PSYC 3082: Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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What is the formal definition of Psychological Abnormality?
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there is no single definition for psychological abnormality
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What is psychological normality?
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there is no single defintion
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What are the three types of Psychological Disorders?
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Psychological dysfunction Personal distress Atypical or not culturally expected response
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Are psychological disorders the same in every part of the world?
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No, it differs in all cultures. i.e. hearing voices in one culture might be accepted but not accepted in another.
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What is psychological dysfunction?
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breakdown in cognitive, emotional or behavioral functioning
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What does cognitive mean?
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Breakdown in thought functioning
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When a person has difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles what are they expressing what type of psychological disorder?
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personal distress
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A reaction that is considered to be outside cultural norm would be called what type of psychological disorder?
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atypical or not culturually expected response
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The psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not an atypical response?
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abnormal behavior
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Every single diagnostable mental disorder is decribed in what book?
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DSM-IV
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The DSM-IV contains what?
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diagnostic criteria
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The scientific study of psychological disorders is called what?
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psychopathology
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Clinical and counseling psychologists, psychiatrists, MSNs, and Psy.D's are united under what organization?
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the Scientist-Practitioner Framework
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What are the three things that Scientist-Practitioners do?
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Produce research consume research/up to date with research evualuate their work using empirical methods
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Would a Scientist-Practioner ever use a method of treatment that is not considered an empirical method?
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No, they always use methods that are proven to be accurate and effective
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What are the three major categories that make up the study and discussion of psychological disorders?
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clinical description causation treatment and outcome
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Clinical description begins with what?
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presenting the problem
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What is the purpose of clinical description?
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it helps distinguish clinically significant dysfunction from common human experience
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The rate of the disorder in a population is called what?
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prevalence
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What term describes how many cases of a specific disorders occurs during a specific time period?
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incidence
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The term which describes when a disorder began is called?
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onset
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If a disorder suddenly occurs or shows up, what kind of onset is it?
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acute onset
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If a disorder gradually becomes more apparent, what kind of onset is it?
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insidious
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What are the three different courses of disorders?
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episodic, time-limited, chronic
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Causes of an disorders and their contributing factors are called what?
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Etiology
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How can we best improve the lives of people suffering from psychopathology?
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study of treatment development includes pharmacologic, psychosocial and combined treatment
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How do we know that we have alleviated psychological suffering?
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study of treatment outcome
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What is the psychological term for the predicted outcome of a disease?
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prognosis
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When did psychological disorders begin?
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they have existed in all cultures across all time periods
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What are the causes and treatment of abonormal behavior?
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they vary widely across cutlures, time periods and world views
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What are the three dominant tradtions/time periods of abnonal behavior?
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supernatural, biological, and psychological
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During what tradition was deviant behavior treated as a battle between "good" vs. evil
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Supernatural tradition
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During what tradition were abnormal behavior blamed on evil forces and reasonings with religious undertones?
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supernatural tradition
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In which tradition were psychological disorder treatment crude and harsh. i.e. burning at the stake of witches
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supernatural
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Who attributed psychological disorders to be caused by the moon and the stars and rejected the notions of possession of evil?
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Paracelsus
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What does lunacy hearing mean?
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it is a medical term to determine wether a person with symptoms have to go hospital or not
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What was the major change between the biological tradition and supernatural tradition?
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society is understanding deviant behaviors and attributing them to biological behaviors
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Who pioneered the belief that psychological behaviors were caused by biological factors?
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Hippocrates
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What are the three components of a psychological disorder>
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personal dysfunction personal distress atypical or not culturally expected response
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Are abnomal behaviors ALWAYS categorized as psychological disorder?
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no, they are only categorized as the same thing under certain circumstances.
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Psychological dysfunction is associated with what?
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distress or impairment in functioning that is not typical or culturally exprected response.
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What is the first step in clinical description? What is the goal of this step?
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presenting the problem. to distinguish clinically significant dysfunction from common human experience
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The rate of the disorder in the population is called what?
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prevalence
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The number of new disorder cases that occur during given period is called what?
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incidence
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What is the proper term for onset of disorders that suddenly occur?
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acute onset
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Disorders that develop gradually over an extended period have what kind of onset?
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insidious
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If a person with a disorder is likely to recover within a few months and suffer the same symptoms at a later time, their disorder is most likely __________ (course)?
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episodic
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If a person with a disorder improves without treatment in a short time period, their disorder is most likely _______ (course)?
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time limited
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Disorders that last a long time are called?
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chronic
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The study of the factors that contribute to the development of psychopathology is called?
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etiology
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Etiology includes what three factors?
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biological psychological social dimensions
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What is the ultimate goal of etiology?
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the improve the lives of people suffering from psychopathology through the study of treatment development
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What are the three dominant traditions that guided people to understand abnormal behavior?
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supernatural biological psychological
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Deviant behavior was assumed to be a battle of "good" vs. "evil" during what abnormal behavior tradition?
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supernatural Tradition
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During the Supernatural Tradition, what was the course of action to treat people with abnormal behavior?
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exorcism torture beatings crude surgeries
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What are Lunacy Hearings?
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They were hearings held to determine wheteher a person goes to hospital or not.
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Who was the swiss physician that rejected the notions of possession by the devil and suggested that the movement of the moon and the star had a profound effect on people's psychological functionings?
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Paracelsus
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Who introduced that idea that abnormal behavior was connected with the moon and the stars?
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paracelsus
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Who stated that mental illnesses can be correlated to physical disorders and that they can be treated like any other diseases?
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Hippocrates
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Why was hysteria only thought to be in females only?
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"wander uterus" Back then, it was correlated with the uterus moving.
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Who was the Roman physician who extended hippocrates work even more? What was this person's legacy?
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Galen Humoral Theory
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Who came up with the humoral theory?
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Galen
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What were the four bodily fluids in the Humoral Theory?
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blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm
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Where were the four bodily fluids in the humoral theory drawn from?
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blood-heart black bile- spleen yellow bile- liver phlegm - brain
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What were some of the methods in the Humoral Theory?
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blood letting, temperature changes, diets, rest, exercise
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Who discovered the cause of syphillis? This discovery led to what?
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Pasteur penicillin as a successful treatment
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Who were proponents of Moral therapy?
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Dorothea Dix Philippe Pinel and Jean Baptiste-Pussin
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What were the five forms of insanity? Who came up with them?
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mania melancholia with delirium melancholia without delirium dementia idiotism
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Who is know as the father of the scientific classification system of mental disorders?
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Emile Kraeplin
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How did Kraeplin define the two major groups of mental illnesses?
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manic depressive psychoses dementia praecox
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What were the consequences of the biological tradition?
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Mental illness was treated like a physical illness they used brain surgeries, shock therapies and medications.
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Plato said that ______ and ______ factors are the two main causes of abnormal behavior.
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cultural and social
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Who crusaded for more humane treatment for the institutionalized, emphasizing on moral guidance and medical treatment? What was this movement called?
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Dorothea Dix The Mental Hygiene Movement
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What was the outcome of the Mental Hygiene Movement?
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There were more human treatments for the institutionalized but it did not mean a better outcome for them.
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Moral therapy as system originated with which two people?
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Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin.
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According to Freud, what were the three structures of the mind?
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Id, Ego, and Superego
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Which of the Freudian Structures of the mind was the most primitive and infantile?
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id
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Which Freudian Structure of the Mind is considered the pleasure principle of our mind?
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Id
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Which Freudian Structure of the Mind is logical and rational but doesnt deny pleasure? It is also known as the mediator structure.
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Ego
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Which Freudian Structure of the Mind is called our moral principles that keeps the Id and Ego in balance?
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Superego
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What kind of defense mechanisms kick in when the ego loses the battle with the id and superego? name three
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Displacement Denial Projection Rationalization Reaction formation Repression Sublimation
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What are the 5 Psychosexual stages of development?
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oral anal phallic latency genital stages
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What were Freud's three levels of consciousness?
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conscious pre-conscious unconscious
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The things that we're aware of at any given time would fall under which Freudian level of consciousness?
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conscious
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Things that are easily brought to our conscious fall under which Freudian level of consciousness?
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pre conscious
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Thoughs, feelings, and drives that are completely out of our awareness fall under which Freudian level of consciousness?
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unconscious
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What is Abraham Maslow known for?
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The hierarchy of need
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According to Carl Rogers, people are....?
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basically good and strive towards goodness and reach. Humans strive for self-actualization
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What is unconditional regard?
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the non-judgemental acceptance of the society
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What is Pavlov known for?
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the classical conditioning experiment
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Who proved that fear is a conditioned response?
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John Watson
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Who was most known for his work with operant conditioning?
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BF Skinner
