Proteins and Amino Acids – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Structural proteins are:
answer
tendons, cartilage, hair, nails
question
Contractile proteins are:
answer
muscles
question
Transport proteins are :
answer
hemoglobin
question
Storage Proteins are :
answer
milk
question
Hormonal Proteins are:
answer
insulin and growth hormone
question
What do enzyme proteins do?
answer
catalyze reactions in cells
question
What do protection proteins do?
answer
immune response
question
What is the basic structure of an AA?
answer
alpha carbon, amino group, carboxy group, and R side chain
question
What determines the properties of amino acids?
answer
its side chain
question
How many naturally occurring AA are there?
answer
20
question
Nonpolar is when the R group is what?
answer
Nonpolar: R = H, CH3, alkyl groups,
aromatic
question
What are your polar R groups?
answer
O
R = –CH2OH, –CH2SH, –CH2C–NH2,
(polar groups with –O-, -SH, -N-)
question
A positive ion has a low/high pH?
answer
low
question
A negative ion has a low/high pH?
answer
high
question
A neutral ion is called what?
answer
zwitterion
question
H3N–CH2–COOH
answer
Positive ion
question
H3N–CH2–COO–
answer
Zwitterion
question
H2N–CH2–COO–
answer
negative ion
question
Zwitterion has both a ?
answer
positive and negative charge
question
H3N–CH2–COO–
answer
zwitterion of glycine
question
NH2–CH2–COOH
answer
glycine
question
What are proteins?
answer
long polypeptide chains
question
What is a polypeptide chain?
answer
less than 40-50 amino acids or residues
question
Polypeptides larger than 40-50 amino acid chains or residues are called what?
answer
proteins
question
The structure, function and general properties of a
protein are all determined by the ?
answer
sequence of amino acids that make up its primary sequence
question
To make a protein, these amino acids are joined together in a polypeptide chain through the formation of a ________ bond
answer
peptide
question
____ is strongly favored over ____.
answer
trans; cis
question
What is the hierarchal nature of protein structure?
answer
1. Primary Structure-amino acid sequence
2. Secondary Structure- alpha helix or beta sheet
3. Tertiary Structure- formed by assembly of secondary structures
4. Quaternary Structure- assembly of more than one polypeptide chain
question
What is the primary structure of protein?
answer
the sequence of amino acids along the polypeptide chain
question
What terminus do you begin and end with when reading or making proteins?
answer
begin with the N, end with the C (right to left)
question
The primary sequence or main chain of the protein must organize itself to form a ______ structure. This is done in an elegant fashion by forming __________ structure elements
answer
compact; secondary
question
The two most common secondary structure elements are _______ _______ and ______ _______, formed by repeating amino acids with the same angles
answer
alpha helices and beta sheets
question
turns, coils, triple helix, etc., are _________ structures?
answer
secondary
question
Alpha helices and beta sheets have regular _________ bonding patterns.
answer
hydrogen
question
Three-dimensional arrangement of amino acids with the polypeptide chain in a corkscrew shape
answer
secondary structure- alpha helix
question
Held by __ bonds between the __ of –N-H group and the __ of C=O of the _______ amino acid along the chain
answer
hydrogen; H; O; 4th
question
High tensile strength
fibrillary proteins due to residues extending outward
answer
alpha helices
question
Polypeptide chains are arranged side by side
answer
secondary beta sheet structure
question
Hydrogen bonds form _________ chains
answer
between
question
R groups of extend above and below
answer
Beta sheets
question
Typical of fibrous proteins such as silk.
answer
beta sheets- secondary structure
question
Beta sheets can be _______ or __________.
answer
parallel or antiparallel
question
What is a triple helix?
answer
secondary structure- three polypeptide chains woven together
question
Glycine, proline, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine
answer
triple helix
question
H bonding between –OH groups gives a strong structure
answer
triple helix
question
Typical of collagen, connective tissue, skin, tendons, and cartilage
answer
Triple helix
question
To make the protein look like a protein, the
secondary structure elements come together to
form the tertiary structure-the _________ _______ of the ________.
answer
the overall shape of the protein
question
Cross links between R groups of amino acids in chain
answer
tertiary structure
question
disulfide
answer
-S-S-
question
ionic
answer
–COO– H3N–
question
Hydrogen bonds
answer
HO-
question
–CH3 H3C–
answer
hydrophobic
question
________ proteins then bind together to form dimer, trimers, or higher order structures
answer
folded; quaternary structures
question
The functional form of hemoglobin is a __________.
answer
tetramer
question
The backbone and side chain bonds are all
_______ bonds, but _________ bonds are required to maintain _________, ________, and ________ structures.
answer
covalent; non-covalent; secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
question
Bond types include:
answer
– Hydrogen bonds (H-bonds)
– Electrostatic (ionic)
– van der Waals
- disulfide bonds
question
__________ interactions also predict 3D shape
answer
hydrophobic
question
Pairs of ________ can form _______ bonds between different parts of the main chain.This adds stability
and is common in __________ proteins
answer
cysteines; disulfide; extracellular
question
Hydrophobic interactions are not attractive interactions but results from the inability of water to form __ bonds with certain _____ _______.
answer
Hydrogen; side chains
question
Hydrophobic a.a. residues cluster in _______ of globular proteins
answer
interior
question
Hydrophilic a.a are usually ____________.
answer
towards the surface
question
Some proteins get help from __________ that deal with ________ structure formation.
answer
chaperones; tertiary structure
question
Chaperones assist in protein ________.
answer
folding
question
Chaperones create a _________ environment for the protein.
answer
hydrophilic
question
Protein degradation
answer
ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway
question
Steps in ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway.
answer
1. Ubiquitin (globular protein) attaches to protein to be degraded
2. Polyubiquitinated proteins recognized by
proteasome (proteolytic complex)
3. Proteasome degrades proteins into peptides, then into amino acid precursors for disposal by immune system
question
Disruption of secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structure.
answer
denaturation
question
Forms of protein degradation:
answer
ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway and denaturation
question
What causes denaturation?
answer
1.heat/organics- Break apart H bonds and disrupt hydrophobic attractions
2. acids/ bases- Break H bonds between polar R groups and ionic bonds
3. heavy metal ions- React with S-S bonds to form solids
4. agitation- Stretches chains until bonds break
question
heat/organics- Break apart __ bonds and disrupt _________ attractions
answer
Break apart H bonds and disrupt hydrophobic attractions
question
-acids/ bases- Break H bonds between _________ and _____ bonds
answer
polar R groups; ionic bonds
question
heavy metal ions- React with ____ bonds to form ______.
answer
-S-S-; solids
question
Agitation- _________ chains until they break.
answer
stretches
question
Hard boiling an egg
1. Cooking food to destroy E. coli
2. Heat used to cauterize blood vessels
3. Autoclave sterilizes instruments
4. Milk heated to make yogurt
answer
Denaturation
question
misfolded proteins can aggregate to form beta- pleated fibrils
answer
Amyloidopathies
question
Accumulation of misfolded proteins in tissues causes:
answer
amyloids
question
Example of Amyloidopathies?
answer
Alzheimers disease
question
_______ can change the conformation of other proteins.
answer
prions
question
example of prion disease:
answer
mad cow disease
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New