)
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the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior
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Bandura's observational learning
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called imitation or modeling; four processes 1. attention - attend to what the model is saying or doing 2. retention - encode the info and keep it in memory 3. motor reproduction - process of imitating the mode's actions 4. reinforcement - whether the behavior is followed by a consequence; vicarious reinforcement - seeing a model attain a reward will increase the chance that an observer will repeat the behavior; vicarious punishment - seeing the model punished will decrease the chance of repetition
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purposiveness
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the idea that much of behavior is goal-directed
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latent learning
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or implicit learning; unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior
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insight behavior
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a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution
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instinctive drift
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the tendency of animal to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning
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preparedness
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the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others
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mindset
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the way our beliefs about ability dictate what goals we set for outselves 1. fixed mindset - belief that one's qualities are carved in stone and cannot change 2. growth mindset - belief that one's qualities can change and improve through their effort
