Micro Exam Review 1 – Flashcards
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| Braun's lipoproteins |
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| This protein anchors the peptidoglycan to the outer membrane in the Gram negative cell wall |
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| Magnetosome |
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| inclusions which orient bacteria in Earth's magnetic field |
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| Spirilla |
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| Flexible, helical bacteria with periplasmic flagella |
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| Plasmid |
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| Automonously replicating, circular DNA molecule which may give an organism unique characteristics and are not required for cellular growth |
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| Fimbriae |
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| Short, numerous hollow structures that attach bacteria to a substrate |
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| Inclusions |
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| Storage reservoir in a bacterial cell |
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| Nucleoid |
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| Location of the bacterial chromosome |
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| Streptobacillus |
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| Chain of rod-shaped bacteria |
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| Capsule |
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| A well-organized layer of polysaccharide and protein surrounding some bacterial cells, which stick them to a surface. These bacterial cells generally have a greater pathogenicity. |
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| Chemotaxis |
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| Movement toward or away from a chemical |
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| Flagellum |
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| A structure for motility |
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| Slime layer |
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| a layer of polysaccharide and protein lying outside the cell wall and not well organized |
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| Tetrad |
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| Packet of four cells due to division in two planes |
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| Porins |
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| Transport proteins in the Gram negative outer membrane |
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| Ribosome |
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| Structures on which proteins are synthesized |
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| Monotrichous |
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| A single flagellum attached to a bacterial cell |
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| Lipopolysaccharide |
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| An endotoxin component of the gram negative bacterial cell |
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| Gram negative cell wall |
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| Bacterial cell wall with a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane |
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| Peritrichous |
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| Flagellar attachment covering the bacterial cell |
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| Sulfur globules |
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| Temporary storage area for sulfur |
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| Amphitrichous |
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| Term for flagella attachment at both ends of a bacterial cell |
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| Periplasmic flagella |
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| Internal flagellar structure found in spirochetes |
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| Lophotrichous |
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| Term for a tuft or cluster of flagella atta |
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| Streptococcus |
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| A chain of cocci due to division in a single plane |
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| Stapylococcus |
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| Irregular clusters of cocci due to division in random planes |
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| Gas vacuole |
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| An inclusion which gives an organism buoyancy in a column of water |
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| Carboxysomes |
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| An inclusion called a microcompartment in which carbon dioxide fixation takes place |
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| Cyanophycin granules |
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| Inclusion which serves as a nitrogen reservoir in some bacteria |
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| Spirochete |
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| Spiral shaped bacteria with a rigid cell wall and external flagella |
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| Endospores |
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| Structures of dormancy produced in certain Gram positive bacteria when environmental conditions aren't ideal |
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| Sarcina |
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| A packet of eight bacterial cells |
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| Polyphosphate granules |
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| An inclusion in which phosphate is stored for use in nucleotides and as an alternate energy source for the organism |
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| Teichoic and lipoteichoic acid |
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| Molecules associated with the peptidoglycan of the Gram positive cell wall |
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| Peptidoglycan |
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| A polysaccharide with associated tetrapeptides, which form the framework of both the Gram positive and Gram negative cell walls |
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| Gram positive cell wall |
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| The bacterial cell wall with a thick layer of peptidoglycan with teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acide |
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| Glycogen inclusions |
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| A carbon storage inclusion |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| Studied roles of microbes in fermentation of alcohol. Used swan-necked flasks to disprove abiogenesis. |
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| Robert Hooke |
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| Studied objects using a magnifying glass |
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| Leeuwenhoek |
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| Manufactured simple microscopes |
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| Joseph Lister |
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| Used aseptic techniques in surgery |
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| Ferdinand Cohn |
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| Discovered endospores |
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| Robert Koch |
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| Verified link between disease and germs. |
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| Eukaryotes |
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| Cells that contain organelles |
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| Prokaryotes |
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| Cells that lack organelles and a nucleus |
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| Peptide |
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| A molecule composed of short chains of amino acids |
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| Fimbriae |
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| Used for attachment to surfaces |
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| Pili |
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| Used for attachment and genetic exchange during conjugation. |
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| Runs |
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| Smooth linear movement toward a stimulus |
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| Tumbles |
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| Flagellar rotation reverses, causing the cell to stop and change its course |
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| Glycocalyx |
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| Used to avoid phagocytosis and for adhesion (biofilms) |
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| Mycolic acid |
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| Acid-fast bacteria contain _______. |
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| Nonpolar, polar |
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| ______ particles pass easily through the membrane. _______ particles do not. |
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| Peptidoglycan layer |
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| _____ _____ determines the shape of many bacteria |
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| Calcium, dipicolinic acid |
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| Endospores are heat resistant due to _____ and _____ _____ content. |
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| Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology |
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| Official method of identifying species |
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| Heterotroph |
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| An organism that must obtain its carbon in organic form |
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| Autotroph |
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| Uses inorganic CO2, not nutritionally dependent on other living things |
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| Phototroph |
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| Microbes that photosynthesize |
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| Chemotroph |
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| Microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds |
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| Photoautotrophs |
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| Photosynthetic, capture energy from light rays and transform it to chemical energy |
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| Chemoheterotrophs |
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| Derive both carbon and energy from organic compounds |
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| Saprobes |
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| Free living organisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms |
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| Obligate |
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| Parasites that are unable to grow outside of a living host are _____. |
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| Oxygen |
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| Plays an important role in the structural and enzymatic functions of the cell. |
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| Phosphate |
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| Key component of nucleic acids |
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| Sulfur |
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| Essential component of some vitamins and amino acids |
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| Nitrogen |
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| Indispensable to the structure of proteins, DNA, RNA, and ATP. |
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| Psychrophiles |
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| Storage at refrigerator temperature incubates rather than inhibits them |
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| Psychrotrophs |
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| Grow slowly in the cold but have an optimum temperature around room temperature |
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| Mesophiles |
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| Comprise the majority of medically significant microorganisms |
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| Thermophile |
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| Grows optimally at temperatures greater than 45 degrees celsius |
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| Halophiles |
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| Prefer high concentration of salt |
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| Barophiles |
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| Resistant to extreme atmospheric pressure |
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| Symbiotic |
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| Organisms live in close nutritional relationships; required by one or both members |
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| Non-symbiotic |
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| Organisms are free-living; relationships not required for survival |
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| Quorum sensing |
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| Used by bacteria to interact with members of the same species as well as members of other species that are close by |
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| 30-60 minutes |
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| Average generation time (doubling time) |
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| Chemostat |
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| A method of generating large quantities of medicine |
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| Enzymes |
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| Catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions. |
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| Substrate, product |
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| Start with a _____, end with a _____. |
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| Cofactors |
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| Either organic molecules called coenzymes or organic elements (metal ions) |
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| Apoenzyme |
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| Protein portion of a conjugated enzyme |
