Neurology jokes – Flashcards
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What houses the cell bodies?
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Gray matter
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......is made up of axons which connects different parts of gray matter to one another
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White matter
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Myelination of the PNS is done by......while myelination of CNS is done by what?
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Scwann Cell Oligodendrocytes
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Sensory input comes from.........root, while motor action comes from....root
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Dorsal root Ventral root
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The inhibitory autoreceptor for acetylcholine is
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M2
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Dopamine is formed by what AA?
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Tyrosine Non essential which means the body can make it, so there is no need to ingest it
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Dopamine system arise in the midbrain in the ...................
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Ventral Tegmented area
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What is the emotional system of the brain?
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Limbic System The limbic system is involved with the following Endocrine and autonomic response Processing smells Memory Emotions
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Nigrostriatal pathway is to motor control. A defect of it can cause...??
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Parkinson's Dx
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Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Pathway controls memory and motivation. A defect in it can cause what dx?
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Schizophrenia and Hallucination
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Tuberofundibular pathway does....
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Hormonal Control , nuturing and pregnancy
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If you block serotonin receptor, you increase ...........release
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Dopamine release
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what AA makes dopamine?
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Tyrosine. Its a non-essential AA
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What part of the brain does NE comes from?
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Locus Cerulus in the pons
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What AA makes serotonin? Is it an essential or a non-essential AA?
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Tryptophan It is an essential AA. It means that we need to ingest it
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What part of the brain does serotonin comes from?
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The Raphe Nuclei
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The excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS is.....while the inhibitory neurotranmitter is teh CNS is.....
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Glutamate Gaba
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Benzos, alcohol, barbiturate works in .....
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Gaba
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Cholinergic receptors comes from
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Pedunculopontine nucleus of the brain and laterodorsal tegmented nucleus
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Dopaminergic pathways that are excitatory on the direct pathway and inhibitory on the indirect pathway. True or False
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True
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This is fear center of the brain and it also control stress response. It also involved in Emotion processing Fear processing Linking higher cognitive functions with lower metabolic responses Reward processing
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Amygdala
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The HPA axis works under positive or negative feedback
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Positive
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When you treat depressed pple with antidepressant, BDNF increase. T or F
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True
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High executive functioning is done by:
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Prefrontal cortex of the Frontal lobe
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Spatial awareness is done by:
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Parietal lobe
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Visual memory, language, vision
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Temporal lobe
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Visual processing center
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Occipital lobe
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Transfer of info from PNS to CNS
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Brain Stem
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Neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the pathologic hallmarks of AD; however, the definitive cause of this disease is yet to be determined.
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True
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Which drugs for alzhimers disease should be taken with meals
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Rivastigmine and galantamine. The other two can be taken with or without food
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Which AD drug is indicated for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease?
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Rivastigmine
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Rivastigmine: Moderate to severe renal impairment, mild to moderate hepatic impairment, or low body weight (<50 kg [110 lb]): consider maximum daily dose of 4.6 mg every 24 hours (transdermal patch
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True
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Which drug is not recommended for Severe renal or hepatic impairment:
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Galantamine -Moderate renal or hepatic impairment: maximum daily dose of 16 mg
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For Memantamine: Severe renal impairment: target maintenance dose of 5 mg twice daily (tablet, oral solution) or 14 mg daily (extended-release capsule)
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True
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This is Located on the temporal lobe of the left hemisphere toward the rear
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Wernickie's Area
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This is Located on the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere of about 97% of humans (including a large majority of left-handers). Broca's area is involved mainly in the production of spoken and written language and also in language processing and comprehension.
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Broca's area Associated Damage: -
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This area of the brain is involved in processing language and visual perception.
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The middle and inferior temporal gyri
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This part of the brain regulate the initiation of movements, balance, eye movements, and posture -It involves reward and reinforcement, addictive behaviors and habit formation.
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The basal ganglia
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The middle and inferior temporal gyri are involved in processing language and visual perception.
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True
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The entorhinal cortex is one of the first areas to show signs of Alzheimer s disease. T OR F
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True
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Higher cognitive function is associated with which area of the brain?It is involved in attention and thought, voluntary movement, decision-making, and language.
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Frontal Lobe
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The..................... thought to play an important role in "higher" brain functions. It is a critical part of the executive system, which refers to planning, reasoning, and judgment. It is also involved in personality and emotion by contributing to the assessment and control of appropriate social behaviors.
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Pre frontal cortex
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What is the major relay station in the brain involved in alertness and awareness?
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Thalamus
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Which of the following may be involved in translating cortical neural code for use by the hippocampus to form new memory?
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Dentatate Gyrus
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Inability to locate and recognize objects and parts of the body may be associated with damage to the Someone who is unable to recognize faces or objects may have a lesion in their
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Temporal lobe
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Which of the following drives the body s conscious response to unpleasant experiences?
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Cingulate Gyrus
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What area of the brain receives tactile information from the body?
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Somatosensory cortex also known as Postcentral gyrus
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What is the main output region of the hippocampus involved in learning, memory, spatial navigation and response to stress?
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Subiculum
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Which of the following is most closely aligned to memory formation?
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Entorhinal cortex
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Which of the following is part of the brain stem
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Pon Medulla Oblongata Midbrain
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...... consists of a large bundle of fibers connecting the right and left hemispheres of the brain. Each hemisphere controls movement in the opposite (contralateral) side of the body. It allows information to move between hemispheres and is therefore a very important integrative structure.
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COrpus Callosum
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.................is the (inability to express language) which includes halting speech repetitive speech (perseveration)disordered syntax and grammar and isordered structure of individual words
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Broca's aphasia
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.....is involved in preparing and executing limb movements . It is also for imitation and emphaty
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Pre Motor Cortex
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..............is critical to initiating motor movements. Areas of the motor cortex correspond precisely to specific body parts. For example, leg movements
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The primary motor cortex
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........ receives tactile information from the body.
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The somatosensory cortex AKA (postcentral gyrus)
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.....plays an important role in integrating information from different senses to build a coherent picture of the world.It is involved in: -Spatial mapping -inability to locate and recognize objects eventsand parts of the body (hemispatial neglect)
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The parietal (lobe)
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.........functions include perception, face recognition, object recognition, memory acquisition, understanding language, and emotional reactions
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Temporal Lobe
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Difficulties in understanding speech (Wernicke's aphasia), faces (prosopagnosia), and objects (agnosia) is caused by damage to the......
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Temporal Lobe
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..............contains the primary auditory cortex, which is responsible for processing sounds. -It is associated with sound processing speech processing and comprehension auditory memory
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Superior temporal gyrus
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Damage to......causes auditory verbal hallucinations
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Superior temporal gyrus
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Wernicke's area is involved in language comprehension. In about 97% of humans (including a large majority of left-handers) major language functions are contained in the left hemisphere of the brain and for most people,
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True
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What aphasia is linked to inappropriate words and inability to understand spoken language(meaningless jargon)
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Wernikies Aphasia
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In............ aphasia (speech is not fluent and lacks grammar):
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Broca's aphasia
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.........are involved in processing language and visual perception semantic memory ( found in autism)
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The middle and inferior temporal Gyri
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......monitors and regulates motor behavior, particularly automatic movements. It is associated with bad gait and rhythmic movement.
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Cerebellum
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Movement disorder found in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease is associated with??
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Basal ganglia
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The limbic system consist of what 3 areas? .memory formation and storage regulating emotion processing smells sexual arousal
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amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus
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Damage to the limbic system can lead to....??
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Depression
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............is involved in processing emotions, and fear-learning, fight-or-flight response and reward-processing?
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The amygdala
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the cingulate gyrus helps regulate emotions and pain. is thought to directly drive the body's conscious response to unpleasant experiences. In addition, it is involved in fear and the prediction (and avoidance) of negative consequences and can help orient the body away from negative stimuli
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The cingulate gyrus
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It is important as an early storage place for long-term memory, and it is involved in the transition of long-term memory to even more enduring permanent memory. The hippocampus also plays an important role in spatial navigation.
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The Hippocampus
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..............plays an important role in object recognition and in storing information (memories) about objects
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The perirhinal cortex
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.......... consists of the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain. It plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis by controlling autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. it coordinates with the motor cortex and associated areas to contribute to fine movements of limbs and the face.
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Brain stem
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.......... is the region in the brain most closely associated with breathing and with circuits that generate respiratory rhythms
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PONS
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......cushions and protects the brain
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The ventricles
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Pt with Parkinson can live 15-20 years?
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True
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Levodopa is converted to dopamine through....
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Decabroxylation in the brain
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.........drugs can cause hypertensive crises in PD pts?
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MAO inhibitors
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Ropinirole and pramipexole have activity on D2 and D3 and no activity on D1. T or F
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True
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Apomorphine has more activity to D4 receptpr. True or F
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True Its also approved for resue therapy for actute treatment of off episodes -Can cause QT prolongation -Dont give with serotonin class of anti-emetic
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Side effect of....is hepatoticity
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Tolcaptone
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Selegiline is contraindicated with meperidine. True or False
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True
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..............can block NMDA gluatmate receptor
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Amantadine
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Dose of Amantadine should be decerased in renal inpairment, True or False. True
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True
