Microbio – Microbiology Test Questions – Flashcards
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| Epidemiology |
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| The study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population. |
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| Epidemiology Basics |
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| To cause a disease, a pathogen must replicate and grow inside a host. |
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| Chronic Infections |
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| Host and pathogen survive. |
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| Acute Infections |
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| New Pathogen in a host. Pathogen can be a selective force. |
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| Epidemic |
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| When a disease occurs in a large number of people in a population at the same time. |
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| Endemic |
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| Disease constantly present in a population, usually at low incidences. |
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| Incidence |
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| Number of new cases of the disease in a given period of time. |
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| Prevalence |
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| Total number and existing cases in a population in a given time. |
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| Outbreak |
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| When a number of cases of disease are reported in a short amount of time. |
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| Subclinical Infections |
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| Diseased invidivuals who show no or mild symptoms, also known as carriers. |
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| Mortality |
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| Incidence of death in a population |
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| Morbidity |
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| Refers to the incidence of disease, including fatal and nonfatal diseases |
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| Disease Progression |
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Infection - The organism invades and colonizes the host
Incubation Period - The time between infection and onset of symptoms
Acute Period - The disease is at its height
Decline Period - Disease symptoms are subsiding
Convalescent Period - Patient regains strength and returns to normal |
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| Serotype |
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| Bacterial or viral classification into groups based on cell surface antigens, allowing the epidemiological classification of organisms to the sub-species level |
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| A host-to-host pathogen that kills its before it can infect another host may become extinct |
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| Direct host-to-host transmission |
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| Infected individuals transmit a disease directly to a susceptible host without the assistance of an intermediary. |
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| Indirect host-to-host transmission |
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Occurs when transmission is facilitated by a living or nonliving agent
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| Vectors |
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| Living agents |
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| Fomites |
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| Nonliving agents |
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| Major epidemics are classified as... |
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| Common-source or host-to-host epidemics |
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| Common-source epidemic |
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Arises from contamination of water or food
Ex: Cholera |
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| Host-to-Host Epidemic |
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Slow and progressive rise and gradual decline
Ex: Influenza and chicken pox |
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| Why is there such a difference between the flora in the duodenum and that in the ileum? |
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| There is a large pH difference between these regions of the small intestine. |
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| The ability to cause disease is |
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| pathogenicity |
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| Factors that enhance an organism's ability to adhere to host tissues include |
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| fimbriae |
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| An exotoxin that has the ability to kill or damage host cells is referred to as a(n) |
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| cytotoxin. |
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| All AB toxins have which of the following? |
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| Two subunits |
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| tepped on a rusty nail while walking her dog barefoot. She needs to be treated to prevent damage by which exotoxin? |
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| tetanus exotoxin |
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| Mucous membranes are a part of |
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| innate defense |
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| Which of the following defense systems would be involved in fighting a viral pathogen? |
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| T lymphocytes |
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| Which cells directly attack abnormal cells in the body? |
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| Cytotoxic T cells |
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| A person would be most at risk of infections if he or she |
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| is a 70-year-old alcoholic whose spouse just died |
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| Endotoxins are found in |
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| Which of the following is an important virulence factor for dental caries? |
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| polysaccharide adhesion |
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| The exotoxin that functions by destroying cell membranes is called |
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| a cytolytic toxin |
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| A pharmaceutical company that uses the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay to test water that is used to make sterile saline for intravenous administration is trying to detect small amounts of which of the following? |
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| endotoxin |
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| All of the following areas of the human body should be microbially sterile EXCEPT |
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| the respiratory tract |
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| All of the following are typical gram-positive organisms found on the skin EXCEPT |
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| Bacteroides |
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| Organisms that colonize skin |
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| are mostly gram-positive bacteria |
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| A patient admitted to the hospital with muscle weakness and paralysis is put on a ventilator because of breathing difficulties. It is determined that the symptoms are the result of a bacterial exotoxin. Which of the following is the most likely source of this toxin? |
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| canned food |
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| Endotoxins are also known as |
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| Lipid A. |
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| When would endotoxins be released from a bacterial cell? |
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| When the cell dies |
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| Why is a release of endotoxin into the bloodstream potentially deadly? |
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| It can lower blood pressure and cause the patient to go into shock. |
