Sociocultural theory

Developmentalists who focus on children's thinking about sex roles as opposed to the children's observable behaviors are _____ theorists. Select one: a. sociocultural b. psychoanalytic c. behavioral d. cognitive

Which theory focuses on how children learn acceptable behaviors for their gender? Select one: a. cognitive theory b. behavioral theory c. epigenetic theory d. evolutionary theory

The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is learning when and how to: Select one: a. make friends. b. know right from wrong. c. regulate emotions. d. make choices.

What is the hallmark of prosocial behavior? Select one: a. It is done to help another without any benefit for oneself. b. It is done to promote one's social standing within a group. c. It is done to hurt another in order to benefit oneself. d. It is a neutral action that does not hurt or benefit anyone.

Which scenario best illustrates prosocial behavior? Select one: a. Savannah takes out the garbage for a quarter. b. Selena helps her mother clean so that her mother will take her to the park. c. Gwen says "please" when asking her mother for a dollar. d. Bethany feeds her baby brother because her mother is sick.

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, little boys cope with the guilt of wanting to kill their fathers by: Select one: a. identifying with their fathers. b. wanting to kill themselves. c. becoming angry with their fathers. d. becoming envious of their father's penis.

Developmentalists who believe that children are genetically programmed to defend and protect their parents subscribe to the belief that moral development predominantly comes from: Select one: a. nature. b. nurture. c. brain maturation. d. trust during infancy.

Which statement is true? Select one: a. Parents around the world play with their children regularly. b. The ways children play are identical around the world. c. Children's play reflects their culture's practices and values. d. Children in North American who engage in parallel play are developmentally delayed.

Developmentalists who believe that children are born amoral and learn to adopt their community's rules of morality subscribe to the belief that moral development predominantly comes from: Select one: a. nature. b. nurture. c. brain maturation. d. trust during infancy.

Today's children, especially those living in urban areas, spend more time _____ than playing outdoors. Select one: a. engaged in indoor sociodramatic play b. participating in solitary play c. using electronic media d. reading books

Annelle's usual bedtime is 8:30 P.M., and her parents enforce this rule. One evening, Annelle is watching an educational program that ends at 9 P.M. She asks her parents if she can stay up to watch the end of the show. Her parents agree to let her stay up as long as she gets up in time for school in the morning. Which parenting style are Annelle's parents demonstrating? Select one: a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive d. uninvolved

Psychological control as a means of discipline relies on a child's: Select one: a. sense of belonging to the family unit. b. sense of pride in himself or herself. c. feelings of shame, guilt, and gratitude. d. sense of fear toward the parents.

Authoritarian parents often: Select one: a. offer their children a lot of praise. b. allow children to question their decisions. c. seem stern to their children. d. make few maturity demands on their children.

The most common discipline technique for a child's misbehavior that North American parents use with preschool children is: Select one: a. blaming themselves. b. using reasoning and disappointment. c. using time-outs. d. removing children's playthings.

In 1973, Lepper and colleagues conducted an experiment in which children did drawings. Some of the children were promised a reward while others received a surprise reward. The researchers found that the children who received the expected award for drawing: Select one: a. had higher levels of self-esteem. b. became adults who were artists. c. demonstrated better emotional regulation. d. were unlikely to draw independently at a later time.

_____ makes children believe that they will be good at anything they try to do. Select one: a. Overwhelming pride b. Protective optimism c. Extrinsic motivation d. Intrinsic motivation

According to Erikson, children have _____, and thus believe that they can achieve any goal. Select one: a. a sense of self-doubt b. a weak self-concept c. strong feelings of guilt d. an unrealistic self-concept

Roderick hits or kicks Edwin on the playground nearly every day. He also encourages other children to laugh at Edwin's attempts to kick a ball. Roderick is using _____ aggression against Edwin. Select one: a. reactive b. instrumental c. bullying d. relational

Freud's term for the formation of a conscience that internalizes parental morals is: Select one: a. the superego. b. the ego. c. schema. d. identification.

To understand a child's development of gender attitudes and roles, behaviorists stress: Select one: a. biological mechanisms. b. reinforcement and punishment. c. reasoning ability. d. unconscious motivations.

Rough-and-tumble play between boys and fathers may prevent _____ at a later age. Select one: a. development of the prefrontal cortex b. the development of imagination c. antisocial behavior d. emotional regulation

According to the text, people in _____ believe that preschoolers do not need instruction. As a result, their 3-year-old children spend little time engaged in structured learning activities. Select one: a. Norway b. Brazil c. Kenya d. China

Four-year-old Amelia wants to play with her brother Garth's trucks. Garth is six, and he tells her she can't play with them because she's a girl. Garth's refusal is based on his: Select one: a. humanism. b. gender schema. c. Oedipus complex. d. androgyny.

Aggression used to obtain a toy or other object is: Select one: a. bullying. b. instrumental. c. reactive. d. personal.

The idea that child maltreatment is rare and perpetuated by disturbed strangers: Select one: a. is representative of most child maltreatment cases, b. has been disproved by research. c. is true for abuse, but not neglect. d. is called "battered child syndrome."

Just as monkeys do in their rough-and-tumble play, human children: Select one: a. look angry. b. use a play face. c. play hide and seek. d. determine a social hierarchy.

Which is NOT a risk factor that makes child maltreatment more likely? Select one: a. multiple children under the age of 6 in one family b. teenage parents c. poverty d. living where it's warm year round

In Freudian theory, a little boy who develops sexual feelings toward his mother and becomes jealous of his father is experiencing: Select one: a. the Electra complex. b. penis envy. c. the Oedipus complex. d. identification.

Children with a parent who has schizophrenia are likely to: Select one: a. struggle with emotional regulation. b. develop a sense of shame. c. experience high levels of pride. d. imitate their parent's mental illness.

Regulation of which emotion is MOST emphasized in the United States? Select one: a. anger b. guilt c. fear d. pride

As a father, Aahil rates low on nurturance and communication and high on maturity demands. He exhibits the _____ style of parenting. Select one: a. authoritarian b. permissive c. authoritative d. neglecting

The four dimensions of a parenting style are warmth, discipline, communication, and: Select one: a. physical contact. b. expectations for maturity. c. trust. d. supportiveness.

Girls usually develop emotional regulation _____ boys. Select one: a. later than b. at the same age as c. earlier than d. two years before

The clinical term for an illness or disorder of the mind is referred to as: Select one: a. psychopathology. b. emotional instability. c. insanity. d. mental disturbance.

What is one of the functions peers provide in active play? Select one: a. competition b. criticism c. reluctant cooperation d. a quiet environment

When 4-year-old Karen is angry, she lashes out by hitting. This is an example of: Select one: a. an internalizing problem. b. an externalizing problem. c. modulated emotional expression. d. frustration management.

According to the text, people in _____ believe that preschoolers do not need instruction. As a result, their 3-year-old children spend little time engaged in structured learning activities. Select one: a. Norway b. Brazil c. Kenya d. China

Children whose parents use psychological control as a means of discipline are more likely to: Select one: a. be physical bullies. b. have healthy self-esteem. c. be relationally aggressive. d. get sick often.

Which scenario best illustrates prosocial behavior? Select one: a. Savannah takes out the garbage for a quarter. b. Selena helps her mother clean so that her mother will take her to the park. c. Gwen says "please" when asking her mother for a dollar. d. Bethany feeds her baby brother because her mother is sick.

Just as monkeys do in their rough-and-tumble play, human children: Select one: a. look angry. b. use a play face. c. play hide and seek. d. determine a social hierarchy.

Authoritarian parents often: Select one: a. offer their children a lot of praise. b. allow children to question their decisions. c. seem stern to their children. d. make few maturity demands on their children.

In a study conducted by Zahn-Waxler, et al., 5-year-old girls acted out a disagreement between two female dolls. The researchers discovered that girls who _____ were more apt to be disruptive at age 9 than other girls. Select one: a. quickly engaged in apologetic behavior b. did not quickly engage in apologetic behavior c. made the dolls hit and kick each other d. had the dolls stop speaking to each other

How do abused children come to view other people? Select one: a. as kind and nurturing, in contrast to their abuser's behavior b. as hostile and ready to take advantage of them c. as uninteresting and difficult to understand d. as amusing and appealing

An angry 5-year-old girl might stop herself from hitting another child because she has developed: Select one: a. social referencing. b. self-esteem. c. identification. d. emotional regulation.

The number of reported maltreatment cases are _____ the number of substantiated maltreatment cases. Select one: a. half b. equal to c. slightly greater than d. four times greater than

To understand a child's development of gender attitudes and roles, behaviorists stress: Select one: a. biological mechanisms. b. reinforcement and punishment. c. reasoning ability. d. unconscious motivations.

Aggression used to obtain a toy or other object is: Select one: a. bullying. b. instrumental. c. reactive. d. personal.

Young children usually play best with: Select one: a. their peers. b. their parents. c. older children. d. their younger siblings.

William is at the toy store and sees a construction set. He asks his dad if he can have it for his birthday. His dad asks him if he thinks he would be able to use it. William reminds his dad that he is good at building with blocks. What does this example demonstrate? Select one: a. William's dad's inappropriate questioning of William's initiative b. William's need to prove himself worthy to his father c. William's positive self-concept d. William's sense of shame and doubt

Which is NOT a form of play engaged in by young children in all cultures? Select one: a. imitating adults b. drawing c. rough-and-tumble d. flying kites

A parenting style characterized by high parent-to-child communication, low warmth, and high expectations of maturity is: Select one: a. authoritarian. b. authoritative. c. permissive. d. neglectful.

According to Erikson, children have _____, and thus believe that they can achieve any goal. Select one: a. a sense of self-doubt b. a weak self-concept c. strong feelings of guilt d. an unrealistic self-concept

Which illustrates tertiary prevention for child maltreatment? Select one: a. identifying a parent in a stressful situation and providing resources to assist him or her b. offering free parenting classes to high-risk populations c. providing psychotherapy to a child who has been abused d. building Boys and Girls Clubs in low-income neighborhoods

What is the MOST probable reason child abuse is underreported? Select one: a. variation in professionals noticing abuse b. an increase in child neglect c. increased fear of retaliation from the legal system d. a decrease in the number of small children in households

A child's active play during the childhood years correlates with: Select one: a. increased competitiveness. b. increased bullying. c. increased aggression. d. peer acceptance.

Of the different types of aggression, the most worrisome is: Select one: a. instrumental. b. reactive. c. bullying. d. relational.

The individual most likely to have grown up with authoritative parents is: Select one: a. Kelly, who is obedient but not very happy. b. Raquel, who is happy and successful. c. Mary, who is unhappy and lacks self-control. d. Lacey, who is homeless and a drug user.

Which factor helps a young child to demonstrate initiative as Erikson details it in his third stage of psychosocial development? Select one: a. neurological maturity and a longer attention span b. a child's sense of guilt and shame c. a decrease in the child's emotional regulation d. apprenticeship opportunities offered by a child's parents

A child's cognitive understanding of sex differences would be his or her: Select one: a. Oedipal complex. b. Electra complex. c. superego. d. gender schema.

Developmentalists who focus on children's thinking about sex roles as opposed to the children's observable behaviors are _____ theorists. Select one: a. sociocultural b. psychoanalytic c. behavioral d. cognitive