Microbiology Exam 5 Test Questions – Flashcards
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| How are most CNS infections caused? |
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| Result from trauma, an anatomic defect, or an infection elsewhere |
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| True or False: Depending on age of the patient and the etiologic agent, some may cause permanent brain damage |
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| True |
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| What is encephalitis |
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| Inflammation of the brain |
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| What is inflammation of the meninges (or spinal fluid between them) called? |
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| Meningitis |
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| Describe the anatomy of the brain |
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| Inside the skull; nerves and blood vessels enter, separated from tissues by the blood-brain barrier; ventricles, spaces filed with fluid inside the brain; cranial nerves enervate the head directly |
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| Describe the anatomy of the meninges |
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| Three membranes, the dura is the outer membrane, with spinal fluid between the pia and the arachnoid membranes |
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| Describe the anatomy of the peripheral nerves |
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| Motor nerves run from the spinal cord to the muscles in the body; Sensory nerves run from the tissues to the spinal cord |
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| What is the clear colorless fluid that is derived from blood, produced by the ventricles and feeds the CNS |
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| Cereberospinal fluid |
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| Describe the circulation of the CSF |
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| Flows from the ventricles out the brain base, around the brain, down the spinal cord and back up to the brain, where it is reabsorbed |
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| Give an example of a virus that can travel along the nerve axons |
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| Rabies |
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| Give an example of a disease that can remain latent in the nerve ganglia |
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| Herpes viruses |
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| How can Herpes infect the brain |
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| Via nerves |
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| True or False: Infections of the skull, sinus, middle ear, mastoids, skull factures, nasopharyngeal colonization can all lead to CNS infections |
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| True |
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| Describe the etiology of Streptococcus agalactiae |
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| Neonatal period (<1 month); maternal vaginal flora, sepsis causes meningitis |
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| What form of bacterial meningitis is now rare due to the vaccine given to children at 2,4, and 6 months |
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| Haemphilus influenzae |
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| What is the fastest progressing meningitidis, common in college students? |
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| Neisseria meningitidis |
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| What are the symptoms of Neisseria meningitidis? |
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| Produces fever, headache, with a petechial rash |
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| True or False: Neisseria meningitidis has a vaccine that is conjugated to a protein |
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| True |
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| What type of meningitis effects all age groups |
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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| What type of meningitis is caused by foodborne microorganisms |
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| Listeria monocytogenes |
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| Describe the pathogenesis of Bacterial meningitis |
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| Direct spread from the nasopharynx, sinustitis, otitis, or bacteremia |
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| What are the symptoms of bacterial meningitis |
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| Headache, fever, stiff neck |
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| How is meningitis diagnosed? |
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| With a spinal tap; do Gram stain, culture, antigen tests, PCR, measure white blood cells, glucose and protein Bacterial meningitis should show bacteria, WBCs, low glucose and high protein |
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| How is Bacterial meningitis treated? |
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| All 5 bacterial types respond to high-dose IV ceftriaxone |
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| Which types of bacterial meningitis have vaccines? |
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| H.influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, S. pneumoniae |
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| Mycobacterium leprea is an infection of what? |
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| The peripheral nerves |
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| What does Mycobacterium leprae (Leprosy) look like in tissues |
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| M. tuberculosis |
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| Where is leprosy common? |
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| In tropical countries |
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| True or False: Leprosy can be cultured in armadillos |
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| true |
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| What type of tissue does mycobacterium leprae prefer? |
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| Cooler tissues such as the nose, fingers, or toes |
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| What are some symptoms of leprosy |
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| The patient looses sensation in the affected areas; injury and immune response destroys tissues |
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| How long is the incubation period for leprosy |
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| 3 years |
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| How is leprosy treated |
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| WIth 6 months of antibiotics |
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| What group do most viral meningitis viruses belong to |
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| Enterovirus group; RNA |
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| Describe the epidemiology of viral meningitis |
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| Common in summer, fecal-oral spread, by swimming in contaminated water |
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| Describe the pathogenesis of viral meningitis |
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| Virus is swallowed, absorbed, viremia, causes a mild, self-limiting meningitis |
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| True or False: A positive test for viral meningitis will show no bacteria, normal glucose and protein |
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| True |
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| Is there a vaccine for viral encephalitis? |
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| No, not for humans |
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| What organ does Arthropod-borne viral encephalitis affect |
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| the brain |
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| When and where was the first case of West Nile Virus? |
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| Retired people in Central Park, NYC in 1999, probably imported from Israel |
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| How did West Nile spread across the US |
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| Each season from East to West |
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| What is Polio |
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| A GI virus that attacks the motor nerves, causes paralysis |
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| How is Polio spread |
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| Contaminated water |
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| How was the epidemic of Polio in the US solved |
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| Chlorinated drinking water |
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| What was the therapy for Polio |
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| the "iron lung" |
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| How is Rabies transmitted? |
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| To humans through animal bites |
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| Describe the pathogenesis of Rabies |
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| Enters the motor nerve at the nerve-muscle junction, follows the nerve up to the brain, multiplies in the brain to cause encephalitis, high mortality at this stage |
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| What is the treatment for Rabies |
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| Immune globulin |
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| What microorganism causes cryptococcal meningitis |
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| Cryptococcus (Filobasidiella) neoformans |
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| Where is cryptococcus neoformans commonly found |
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| common in soil |
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| True or False: Cryptocococcus neoformans are encapsulated and killed by lung macrophages |
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| False |
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| Within what type of patients is cryptococcal meningitis common |
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| AID;immunocompromised |
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| What are the signs and symptoms of cryptococcal meningitis |
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| Slow progression of headache, dizziness, weight loss, fever |
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| What is the treatment for cryptococcal meningitis |
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| IV amphotericin B |
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| What are Naegleria fowleri? |
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| free-living amoeba in water |
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| How is Naegleria fowleri acquired? |
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| swimming in water without chlorine |
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| What does Naegleria fowleri cause |
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| Meningoencephalitis |
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| What is another name for Trypanosomiasis |
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| African Sleeping Sickness |
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| What causes African Sleeping Sickness |
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| Trypanosoma spp; |
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| Where is the reservoir for ASS |
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| In wild animals, spread by Tsetse fly |
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| What are the signs and symptoms of ASS |
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| Slow progressive fevers, loss of mental activity, come and death |
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| What causes Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy |
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| Prions |
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| What happens to patients with transmissible spongiform encaphopathy |
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| slow, chronic, degenerative destruction of brain tissue |
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| What is transmissible spongiform encephalopathy called in sheep? In elk? In cows? |
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| Scrapie; chronic wasting disease; mad cow |
