PSY 210 Unit 3 – Flashcards
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Psychotherapy
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a client and a therapist working to help client change
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Primary activity of psychotherapy
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talking
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Goal of psychoanalysis
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to gain insight into the unconscious mind
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Free association
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Patient lies on the couch, therapist sits behind them and they will tell him their deepest secrets (no filter) which will help gain insight into the unconscious mind (Freud)
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Dream analysis (Freud)
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analyze what we dream and how it relates to what we want
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Psychodynamic
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-Neo-Freudian (post Freud) -Carl Jung
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"General Life Energy"
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(Jung) talked less about sexual drive and more about creativity/enjoyment of nature, movement, and being in the world
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The collective unconscious
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early evolutionary perspective based; we pass this along through generations and it connects us as humans
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Archetypes
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rooted in literature; all stories have the hero figure/mother figure; or "yin and yang"
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Goal of Psychotherapy
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help us dig deeper into who we really are; shed the mask of the personality that we put on for people
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Humanism Figures
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Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
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Goal of Humanism Therapy
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-self actualization--work toward a healthy, authentic sense of self
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Carl Rogers
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-Humanist -two humans sitting together, conversing as humans which results in positive change -openness to unique personalities; everyone is different
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Humanism Therapist Roles
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-provide Unconditional Positive Regard -develop a good relationship w/ client based on trust (all psychotherapists)
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Rollo May
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-Existentialism -"How do we avoid our mortality?"
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4 Themes of Existentialism ("Problems of Existence")
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Meaninglessness, Freedom, Isolation, Death
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Meaninglessness
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transformation happens when we find meaning connected to what we value
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Freedom
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we all have the freedom to change and construct meaning in our life, but we can easily mess up this responsibility
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Isolation
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we are ultimately alone, so we must make connections in life
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Death
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-anxiety related to; we are all aware of death and we will face it at some point -use the anxiety related to death to motivate finding meaning, freedom, and connections
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Irvin Yalom
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-modern-day existentialist -formation of therapy around group therapy ideas
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Gestalt Therapy
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Fritz Perls: interested in getting people to think about how they perceive things in their world
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Key Ideas of Gestalt Therapy
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-The here and now; immediate moment -Awareness of self and body
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Gestalt Therapy sessions (therapy techniques)
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doing is preferable to talking -techniques like empty chair psychodrama
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Gestalt Therapy dream work
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-separating the dream to see what different aspects of it mean to the client -they ask the client to tell them what they think it means
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The Gloria Tapes
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Gloria did gestalt therapy with Perls and they were published
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Behaviorism Figures
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Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, Watson
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What is the key in behaviorism?
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the environment
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Behaviorism
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focus is on observable behavior (and empirical validation)
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Goal of Behaviorism Therapy
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to replace old behaviors/habits with new, more adaptive behavior
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Behaviorism Therapist Role
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therapist is like a coach; provides direct instruction
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Cognitive Therapy Goal
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to change irrational or maladaptive thoughts/interpretations--this will lead to changes in emotion
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Cognitive Therapist Role
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they're direct; may involve challenging of client
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CBT (Cognitive Behavior Therapy)
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High stress, but different cognitive beliefs is a protective factor to risk of deaths from high stress
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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
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-instead of challenging the bad thoughts, ACT means accepting them with mindfulness (Steven Hayes)
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Mindfulness (Hayes)
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-making an effort to be aware of what you're thinking and feeling at any given moment, rather than thinking about past or future scenarios -drawing yourself out of your head and into the present
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Awareness (ACT)
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-be aware and non-judgmental of own emotions and thoughts (mindfulness) -be willing to feel and accept negative thoughts, emotions, and pain
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Commitment (ACT)
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-committing to live by your values -act in the direction of your values, not what your brain is telling you -metaphor is important
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Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
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Marhsa Lineham; originally developed as a treatment for borderline personality disorder
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Three Fundamentals of DBT
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-CBT -Validation -Dialectics
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Cognitive Behavior Therapy (as of DBT)
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learning new behaviors through skills training, exposure therapy, cognitive therapy, and consistency management
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Validation (CBT)
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the push for change feels to the client as if it invalidates the emotional pain they are feeling
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Dialectics
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-contradictory ideas can co-exist -opposites can be integrated to form a closer approximation of the truth
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Goals of DBT
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-to regulate emotion and learn new skills -the concept of the "wise mind"
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Wise Mind (DBT)
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we have both a rational and emotional mind, and they can compete with each other; the wise mind combines the two to show us rationality and the truth
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DBT Therapist Approach
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-gentle and interested -validating ("I understand how you feel, but...") -easy manner: use humor, smile, be lighthearted
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ACT vs. DBT
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ACT is newer and broader; DBT focuses on the emotional regulation/validating feelings
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Eye Movement Desensitization and Responding (EMDR)
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-Francine Shapiro -developed as treatment for post-trauma symptoms -Combines CBT (desensitization through exposure, positive though substitution) with rapid eye movements
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Family Systems Therapy
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-Murray Bowen-traditional family systems theorist
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Key Concepts of Family Systems Therapy
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-multigenerational patterns (family tree used to track relationships) -role patterns (the "identified" family member who gets blamed for the problems) -differentiation: patterns of roles (how do family members align against one member- triangulation)
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Feminist Psychotherapy Key Ideas (5)
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social contexts, empowerment, mutuality in (and out of) therapy-shared power, client is seen as the expert on him/herself, therapist is more likely to self-disclose (to eliminate power differential)
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Interpersonal Therapy (ITP)
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the therapeutic relationship between client and therapist is a "lab" for understanding how client holds relationships in the outside world (mirror)
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Positive Psychotherapy
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-Martin Seligman -not only reduces negative symptoms, but seeks to also build positive emotions, character strengths, and meaning
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Seligman's Model 5 Big Components (PERMA)
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Pleasure (positive emotion), Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment
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Pleasure (Seligman)
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positive emotion
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Engagement (Seligman)
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involvement, absorption in work you love
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Relationships (Seligman)
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social connections
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Meaning (Seligman)
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using strengths to serve a purpose bigger than oneself
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Accomplishments (Seligman)
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accomplishing things for yourself
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Specific techniques of Positive Psychotherapy Used in Article
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Three Blessings; Signature Strengths
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Non-specifics (Seligman)
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-basic, humanistic terms used in therapy -includes warmth, empathy, and genuineness (all used to develop strong relationship with client)
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Percent of change due to client in psychotherapy
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40%
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Percent of change due to non-specifics in psychotherapy
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35%
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Percent of change due to the therapist in psychotherapy
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20%
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Percent of change due to specific treatment effects in psychotherapy
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5%
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What percent of people in psychotherapy have a diagnosis and have gotten treatment within the last year?
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8-10%
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What percent of people get psychotherapy treatment without a diagnosis?
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7%
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Most common client age range in psychotherapy
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35-44
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Most common client race in psychotherapy
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White
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Most common client gender in psychotherapy
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female (30% more likely to seek services than males)
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Most common client relationship status in psychotherapy
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divorced/separated
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What client factors best predict treatment effectiveness?
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Readiness for change; Extra-therapeutic factors (things that happen in clients life outside therapy that can advance or setback therapeutic process)
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What are the next best client predictors for change?
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Active motivation and participation, Client's ongoing expectation for success, Client has goals (SMART goals for psychotherapy)
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Transthoretical Model's 5 Stages of Change
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1. Precontemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance
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What does the Transtheoretical Model focus on?
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doing the right thing at the right time; tailor intervention to the correct stage
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Precontemplation
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no recognition of a problem
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Contemplation
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starting to consider changing
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Preparation
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makes a commitment to change, starts to prepare for it
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Action
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implementing the plan for change
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Maintenance
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avoiding relapse
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Integrative Therapy
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-Dr. John Norcoss -tailor therapy (w/ systematically & empirically supported interventions) to individual client to enhance treatment effectiveness
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Gender effects of therapist on success of therapy
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not much effect based on sex (if present, very slight advantage for females)
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Age effects of therapist on success of therapy
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a slight advantage for a slightly older therapist
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Therapist Personal Experience with the Problem Advantage
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no advantage EXCEPT if it is important to the client -this means the client needs credibility from the therapist
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Experience as a therapist effects of success of therapy
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most studies say no change, because most gains of experience are early on (ex. graduate training)
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Theoretical orientation of therapist effects on success of therapy
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generally speaking, it doesn't matter
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Universal therapist Personality Style effects on success of therapy
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there is no Big 5 personality combination for a successful therapist, but they must be able to build an alliance
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Detective Style (therapist telling client what to do) increase success of therapy
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no, not universally (in some cases yes, like Dr. Phil)
