Micro Exam 1 Answers – Flashcards
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| Types of microbes we will study in this course are... |
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| Viruses, bacteria, algae, protozoa and fungi |
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| Anton Van Leeuwanhoek developed a type of... |
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| Simple microscope |
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| Louis Pasteur developed the method of sanitizing liquids known as... |
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| Pasteurization |
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| What did both Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch do? |
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| Contributed to germ theory of disease |
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| What is the germ theory of disease? |
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| A particular species of pathogen causes a disease adn must be present in order to cause that disease |
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| Tuberculosis is... |
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| A re-emerging disease because it is often drug-resistant |
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| Cell theory states that... |
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| Cells can only come from cells, that is, a cell divides into two cells but can't appear out of nothing |
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| Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus? |
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| NO |
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| Are bacteria and archaea prokaryotes? |
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| Yes |
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| Are prions and viruses prokaryotes? |
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| Yes |
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| Do eukaryotic cells always have a cell wall? |
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| No |
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| Is it true that autotrophs require organic molecules for energy and that they depend on heterotrophs to provide these molecules? |
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| NO |
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| Cells with a nucleus and internal compartments are... |
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| Eukaryotic |
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| SOME bacterial species can survive long periods in heat, dryness, or lack of nutrients, how do they do this? |
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| They produce endospores, which germinate when conditions improve |
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| Why do we classify organisms? |
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| If we group by characteristics then we know something about every organism in that group. Helps us learn faster. |
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| Which of the following cell structures do prokaryotic cells have but eukaryotic do not? |
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| Nucleoid |
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| A small circular piece of DNA that contains several genes useful to a bacterium is called |
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| Plasmid |
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| Example of a simple microscope |
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| Magnifying glass |
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| The distance between two objects at which they appear as one object is |
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| Resolving power |
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| Which of the following statements about media is true? |
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| All of the above |
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| A pure culture is... |
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| Can be tube with one species. Can be plate with one species. Can be an individual colony Is important for research |
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| How can you get a pure culture from a tube with 3 different organisms? |
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| Streak plate using 3 streak method to get isolated colonies. THen inoculate a new plate with each colony |
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| Which objective lens is the best for observing bacteria? |
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| 100X with oil |
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| The generation time of a bacterial species is... |
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| Time is takes for a cell to double in size AND divide |
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| What is the energy currency? |
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| ATP |
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| Series of reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate is... |
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| Glycolysis |
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| In aerobic respiration, the terminal electron acceptor is oxygen, while in anaerobic respiration teh terminal electron acceptor is something other than oxygen |
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| true |
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| What is all reactions in the cell? |
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| metabolism |
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| Is anabolism the reaction in the cell that use energy to MAKE bonds? |
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| YES |
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| Why does a cell use an electron transport chain? |
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| To generate a proton gradient to make ATP |
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| What do the extra folds of membrane help nitrifying bacteria do? |
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| Increase the surface area of membrane, which is where teh nitrifying reactions take place |
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| Organism that prefer extremely high temps |
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| Hyperthermophiels |
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| Organism that can tolerate high salt... |
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| Haloduric organisms |
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| Organism that prefer low temps |
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| psychrophiles |
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| Organisms that prefer acidic conditions |
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| acidophiles |
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| Organisms that need higher concentrations of CO2 |
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| Capnophiles |
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| When bacterial chromosome is copied by DNA polymerase |
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| replication |
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| Which of the following statements about DNA are true? |
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| All of the above |
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| Experiment by Avery, Macleod and McCarty, where heat-killed S strain bacteria were sepearated into componenets showed |
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| R strain acquired something from dead S strain that allowed them to be virulent |
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| Gener that is always turned on (always making protein product) is... |
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| Constitutve gene |
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| Conjugation |
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| One way flow of DNA |
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| How can bacteria develop resistance to a particular antimicrobial agent |
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| Chromosomal mutation or acquisition of new gene |
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| Process by which some bacteria can take up DNA from environment |
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| Transformation |
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| Results in some phage with DNA from the bacterial chromosome INSTEAD OF viral genes |
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| Generalized Transduction |
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| Results in some phage with DNA from the bacterial chromosome IN ADDITION to viral genes |
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| Specialized Transduction |
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| Bacterial Sex |
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| Conjugation |
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| Which of the following processes do NOT include viruses |
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| Transformation |
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| A mutation taht results in a stop codon |
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| Nonsense mutation |
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| Mutation that results in a different amino acid |
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| Missence mutation |
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| Mutation that results in no change to the protein |
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| Silent mutation |
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| Insertion or deletion of 1 or 2 nucleotides |
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| frameshift mutatino |
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| Microbe benefits |
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| Produce food Degrade wastes Biogeochemical cycles Natural microflora |
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| Legumes |
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| Harbor and feed nitrogen fixing organisms in nodules in their roots |
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| Bubbles in bread and gas released from fermenting wine is |
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| Carbon dioxide |
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| Live microorganisms which when administered in sufficient quantities may improve health are |
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| Probiotics |
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| Associated with mad cow in humans |
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| Variant Creutzfeld-Jacob disease |
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| Prions cause disease by |
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| Destroying nerve tissues by causing protein aggregates |
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| Which of the following is not one of the three virus coat shapes |
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| Bacillus |
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| What are the ways we classify viruses |
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| nucleic acid, viral coat, organism it infects, tissue it infects |
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| Virus or nucleic acid enters cell |
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| Penetration |
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| Nucleic acid is copied, and viral components are made |
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| Replication |
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| Virus attaches to cell by binding ot specific receptors |
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| Adsorption |
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| Viruses escape from cell |
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| Release |
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| Complete viruses are built |
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| Assembly |
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| Prion disease aka |
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| Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy |
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| Viruses have DNA or RNA as their genetic material but NOT both |
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| true |
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| All viruses have an envelope |
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| false |
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| Viruses have to attach or adsorb to a cell before they can infect |
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| true |
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| Phage therapy is a treatment in which we use a virus specific to bacteria to control bacterial infections |
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| true |
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| A temperate or lysogenic phage |
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| Can either replicate and kill cell or integrate into genome and wait. |
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| Gram positive characteristics |
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| Thick cell wall Stains purple No outer membrane |
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| Gram negative characteristics |
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| Thin cell wall Stains pink Outer membrane |
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| Difference between simple and differential staine |
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| Simple shows shape Differential shows different groups? |
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| Cell morphology means |
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| Shape |
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| Motility medium tests organisms ability to |
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| swim away from inoculation point |
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| DOC media is |
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| selective and differential |
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| Describe tube to plate transfer |
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| 3 streak method |
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| What two groups does acid fast stain show us how |
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| Acid fast are red Non acid fast are blue |
