KINS 2100 Exam 1 UGA – Flashcards
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Performance Enhancement
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- Exercise Physiology - Biomechanics - Sports Psychology - Strength & Conditioning - Sports Nutrition - Personal Fitness - Coaching - Phys. Ed
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Injury Care Management
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- Practice of Medicine - Athletic Training - Sports Physical Therapy -Sports Message Therapy - Sports Dentistry - Osteopathic Medicine -Orthosis/Prothesis -Sports Chiropractic
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Who are the primary players?
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(Coach, Physician, Certified Athletic Trainer, Parent)->Athlete
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Who is a part of the Sports Medicine Team?
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-Team Physician - Athletic Trainer - Other Physicians - Dentist -Coach -Parents -Others
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What are the domains of an Athletic Trainer?
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- Injury/Illness prevention and wellness protection -Clinical Evaluation and Diagnosis -Immediate and Emergency Care -Treatment and rehab -Organizational and pro-health ad well-being
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What professional qualities must an Athletic Trainer have?
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- Stamina and ability to adapt - Empathy - Sense of humor - Ability to communicate - Intellectual curiosity - Ethics
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What are the 4 parts of a clinical question? hint: PICO
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1) Patient Condition 2)Intervention 3)Comparison 4)Outcome
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Name some organizations
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- NATA: Nat'l Athletic Trainer's Association - AMA: American Medical Association (recognized athletic training as an allied health field in 1990) - BOC: Board of Certification (certification and examination for A.T.s) - CAATE: Commission for Accreditation of Athletic Training Education
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What are the requirements to become an Athletic Trainer?
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- A bachelor's degree from CAATE accredited institution (minimum 2 years) OR - A masters' degree from CAATE accredited institution with prerequisites AND - Pass the national Board of Certification Exam, Then be licensed or registered as required by state
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What is the highest form of certification?
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Licensure
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How often should education be renewed?
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Every 3 years
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If an athlete modifies his or her helmet , who is liable the helmet manufacturer or the athlete?
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The athlete
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Is there any research that supports effectiveness of soccer headgear in reducing concussions?
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No, soccer headgear is designed to *reduce* incidence of concussions from heading a ball.
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What is most important when installing a face mask on a helmet?
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Be sure the mask is mounted properly so that it does not invalidate the manufacturer's warranty
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What are the 3 types of mouth guards?
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1) Stock 2) Commercial (use boiling water to mold) 3) Custom (formed using dental mold)
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What is the significance of a sports bra?
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- minimize vertical and horizontal movement - prevent stretching of Cooper's ligament
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The highest percentage of eye injuries are ________ related
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sports
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What are 3 types of braces?
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Rehabilitative: - post surgery -controlled progressive immobilization - adjustable Functional: - During/Following rehab for functional support - Ready-made and customized Neoprene: - Used by those with collateral ligament injuries
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What are some tools for customization?
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- adhesives (glues/cements) - adhesive tapes - heat source (to form thermomoldable plastics/foams) - shaping tools (scissors, blades, knives) - fastening material (snaps, velcro, rivets, laces)
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What are dynamic splits mostly used for?
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hands and fingers
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What is trauma?
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Physical injury or wound produced by internal or extnernal force.
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Knowing _____ the injury occurred helps narrow down_____the injury may be.
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how, what
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Load
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An external force acting on the body causing internal reactions within the tissue
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Stiffness
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Ability of a tissue to resist load. - Greater stiffness = greater magnitude the load can resist
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Stress
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Internal resistance to a load
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Strain
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Change shape of tissue
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Compression
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Force that results in tissue crush - two forces applied towards one another
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Tension
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Force that pulls and stretches tissue
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Shearing
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Forces that move across the parallel organization of tissue
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Bending
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Two forces pairs act at opposite ends of a structure (Axial loading)
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Torsion
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Twisting in opposite directions from opposite ends
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Helpful link for 27-31
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http://www.gustrength.com/kinesiology:tension-compression-shear-torsion
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define Primary Injury and give an example
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- Direct immediate consequence of excessive force (trauma) - cuts, bruises
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Mechanical Injury
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Occurs when a force applied to the body results in harmful disturbance in tissue function or structure
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Secondary Injury
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- Delayed injury some time after initial trauma.
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Acute Injury (TRAUMA)? Give example
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-Mechanical failure of tissue due to excessive force occurring in a single bout. - muscle strain, ligament sprain, contusion, dislocation, fracture.
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Chronic Injury (OVERUSE)? Give example
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- Mechanical failure to soft tissue due to repeated micro-trauma occurring over an extended period of time. Gradual onset and prolonged duration - muscle cramps, tendonitis, stress fracture, neuritis.
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Muscle Strains
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Stretch, tear, rip, to muscle or adjacent tissue. Cause is often unclear
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First Degree muscle injury
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Etiology: Over stretching or microtearing of muscle or tendon Signs/Symptoms: Mild loss of strength, swelling, ecchymosis, point tenderness
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Second Degree muscle injury
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Etiology: Further stretching and partial tearing of muscle or tendon fibers Signs/Symptoms: More severe symptoms, greater function loss
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Third Degree muscle injury
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Etiology: Complete rupture Signs/Symptoms: Severe symptoms, loss of muscle function, possible palpable defect
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Muscle Cramps
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Involuntary muscle contractions and electrolyte imbalances
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Muscle Guarding
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Muscle contraction in response to pain
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Muscle Spasms (2 Types)
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Clonic: involuntary, alternate between contraction and relaxation rapidly Tonic: constant contraction for long period of time.
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Tendonitis
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inflammation of a tendon
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Tenosynovitis
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inflammation of a tendon synovial sheath
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Contusions
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A bruise
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Strain/Rupture
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extent of deformation of tissue under loading
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First Degree ligament injury
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Etiology: mild overstretching, no tissue disruption End Feel: firm Instability: None
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Second Degree ligament injury
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Etiology: partial disruption or macrotearing of the ligament End Feel: Definite (soft) Instability: slight to moderate
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Third Degree ligament injury
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Etiology: complete disruption End Feel: None Instability: Severe
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Subluxation
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partial dislocations causing incomplete separation of two bones. - bones come back together spontaneously
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Dislocation
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total disunion or bony alignment - must be manually or surgically reduced - gross deformity
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Bone Fractures
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- open or closed - serious condition if not managed properly - deformity, pain, point tenderness, swelling, pain on active and passive movements - false joint - possible crepitus - x-ray necessary for definite diagnosis
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Closed Fracture
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little movement or displacement
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Open Fracture
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displacement of the fractured ends and breaking through the surrounding tissue
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Greenstick Fracture
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Bending (mostly in younger people)
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Comminuted Fracture
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Bone shattered
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Linear Fracture
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along diathesis
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Transverse Fracture
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perpendicular to diathesis
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Oblique Fracture
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digonal
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Spriral Fracture
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twisting (ankle, foot)
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Impacted Fracture
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?
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Depressed Fracture
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?
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Epiphyseal Conditions
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3 types can be sustained by adolescents. - injury to growth plate, articular epiphysis, and apophyseal injuries.
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Apophyseal Injuries (5 Types)
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Type I: separation Type II: Fracture-Separation Type III: Fracture-Part of physis Type IV: Fracture-epiphysis and physeal plate Type V: Crushing of epiphyseal plate - may cause premature closure
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Stress FX
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- "march" or "fatigue" FX -Exact cause unknown - Overtraining - Amenorrhea/Hormonal Imbalances - Inadequate Nutrition - Returning to competition soon - changing surface to impact - "too much too fast" - footwear or foot biomechanics
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How should stress FX be treated?
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It should be treated conservatively early- bony changes may not show up on diagnostic tests for several weeks
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What is the most frequent nerve injury?
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Neuropraxia which is caused by direct trauma
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What can fractures and dislocations do to nerves?
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Lacerations and compression of nerves, as a result of fractures and dislocations, can impact nerve function.
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Anesthesia
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loss of sensation
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Paresthesia
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altered sensation
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Hyperesthesia
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increase in sensitivity
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Healing is a what?
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continuum
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Time period of Inflammatory Response Stage
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Injury ---> Day 4
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Time period of Fibroblastic Repair Phase
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Day 4 ---> Week 6
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Time period of Maturation-Remodeling Phase
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Week 6 ---> 2-3 years
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Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
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- Redness (rubor) - Swelling (tumor) - Tenderness (dolor) - Increased temp (calor) - Loss of function (function laesa)
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Inflammatory Response Phase (Phase 1)
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- healing process begins immediately after injury occurs - Goal: Protect, localize/contain, decrease injurious, prepare for healing and repair - See figure 10-3 on Chapter 10 slides
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Vascular Response
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vasoconstriction: first 5-10 mins post injury - seal blood vessels - DAMAGE CONTROL vasodilation: first 5-10 mins post injury - initial effusion of blood and plasma lasts 24-36 hours - BRING IN REINFORCEMENTS
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Clot Formation
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begins within 12 hours and complete within 48 hours. *Very important to not impede or disrupt clot formation
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Chronic Inflammation
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- tissue not being restored to normal physiologic state - granulation and fibrotic (thick/scar) tissue develops - typically associated with overuse, overload, cumulative, microtrauma.
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Fibroblastic Phase (Phase 2)
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Fibroplasia = scar formation - begins within first few days, lasts 4-6 weeks, signs and symptoms gradually subside, formation of delicate connective tissue (temporary scaffold)
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Scar Formation
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-gradual replacement of weak fibrin plug with stronger collagen - formation of disorganized scar tissue (adhesions) - adhesion is common after surgery
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Maturation and Remodeling (Phase 3)
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- long term process -realignment of collagen along stress line - continued breakdown and synthesis of collagen = inc. strength - tissue gradually assume normal appearance - last approx. 3 weeks = strong scar - may require several years to complete
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What factors impede healing?
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- Extent of injury - Edema - Hemorrhage - Poor vascular supply -Muscle spasm - Atrophy - Keloids & hypertrophic scars - infection - humidity, climate, oxygen tension (hyperbaric chamber) - health, age, nutrition
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Wolff's Lows
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Bones and soft tissue will respond to the physical demands placed upon them - important rehabilitative concept because tissues will remodel or realign along lines of tensile force. - Negative Manifestation: Osgood Schlatter's myositis ossificans.
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Soft Tissue Healing: Cartilage
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*limited capacity to heal - little or no direct blood supply - articular cartilage that fails to clot or has no cell response heals very slowly. *Usually requires surgical intervention
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red zone
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only place that receives blood supply
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Nonfeasance
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Fail to perform legal duty
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Malfeasance
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Performs action that is not his/hers to legally perform ( PT performing surgery, when not trained for it)
