micro lecture – Flashcards
166 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 166question
| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape and what is PIDNEISSERIA GONORRHEA |
answer
| Phylum: beta-probacteria gram reaction: disease caused: shape: PID: |
Unlock the answer
question
| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused,pigment, shape, how would you contract, where does it livePSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA |
answer
| Phylum: gamma-proteobacteria Gram reaction: Disease caused: Pigment: flourescent green Shape: How would you contract: Where does it live? |
Unlock the answer
question
| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape, how would you contract it, symptoms VIBRIO CHOLERAE |
answer
| Phylum: gamma-proteobacteria Gram reaction: Disease cause: Shape: Contract: found in coastal waters Symptoms: dirrhea |
Unlock the answer
question
| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape, what is an indicator organismE. COLI |
answer
| Phylum:gamma-proteobacteria |
Unlock the answer
question
| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape, and what is a serovarSALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM |
answer
| Phylum: gamma proteobacteria Gram reaction: Disease caused: typhoid fever Shape: What is a serovar: antibodies |
Unlock the answer
question
| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, where do they live in the bodyHELICOBACTER PYLORI |
answer
| Phylum: epsilon- proteobacteria Gram reaction: Disease caused: peptic ulcers, stomache cancer Where do they live in the body: |
Unlock the answer
question
| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, where do they live in the bodyCHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS |
answer
| Phylum: non-proteobacteria Gram reaction: gram negative Disease caused: most common STD Where do they live in the body? |
Unlock the answer
question
| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, forms what? oxygen requirement? how is the disease transmittedCLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICLE |
answer
| Phylum: Firmicutes Gram reaction: gram positive Forms what: endospores Oxygen requirement: obligate anaerobes How is disease transmitted? |
Unlock the answer
question
| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape, pigment produced, where do they love in the bodySTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS |
answer
| Phylum: Firmicutes Gram Reaction: gram positive Disease caused: Shape: cocci Pigment produced: yellow where do they live in the body? |
Unlock the answer
question
| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, shape STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES |
answer
| Phylum: firmicutes gram reaction: gram positive Diseases caused: Scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, strep throat Shape: chains |
Unlock the answer
question
| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused,frequently causes what type of infections, can live wearENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS |
answer
| frequently causes: nosocomial infections Can live wear: GI tract, vagina, oral cavity,hands, bedding, fecal aerosol |
Unlock the answer
question
| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE |
answer
| Phylum: firmicutes Gram reaction: gram positive Disease caused: walking pnumoniae |
Unlock the answer
question
| what is the phylum, gram reaction, disease caused, PROPIONIBACTERIA ACNES |
answer
| Phylum: actinobacteria Gram reaction: gram positive Disease caused: acne |
Unlock the answer
question
| What are the 4 types of gamma-proteobacteria? |
answer
| -Pseudomonadales -Legionellales -vibrionales -enterobacteriales |
Unlock the answer
question
| What are the 2 types of deltaproteobacteria? |
answer
| -bdellovibrio -myxococcales |
Unlock the answer
question
| What are myxospores? what social adaptations do they have? |
answer
| some cells within the fruiting body develop into dormant myxospores that are enclosed within walled structures called sporangia - when sporangia releases the myxospores which can resist desiccation and nutrient deprivation for a decade or more - when nutrients are again plentiful, the myxospores germinate and become vegitative cells |
Unlock the answer
question
| What are the 2 types of Enterobacterials |
answer
| -e.coli -salmonella |
Unlock the answer
question
| What are characteristics of Pseudomonas? |
answer
| -oppurtunistic pathogens -polar flagella |
Unlock the answer
question
| What are characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa? |
answer
| -responsible for 10% of all hosp. infections -naturally resistant to antibiotics -forms biofilms -ear pericing infections |
Unlock the answer
question
| what are characteristics of Legionella |
answer
| - found in streams, warm water pipes -ex the leigonellas breakout in casino in vegas |
Unlock the answer
question
| what are characteristics of Vibrionales |
answer
| -found in coastal water -a lot of diarrhea |
Unlock the answer
question
| What are characteristics of Enterobacteriales? |
answer
| -peritrichous flagella -faculatative anaerobic -inhabit intestinal tract |
Unlock the answer
question
| what is the most complex life cycle? |
answer
| delta proteobacteria |
Unlock the answer
question
| what are characteristics of Bdellovibrio |
answer
| -prey on other bacteria -gram neg |
Unlock the answer
question
| what are characteristics of myxococcales? |
answer
| -cells aggregate to form myxospores -has social motility, cell differentiation, specialization, cell to cell communication, and coordination |
Unlock the answer
question
| what are characteristics of Firmicutes |
answer
| gram positive, LOW g+c |
Unlock the answer
question
| what are characteristics of Clostridiales? |
answer
| endospore producing, obligate anerobes |
Unlock the answer
question
| What is a characteristic of Bacillales? |
answer
| endospore producing rods |
Unlock the answer
question
| FUNGI: what is the Kingdom- nutritional type- multicellularity- food acquistion mechanism- characteristic features |
answer
| kingdom- fungi nutritional type- multicellularity- mostly multicellular food aquistion mechanism- chemoheterotrophic characteristic- decompose dead organisms, help plants absorb water and minerals, produce antibiotics |
Unlock the answer
question
| PROTOZOA: what is the Kingdom- nutritional type- multicellularity- food acquistion mechanism- characteristic features |
answer
| what is the Kingdom-protista nutritional type- multicellularity- food acquistion mechanism-chemoheterotrophic, obtain nutrients by phagocityzing characteristic features- requires moist environments |
Unlock the answer
question
| HELMINTHS: what is the Kingdom- nutritional type- multicellularity- food acquistion mechanism- characteristic features |
answer
| what is the Kingdom-animilia nutritional type- multicellularity-all multicellular food acquistion mechanism-chemoheterotrophic characteristic features |
Unlock the answer
question
| Compare and contrast bacterial endospores to fungal spores |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| compare and contrast fungal asexual spores and asexual reproduction to sexual spores and sexual reproduction |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| Describe how fungi are classified |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| discuss fungal nutritional adaptations and basic characteristics |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| thallus |
answer
| body of fungus or olga |
Unlock the answer
question
| saprobe |
answer
| fungus that absorbs nutrients from dead organisms |
Unlock the answer
question
| hyphae |
answer
| long, branched, tubular filaments in the thalli of molds |
Unlock the answer
question
| Mycelium |
answer
| tangled mass of hyphae |
Unlock the answer
question
| Dimorphic fungi |
answer
| having 2 forms; they both have yeast like and mold like thalli |
Unlock the answer
question
| asexual spores |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| zygospore |
answer
| haploid spores formed from the surviving nuclei within zygosporangia |
Unlock the answer
question
| ascospore |
answer
| haploid germinating structure of ascomycetes |
Unlock the answer
question
| basidiospore |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| coencytic |
answer
| multinucleate cell resulting from repeated mitosis but postponed or absent cytokenisis |
Unlock the answer
question
| septate |
answer
| characterized by the presence of cross walls |
Unlock the answer
question
| telemorphic fungi |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| medically important phyla: zygomycota |
answer
| division of fungi including coenocytic molds called zygomycetes, most are saprobes |
Unlock the answer
question
| medically important phyla:Ascomycota |
answer
| division of fungi characterized by the formation of haploid ascospores within sacs called asci -Sac fungi, septate, telemorphic fungi, condiospores, aspergillus |
Unlock the answer
question
| medically important phyla: Dueteromycota |
answer
| informal grouping of fungi having no known sexual stage -asexual, rRNA sequencing, subcutaneous mycosis, systemic, cutaneos |
Unlock the answer
question
| medically important phyla: Basidomycota |
answer
| division of fungi characterized by production of basidospores and basidicarps -club fungi, septate, basidiospores and sometimes conidiospores |
Unlock the answer
question
| Fungal diseases: systemic mycoses |
answer
| deep within the body |
Unlock the answer
question
| Fungal diseases: subcutaneous mycoses |
answer
| beneath the skin |
Unlock the answer
question
| Fungal diseases: cutaneous mycoses |
answer
| affect hair, skin, nails |
Unlock the answer
question
| Fungal diseases: Superficial mycoses |
answer
| localized, hair shafts |
Unlock the answer
question
| Fungal diseases: oppurtunistic mycoses |
answer
| caused by normal microbiota or environmental fungi |
Unlock the answer
question
| How does polyenes work |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| how does azoles work |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| how does allyamines work |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| how does griseofuylin work |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| Protozoa: cycts |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| Protozoa: trophozoite |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| Protozoa: fission |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| Protozoa: definitive vs. intermediate hosts |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| PRO medically important phyla: parabalsa |
answer
| no mitochondria, fermentation to get energy in glycolisis, Trichomonas vaginalis |
Unlock the answer
question
| PRO medically important phyla: diplomonadida |
answer
| no mitochondria, golgi bodies, peroxisomes, EX: giardia lambia, most commonly detected |
Unlock the answer
question
| PRO medically important phyla: amoebozoa |
answer
| moved by pseudopods, 1 in 10 show symptoms, loose stools, Acanthomoeba can cause corneal infections |
Unlock the answer
question
| PRO medically important phyla: apicomplexa (3) |
answer
| non motile plasmodium- malaria transmitted by anapheles mosq. cryptospordium- difficult to filter as protozoa are small taxoplasma gondii- 50-60% of world is infected |
Unlock the answer
question
| PRO medically important phyla: euglenozoa |
answer
| move by flagella, hemoflagellates, trypanosoma spp: sleepings sickness, chagas disease |
Unlock the answer
question
| TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS: transmission, symptoms |
answer
| humans only hosts, intense itching, pain during urination, creamy white frothy discharge |
Unlock the answer
question
| GIARDIA LAMBLIA: transmission, symptoms |
answer
| symptoms: nausea, cramping, flatulence, foul smelling diarrhea, may cont to shed cysts for years |
Unlock the answer
question
| ACANTHAMOEBA:transmission, symptoms |
answer
| tap water |
Unlock the answer
question
| CRYPTOSPORIDIUM: transmission, symptoms |
answer
| transmission via contaminated water nausea and diarrhea |
Unlock the answer
question
| TOXOPLASMA GONDII :transmission, symptoms |
answer
| cat litter or by eating undercooked meat no symptoms for healthy people but dangerous to fetus |
Unlock the answer
question
| PLASMODIUM: transmission, symptoms |
answer
| anapheles mosquito fever chills headache weakness fatigue anemia |
Unlock the answer
question
| TRYPANOSOMA SP chagas disease: transmission, symptoms |
answer
| triatomia bugs |
Unlock the answer
question
| name several characteristics of helminthes |
answer
| kingdom:animilia -chemoheterotrophic -all are multicellular -reduced digestive system, nervous system, locomotion -complexed reproduction |
Unlock the answer
question
| 2 phyla of helminthes |
answer
| 1) platyehelminthes ( flatworms) 2)nebratoda (roundworms) |
Unlock the answer
question
| define monoecious (HELMINTHES) |
answer
| hermaphrodites, male and female reprod. system in 1 animal |
Unlock the answer
question
| define dioecious (HELMINTHES) |
answer
| seperate male and female organisms |
Unlock the answer
question
| Clonorchis sinensis: transmission, symptoms |
answer
Unlock the answer
question
| Enterobius vermicularis: transmission, symptoms |
answer
| worm infestation perianal itching, many are asymptomatic |
Unlock the answer
question
| Trichinella: transmission, symptoms |
answer
| undercooked meat disease cant be cured just focus on treating symptoms |
Unlock the answer
question
| Ascaris: transmission, symptoms |
answer
| food contaminated with fecal matter hemmhorage, malnutrition, abcsesses |
Unlock the answer
question
| Necator and Acylclostoma: transmission, symptoms |
answer
| larvae enter body by penetrating skin damage to small intestine |
Unlock the answer
question
| Wuchereria: transmission, symptoms |
answer
| altered lymphatic system and enlarging of body parts (pain and disabilities) |
Unlock the answer
question
| Compare and contrast mechanical VS bioligocal transmission of insect borne diseases |
answer
| anthropods as vector: -mechanical transmission -biological transmission -microbe multiplies in vector *definitive host- microbes sexual reproduction in vector |
Unlock the answer
question
| list several arguments for and against the description of viruses as living organisms |
answer
| FOR: -they can multiply -can mutate -can cause infection and disease -contain genetic material AGAINST: - dont have both DNA and RNA in same virus particles -cannot carry out any metabolic pathway -neither grow nor respond to the env. -no plasma membrane -no ribosomes -***not composed of cells |
Unlock the answer
question
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses: intracellular parasite |
answer
| bacteria: no viruses:yes |
Unlock the answer
question
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses: Plasma membrane |
answer
| Bacteria: yes Viruses: no |
Unlock the answer
question
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses: Binary fission |
answer
| Bacteria:yes viruses:no |
Unlock the answer
question
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses:pass through filters |
answer
| bacteria: no viruses: yes |
Unlock the answer
question
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses:DNA and RNA |
answer
| bacteria: yes viruses: no |
Unlock the answer
question
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses:Ribosomes |
answer
| bacteria: yes viruses: no |
Unlock the answer
question
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses:Antibotic sensitivity |
answer
| bacteria:yes viruses: no |
Unlock the answer
question
| Compare characteristics of typical bacteria to viruses:interferon sensitivity |
answer
| bacteria: not sensitive viruses: yes sensitive |
Unlock the answer
question
| what is meant by host range |
answer
| most viruses infect only paticular hosts cells -due to affinity of viral surface proteins for proteins on host cell -may be so specific they only infect a particular kind of cell in a particular host |
Unlock the answer
question
| why can you recover from a cold but its more difficult to recover from polio? |
answer
| cold viruses infects epithelial tissue which is easily fixed when damaged polio causes paralysis which infects nueral tissue which is hard to repair |
Unlock the answer
question
| how do bacteriophages get nucleotides and amino acids if they dont have any metabolic enzymes |
answer
| they attach to host cell and use host cell metabolism like enzymes and nucleotides to build their dna or rna |
Unlock the answer
question
| taxonomy of viruses:family name ends in: |
answer
| viridae, ex: Herpesviridae |
Unlock the answer
question
| taxonomy of viruses: genus name ends in: |
answer
| virus, ex: Herpesvirus (italisized) |
Unlock the answer
question
| viral species: |
answer
| a group of viruses sharing same genetic info. and ecological niche ex: human herpes viris |
Unlock the answer
question
| viral sub species: |
answer
| designated by a # ex:HHV-1 |
Unlock the answer
question
| viral replication is dependent on: |
answer
| hosts organelles and enzymes |
Unlock the answer
question
| Lyctic cycle: replication cycle usually results in |
answer
| death and lysis of host cell |
Unlock the answer
question
| Stages of lytic cycle: (5) |
answer
| 1)attachment 2)entry 3)synthesis 4) assembly 5)release |
Unlock the answer
question
| what is a phage? |
answer
| a virus that infects bacteria |
Unlock the answer
question
| Lytic: during synthesis, 2 things happen: |
answer
| 1) make new DNA 2) vDNA---transcription--->vmRNA---translation--->vProtein (protein syntesis) THIS RESULTS IN THE DEATH OF CELL |
Unlock the answer
question
| In a plaque, how do you know when dead bacteria have lysed? |
answer
| clearing |
Unlock the answer
question
| Lysogeny: infected host cells grow and reproduce... |
answer
| normally for GENERATIONS before they lyse |
Unlock the answer
question
| Lysogeny: temperate phages- |
answer
| prophage= inactive phages |
Unlock the answer
question
| Lysogenic conversion results when? |
answer
| phages carry genes that alter phenotype of a bacterium |
Unlock the answer
question
| Main difference between LYTIC and LYSOGENICFROM TEST : what is the def of lysogeny |
answer
| Lytic results in immediate death of cell, lysogenic might not die right away or soon |
Unlock the answer
question
| What is induction and what phage cycle does it occur in? |
answer
| stage 5 of lysogenic cyle where it pops out due to STRESS |
Unlock the answer
question
| What are the stages of replication of animal viruses? |
answer
| attachment: virus attaches to cell membrane penetration: by endocytosis or fusion uncoating: by viral or host enzymes biosynthesis: production of nucleic acid and proteins maturation: nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble release: by BUDDING (enveloped viruses) |
Unlock the answer
question
| Attachment and penetration: have _____ spikes or other attachment molecules can penetrate by____ or fusion |
answer
| chemical attraction animal viruses dont have tails -has glycoprotein spikes -can penetrate by pinocytosis |
Unlock the answer
question
| Uncoating: seperation of virus particle from___ |
answer
| its protein coat |
Unlock the answer
question
| Synthesis of animal viruses: requires different strategy depending on ________ dna viruses often enter the ____ rna viruses often repliacte in ___ |
answer
| -req. different strategy dependent on nucleic acid -often enter the nucleus -replicate in cytoplasm |
Unlock the answer
question
| describe the replication of DNA virus |
answer
| 1) virion attaches to host cell 2)virus enters cell and DNA is uncoated 3)a portion of viral DNA is transcribed, producing mRNA that encodes "early" viral proteins 4) viral DNA is replicated, and some viral proteins are made 5)late traslation: capsid proteins are synthesized 6) virions mature 7)virions released |
Unlock the answer
question
| A positive sense acts directly as.. and a negative strand is... FROM TEST: what is a + strand |
answer
| mRNA negative used as template for rna for + |
Unlock the answer
question
| uncoating is unique to |
answer
| animal viruses, its not in phages |
Unlock the answer
question
| a negative strand is |
answer
| a template that must 1st make a positive strand to act as mrna |
Unlock the answer
question
| Role of viruses in cancer: animal genes dictate that some cells can no longer _______ or are prevented from_____ |
answer
| - no longer divide or prevented from unlimited division |
Unlock the answer
question
| Role of viruses in cancer: genes for cell division are..... |
answer
| turned off or genes inhibition division are turned on |
Unlock the answer
question
| Role of viruses in cancer: Neopasia Metastis: |
answer
| unctrollable cell division, a mass of these cells is called a tumor -travels in lymphatic system |
Unlock the answer
question
| Environmental factors that contribute to cancer and activation of oncogenes: |
answer
| UV light radiation carcinogens viruses cause 25% of human cancers |
Unlock the answer
question
| ex of specific viruses known to cause cancer |
answer
| burkitts lymphoma hodgkins disease kaposis sarcoma cervial cancer |
Unlock the answer
question
| How can an RNa virus cause cancer if it doesnt have DNA to insert into a cells genes |
answer
| reversse transcription will make copy of dna from rna |
Unlock the answer
question
| Lifecycle of latent animal viruses: what is latency |
answer
| when animal viruses remain dormant in host cells until effected by stress, may be prolonged for years -some never pop out of chromosome but just replicate inside chromo. |
Unlock the answer
question
| what are Prionshow is it transmitted what are diseases caused by it and what is prion replication |
answer
| PROteinaceuous INfectious particle -transmitted by injestion, transplant -sheep scrapie, mad cow disease |
Unlock the answer
question
| Growing viruses: virus must be grown in ____ animal viruses may be grown in ____ |
answer
| living cells -living animals or in embryonated eggs |
Unlock the answer
question
| Papiloma virus- HPV transmitted, symptoms |
answer
| wart |
Unlock the answer
question
| hepatitis B virus- transmitted and symptom |
answer
| blood |
Unlock the answer
question
| hepatitis A-transmitted and symptom |
answer
| injestion; shed in feces |
Unlock the answer
question
| The LD50 of botulinum toxin is .03 ng/kg; the ld50 of salmonella toxin is 12 mg/kg. which is the more potent toxin? |
answer
| botulism |
Unlock the answer
question
| diptheria toxins |
answer
| inhibits protein synthesis |
Unlock the answer
question
| botulism |
answer
| binds to neurons and inhibits actylchloine relase |
Unlock the answer
question
| tetanus |
answer
| blocks muscle relaxation pathway causes unctrollable contractioin |
Unlock the answer
question
| vibrio enterotoxin |
answer
| causes release of ions to insestinal lumen creating HYPERTONIC |
Unlock the answer
question
| infection |
answer
| invasion of host by pathogen |
Unlock the answer
question
| etiology |
answer
| study of the cause of disease |
Unlock the answer
question
| disease/morbidity |
answer
| infection that results in a change in health |
Unlock the answer
question
| syndrome |
answer
| symptoms AND signs charatcerize a disease |
Unlock the answer
question
| ld50 |
answer
| amount of substance required to kill 50% of the test population |
Unlock the answer
question
| sporadic |
answer
| a disease that occurs in single and sporadic cases |
Unlock the answer
question
| viremia |
answer
| virus enters bloodstream |
Unlock the answer
question
| toxemia |
answer
| presence of toxins inblood |
Unlock the answer
question
| sepsis |
answer
| severe blood infection |
Unlock the answer
question
| bacteremia |
answer
| presence of bacteria in blood |
Unlock the answer
question
| septicemia |
answer
| presence of pathogenic disease in blood stream |
Unlock the answer
question
| micorbial antagonism |
answer
| prevention of colonization of microbes |
Unlock the answer
question
| resident microbiata |
answer
| present on skin, not harmful |
Unlock the answer
question
| subacute disease |
answer
| how long a diseasae has been present |
Unlock the answer
question
| incubation period |
answer
| time elapsed between exposure and symptoms |
Unlock the answer
question
| subclinical disease |
answer
| under drs radar |
Unlock the answer
question
| prodormal period |
answer
| he time during which a disease process has begun but is not yet clinically manifest. |
Unlock the answer
question
| case reporting |
answer
| detailed report of signs symptoms and follow up |
Unlock the answer
question
| Bacterial source for exotoxin |
answer
| EXO- gram + |
Unlock the answer
question
| toxicity for exotoxin |
answer
| low ld50 |
Unlock the answer
question
| does exotoxin produce fever |
answer
| no |
Unlock the answer
question
| reprsentative exotoxin: |
answer
| vibro enterotoxin |
Unlock the answer
question
| ON TEST: polio is most similar to |
answer
| Hepatitis A? |
Unlock the answer
