micro lecture – Flashcards
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| Describe proteobacteria |
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| prokaryotes--> peptidoglycan rRNA signature--> domain bacteria--> gram negative --> proteobacteria |
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| describe characteristics of proteobacteria |
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| gram negative chemoheterotrophic largest taxonomic group 30% of all classified bacteria split into alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon |
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| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, what organisms it infects, and why is it medically important of Wolbachia pipentis |
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| phylum: alpha-proteobacteria gram reaction: Disease caused: infects insects and other animals What organisms does it infect: can affect the pathogenicity of many filarial worms why is it medically important: can be transmitted horizontally or vertically in eggs |
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| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, where does it liveRICKETTSIA |
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| phylum: alpha-proteaobacteria gram reaction: disease caused: spotted fevers Where does it live: |
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| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape and what is PIDNEISSERIA GONORRHEA |
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| Phylum: beta-probacteria gram reaction: disease caused: shape: PID: |
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| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused,pigment, shape, how would you contract, where does it livePSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA |
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| Phylum: gamma-proteobacteria Gram reaction: Disease caused: Pigment: flourescent green Shape: How would you contract: Where does it live? |
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| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape, how would you contract it, symptoms VIBRIO CHOLERAE |
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| Phylum: gamma-proteobacteria Gram reaction: Disease cause: Shape: Contract: found in coastal waters Symptoms: dirrhea |
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| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape, what is an indicator organismE. COLI |
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| Phylum:gamma-proteobacteria |
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| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape, and what is a serovarSALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM |
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| Phylum: gamma proteobacteria Gram reaction: Disease caused: typhoid fever Shape: What is a serovar: antibodies |
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| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, where do they live in the bodyHELICOBACTER PYLORI |
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| Phylum: epsilon- proteobacteria Gram reaction: Disease caused: peptic ulcers, stomache cancer Where do they live in the body: |
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| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, where do they live in the bodyCHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS |
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| Phylum: non-proteobacteria Gram reaction: gram negative Disease caused: most common STD Where do they live in the body? |
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| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, forms what? oxygen requirement? how is the disease transmittedCLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICLE |
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| Phylum: Firmicutes Gram reaction: gram positive Forms what: endospores Oxygen requirement: obligate anaerobes How is disease transmitted? |
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| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape, pigment produced, where do they love in the bodySTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS |
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| Phylum: Firmicutes Gram Reaction: gram positive Disease caused: Shape: cocci Pigment produced: yellow where do they live in the body? |
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| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES |
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| Phylum: firmicutes gram reaction: gram positive Diseases caused: Scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, strep throat Shape: chains |
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| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused,frequently causes what type of infections, can live wearENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS |
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| frequently causes: nosocomial infections Can live wear: GI tract, vagina, oral cavity,hands, bedding, fecal aerosol |
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| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE |
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| Phylum: firmicutes Gram reaction: gram positive Disease caused: walking pnumoniae |
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| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, PROPIONIBACTERIA ACNES |
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| Phylum: actinobacteria Gram reaction: gram positive Disease caused: acne |
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| What are the 4 types of gamma-proteobacteria? |
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| -Pseudomonadales -Legionellales -vibrionales -enterobacteriales |
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| What are the 2 types of deltaproteobacteria? |
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| -bdellovibrio -myxococcales |
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| What are myxospores? what social adaptations do they have? |
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| some cells within the fruiting body develop into dormant myxospores that are enclosed within walled structures called sporangia - when sporangia releases the myxospores which can resist desiccation and nutrient deprivation for a decade or more - when nutrients are again plentiful, the myxospores germinate and become vegitative cells |
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| What are the 2 types of Enterobacterials |
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| -e.coli -salmonella |
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| What are characteristics of Pseudomonas? |
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| -oppurtunistic pathogens -polar flagella |
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| What are characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa? |
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| -responsible for 10% of all hosp. infections -naturally resistant to antibiotics -forms biofilms -ear pericing infections |
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| what are characteristics of Legionella |
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| - found in streams, warm water pipes -ex the leigonellas breakout in casino in vegas |
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| what are characteristics of Vibrionales |
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| -found in coastal water -a lot of diarrhea |
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| What are characteristics of Enterobacteriales? |
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| -peritrichous flagella -faculatative anaerobic -inhabit intestinal tract |
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| what is the most complex life cycle? |
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| delta proteobacteria |
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| what are characteristics of Bdellovibrio |
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| -prey on other bacteria -gram neg |
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| what are characteristics of myxococcales? |
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| -cells aggregate to form myxospores -has social motility, cell differentiation, specialization, cell to cell communication, and coordination |
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| what are characteristics of Firmicutes |
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| gram positive, LOW g+c |
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| what are characteristics of Clostridiales? |
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| endospore producing, obligate anerobes |
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| What is a characteristic of Bacillales? |
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| endospore producing rods |
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| FUNGI: what is the Kingdom- nutritional type- multicellularity- food acquistion mechanism- characteristic features |
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| kingdom- fungi nutritional type- multicellularity- mostly multicellular food aquistion mechanism- chemoheterotrophic characteristic- decompose dead organisms, help plants absorb water and minerals, produce antibiotics |
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| PROTOZOA: what is the Kingdom- nutritional type- multicellularity- food acquistion mechanism- characteristic features |
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| what is the Kingdom-protista nutritional type- multicellularity- food acquistion mechanism-chemoheterotrophic, obtain nutrients by phagocityzing characteristic features- requires moist environments |
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| HELMINTHS: what is the Kingdom- nutritional type- multicellularity- food acquistion mechanism- characteristic features |
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| what is the Kingdom-animilia nutritional type- multicellularity-all multicellular food acquistion mechanism-chemoheterotrophic characteristic features |
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| Compare and contrast bacterial endospores to fungal spores |
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| compare and contrast fungal asexual spores and asexual reproduction to sexual spores and sexual reproduction |
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| Describe how fungi are classified |
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| discuss fungal nutritional adaptations and basic characteristics |
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| thallus |
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| body of fungus or olga |
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| saprobe |
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| fungus that absorbs nutrients from dead organisms |
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| hyphae |
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| long, branched, tubular filaments in the thalli of molds |
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| Mycelium |
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| tangled mass of hyphae |
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| Dimorphic fungi |
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| having 2 forms; they both have yeast like and mold like thalli |
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| asexual spores |
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| zygospore |
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| haploid spores formed from the surviving nuclei within zygosporangia |
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| ascospore |
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| haploid germinating structure of ascomycetes |
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| basidiospore |
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| coencytic |
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| multinucleate cell resulting from repeated mitosis but postponed or absent cytokenisis |
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| septate |
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| characterized by the presence of cross walls |
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| telemorphic fungi |
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| medically important phyla: zygomycota |
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| division of fungi including coenocytic molds called zygomycetes, most are saprobes |
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| medically important phyla:Ascomycota |
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| division of fungi characterized by the formation of haploid ascospores within sacs called asci -Sac fungi, septate, telemorphic fungi, condiospores, aspergillus |
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| medically important phyla: Dueteromycota |
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| informal grouping of fungi having no known sexual stage -asexual, rRNA sequencing, subcutaneous mycosis, systemic, cutaneos |
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| medically important phyla: Basidomycota |
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| division of fungi characterized by production of basidospores and basidicarps -club fungi, septate, basidiospores and sometimes conidiospores |
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| Fungal diseases: systemic mycoses |
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| deep within the body |
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| Fungal diseases: subcutaneous mycoses |
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| beneath the skin |
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| Fungal diseases: cutaneous mycoses |
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| affect hair, skin, nails |
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| Fungal diseases: Superficial mycoses |
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| localized, hair shafts |
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| Fungal diseases: oppurtunistic mycoses |
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| caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi |
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| How does polyenes work |
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| how does azoles work |
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| how does allyamines work |
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| how does griseofuylin work |
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| Protozoa: cycts |
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| Protozoa: trophozoite |
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| Protozoa: fission |
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| Protozoa: definitive vs. intermediate hosts |
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| PRO medically important phyla: parabalsa |
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| no mitochondria, fermentation to get energy in glycolisis, Trichomonas vaginalis |
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| PRO medically important phyla: diplomonadida |
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| no mitochondria, golgi bodies, peroxisomes, EX: giardia lambia, most commonly detected |
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| PRO medically important phyla: amoebozoa |
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| moved by pseudopods, 1 in 10 show symptoms, loose stools, Acanthomoeba can cause corneal infections |
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| PRO medically important phyla: apicomplexa (3) |
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| non motile plasmodium- malaria transmitted by anapheles mosq. cryptospordium- difficult to filter as protozoa are small taxoplasma gondii- 50-60% of world is infected |
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| PRO medically important phyla: euglenozoa |
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| move by flagella, hemoflagellates, trypanosoma spp: sleepings sickness, chagas disease |
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| TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS: transmission, symptoms |
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| humans only hosts, intense itching, pain during urination, creamy white frothy discharge |
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| GIARDIA LAMBLIA: transmission, symptoms |
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| symptoms: nausea, cramping, flatulence, foul smelling diarrhea, may cont to shed cysts for years |
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| ACANTHAMOEBA:transmission, symptoms |
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| tap water |
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| CRYPTOSPORIDIUM: transmission, symptoms |
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| transmission via contaminated water nausea and diarrhea |
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| TOXOPLASMA GONDII :transmission, symptoms |
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| cat litter or by eating undercooked meat no symptoms for healthy people but dangerous to fetus |
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| PLASMODIUM: transmission, symptoms |
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| anapheles mosquito fever chills headache weakness fatigue anemia |
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| TRYPANOSOMA SP chagas disease: transmission, symptoms |
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| triatomia bugs |
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| name several characteristics of helminthes |
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| kingdom:animilia -chemoheterotrophic -all are multicellular -reduced digestive system, nervous system, locomotion -complexed reproduction |
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| 2 phyla of helminthes |
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| 1) platyehelminthes ( flatworms) 2)nebratoda (roundworms) |
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| define monoecious (HELMINTHES) |
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| hermaphrodites, male and female reprod. system in 1 animal |
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| define dioecious (HELMINTHES) |
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| seperate male and female organisms |
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| Clonorchis sinensis: transmission, symptoms |
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| Enterobius vermicularis: transmission, symptoms |
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| worm infestation perianal itching, many are asymptomatic |
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| Trichinella: transmission, symptoms |
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| undercooked meat disease cant be cured just focus on treating symptoms |
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| Ascaris: transmission, symptoms |
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| food contaminated with fecal matter hemmhorage, malnutrition, abcsesses |
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| Necator and Acylclostoma: transmission, symptoms |
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| larvae enter body by penetrating skin damage to small intestine |
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| Wuchereria: transmission, symptoms |
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| altered lymphatic system and enlarging of body parts (pain and disabilities) |
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| Compare and contrast mechanical VS bioligocal transmission of insect borne diseases |
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| anthropods as vector: -mechanical transmission -biological transmission -microbe multiplies in vector *definitive host- microbes sexual reproduction in vector |
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| list several arguments for and against the description of viruses as living organisms |
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| FOR: -they can multiply -can mutate -can cause infection and disease -contain genetic material AGAINST: - dont have both DNA and RNA in same virus particles -cannot carry out any metabolic pathway -neither grow nor respond to the env. -no plasma membrane -no ribosomes -***not composed of cells |
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| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses: intracellular parasite |
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| bacteria: no viruses:yes |
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| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses: Plasma membrane |
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| Bacteria: yes Viruses: no |
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| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses: Binary fission |
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| Bacteria:yes viruses:no |
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| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses:pass through filters |
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| bacteria: no viruses: yes |
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| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses:DNA and RNA |
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| bacteria: yes viruses: no |
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| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses:Ribosomes |
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| bacteria: yes viruses: no |
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| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses:Antibotic sensitivity |
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| bacteria:yes viruses: no |
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| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses:interferon sensitivity |
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| bacteria: not sensitive viruses: yes sensitive |
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| what is meant by host range |
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| most viruses infect only paticular hosts cells -due to affinity of viral surface proteins for proteins on host cell -may be so specific they only infect a particular kind of cell in a particular host |
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| why can you recover from a cold but its more difficult to recover from polio? |
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| cold viruses infects epithelial tissue which is easily fixed when damaged polio causes paralysis which infects nueral tissue which is hard to repair |
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| how do bacteriophages get nucleotides and amino acids if they dont have any metabolic enzymes |
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| they attach to host cell and use host cell metabolism like enzymes and nucleotides to build their dna or rna |
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| taxonomy of viruses:family name ends in: |
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| viridae, ex: Herpesviridae |
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| taxonomy of viruses: genus name ends in: |
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| virus, ex: Herpesvirus (italisized) |
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| viral species: |
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| a group of viruses sharing same genetic info. and ecological niche ex: human herpes viris |
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| viral sub species: |
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| designated by a # ex:HHV-1 |
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| viral replication is dependent on: |
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| hosts organelles and enzymes |
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| Lyctic cycle: replication cycle usually results in |
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| death and lysis of host cell |
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| Stages of lytic cycle: (5) |
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| 1)attachment 2)entry 3)synthesis 4) assembly 5)release |
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| what is a phage? |
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| a virus that infects bacteria |
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| Lytic: during synthesis, 2 things happen: |
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| 1) make new DNA 2) vDNA---transcription--->vmRNA---translation--->vProtein (protein syntesis) THIS RESULTS IN THE DEATH OF CELL |
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| In a plaque, how do you know when dead bacteria have lysed? |
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| clearing |
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| Lysogeny: infected host cells grow and reproduce... |
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| normally for GENERATIONS before they lyse |
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| Lysogeny: temperate phages- |
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| prophage= inactive phages |
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| Lysogenic conversion results when? |
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| phages carry genes that alter phenotype of a bacterium |
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| Main difference between LYTIC and LYSOGENICFROM TEST : what is the def of lysogeny |
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| Lytic results in immediate death of cell, lysogenic might not die right away or soon |
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| What is induction and what phage cycle does it occur in? |
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| stage 5 of lysogenic cyle where it pops out due to STRESS |
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| What are the stages of replication of animal viruses? |
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| attachment: virus attaches to cell membrane penetration: by endocytosis or fusion uncoating: by viral or host enzymes biosynthesis: production of nucleic acid and proteins maturation: nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble release: by BUDDING (enveloped viruses) |
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| Attachment and penetration: have _____ spikes or other attachment molecules can penetrate by____ or fusion |
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| chemical attraction animal viruses dont have tails -has glycoprotein spikes -can penetrate by pinocytosis |
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| Uncoating: seperation of virus particle from___ |
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| its protein coat |
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| Synthesis of animal viruses: requires different strategy depending on ________ dna viruses often enter the ____ rna viruses often repliacte in ___ |
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| -req. different strategy dependent on nucleic acid -often enter the nucleus -replicate in cytoplasm |
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| describe the replication of DNA virus |
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| 1) virion attaches to host cell 2)virus enters cell and DNA is uncoated 3)a portion of viral DNA is transcribed, producing mRNA that encodes "early" viral proteins 4) viral DNA is replicated, and some viral proteins are made 5)late traslation: capsid proteins are synthesized 6) virions mature 7)virions released |
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| A positive sense acts directly as.. and a negative strand is... FROM TEST: what is a + strand |
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| mRNA negative used as template for rna for + |
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| uncoating is unique to |
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| animal viruses, its not in phages |
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| a negative strand is |
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| a template that must 1st make a positive strand to act as mrna |
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| Role of viruses in cancer: animal genes dictate that some cells can no longer _______ or are prevented from_____ |
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| - no longer divide or prevented from unlimited division |
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| Role of viruses in cancer: genes for cell division are..... |
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| turned off or genes inhibition division are turned on |
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| Role of viruses in cancer: Neopasia Metastis: |
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| unctrollable cell division, a mass of these cells is called a tumor -travels in lymphatic system |
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| Environmental factors that contribute to cancer and activation of oncogenes: |
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| UV light radiation carcinogens viruses cause 25% of human cancers |
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| ex of specific viruses known to cause cancer |
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| burkitts lymphoma hodgkins disease kaposis sarcoma cervial cancer |
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| How can an RNa virus cause cancer if it doesnt have DNA to insert into a cells genes |
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| reversse transcription will make copy of dna from rna |
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| Lifecycle of latent animal viruses: what is latency |
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| when animal viruses remain dormant in host cells until effected by stress, may be prolonged for years -some never pop out of chromosome but just replicate inside chromo. |
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| what are Prionshow is it transmitted what are diseases caused by it and what is prion replication |
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| PROteinaceuous INfectious particle -transmitted by injestion, transplant -sheep scrapie, mad cow disease |
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| Growing viruses: virus must be grown in ____ animal viruses may be grown in ____ |
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| living cells -living animals or in embryonated eggs |
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| Papiloma virus- HPV transmitted, symptoms |
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| wart |
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| hepatitis B virus- transmitted and symptom |
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| blood |
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| hepatitis A-transmitted and symptom |
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| injestion; shed in feces |
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| The LD50 of botulinum toxin is .03 ng/kg; the ld50 of salmonella toxin is 12 mg/kg. which is the more potent toxin? |
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| botulism |
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| diptheria toxins |
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| inhibits protein synthesis |
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| botulism |
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| binds to neurons and inhibits actylchloine relase |
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| tetanus |
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| blocks muscle relaxation pathway causes unctrollable contractioin |
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| vibrio enterotoxin |
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| causes release of ions to insestinal lumen creating HYPERTONIC |
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| infection |
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| invasion of host by pathogen |
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| etiology |
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| study of the cause of disease |
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| disease/morbidity |
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| infection that results in a change in health |
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| syndrome |
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| symptoms AND signs charatcerize a disease |
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| ld50 |
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| amount of substance required to kill 50% of the test population |
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| sporadic |
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| a disease that occurs in single and sporadic cases |
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| viremia |
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| virus enters bloodstream |
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| toxemia |
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| presence of toxins inblood |
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| sepsis |
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| severe blood infection |
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| bacteremia |
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| presence of bacteria in blood |
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| septicemia |
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| presence of pathogenic disease in blood stream |
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| micorbial antagonism |
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| prevention of colonization of microbes |
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| resident microbiata |
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| present on skin, not harmful |
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| subacute disease |
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| how long a diseasae has been present |
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| incubation period |
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| time elapsed between exposure and symptoms |
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| subclinical disease |
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| under drs radar |
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| prodormal period |
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| he time during which a disease process has begun but is not yet clinically manifest. |
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| case reporting |
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| detailed report of signs symptoms and follow up |
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| Bacterial source for exotoxin |
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| EXO- gram + |
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| toxicity for exotoxin |
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| low ld50 |
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| does exotoxin produce fever |
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| no |
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| reprsentative exotoxin: |
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| vibro enterotoxin |
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| ON TEST: polio is most similar to |
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| Hepatitis A? |
