Inorganic Chemistry Test 1 – Flashcards
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• Haber-bosh Process
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o Process that uses Fe-based inorganic catalysts to promote NH3 (ammonia) production
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• Ziegler Natta polymerization
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o Process used in polymer production (such as polyethylene)
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• Rydberg formula
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o Delta(E) = Rh*(1/ni^2-1/nf^2). Constitutes the emission spectrum of hydrogen
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• Schrödinger equation
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o Describes wave properties of electron in terms of position, mass, total energy, potential energy
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• What are the qantum numbers?
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o n (principal 1 2 3), l (angular momentum 0 1 2), ml (magnetic 0 +-1), ms (spin +-1/2)
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• What values can angular momentum (l) be?
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o Any numbers 0 to n-1
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• What values can magnetic momentum ml be?
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o It can be any integer between (-l, +l) l=angular momentum. Includes 0
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• Radial function
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o Describes electron density at different distances from the nucleus. Square of radial function describes probability of finding electron at certain radius
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• Draw all the orbitals
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o
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• Aufbau principle
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o Electrons orbiting atoms fill lowest available energy levels first (most stable configuration), 4s before 3d
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• Pauli exclusion principle
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o Electrons must have unique set of quantum numbers (can't be in same orbital with same spin)
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• Hund's Rule
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o Electrons must be in degenerate orbitals (orbitals with same spin). For example, each 2p gets one electron before doubling up
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• What is shielding?
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o Electrons act as shield for electrons farther from nucleus, decreasing the attraction there (Zeff instead of Z)
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• Ionization energy trends in periodic table
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o Ioniz. Energy increases going right in row, decreases going down in columns
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• How many angularradial nodes are there?
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o Total nodes = n-1, angular nodes = l, radial = n-l-1
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• AX5 geometric structure
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o Trigonal bipyramidal, 120 and 90 degree angles
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• AX4E2 geometric structure
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o Square planar (looks like red cross sign, 90 degree)
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• Ax5E geometric structure
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o Square pyramidal (pyramid with 4 bottoms, 90 degree)
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• AX3E geometric structure
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o Trigonal pyramidal (109.5 degree angle),
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• AX3 geometric structure
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o Trigonal Planar (120 degree)
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• AX2E geometric structure
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o Bent (120 degree)
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• Ax2E2 geometric structure
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o Bent, 109.5 degree
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• AX4E geometric structure
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o Seesaw 90, 120 degree angles
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• AX3E2 geometric structure
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o T-shaped, 90 degree
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• Point group of trigonal planar BF3?
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o D3h
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• Point group of trigonal pyramid NH3?
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o C3v
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• Sigma h transform effect on trigonal bipyramid
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o switch top and bottom molecules (reflection line horizontally through pyramid)
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• Sigma d transform effect on trigonal bipyramid
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o Reflect through plane parallel to line through pyramid tops, switching the two sides (all 4 atoms)
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• Definition of sigma d transform?
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o Reflection across a plane that bisects two C2 transforms
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• Sigma v transform effect on trigonal bipyramid
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o Reflect through plane going through side atoms, switch two atoms
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• S4 transform effect on trigonal bipyramid
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o Combionation of C4 and sigma h (rotate, switch top/bottom)
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• When is it Ch? (h part)
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o Can be rotated around plane perpendicular to main axis
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• What happens in an i transform?
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o Everything goes across inversion center, flipped around middle point
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• In a molecule with both, does bond across single or double bond have bigger angle?
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o Double bond has bigger angle (takes more space)
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• Fe-2Pentane staggered point group?
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o D5d
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• Fe-2Pentane eclipsed (not staggered) point group?
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o D5h
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• Atomic size trend in periodic table
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o Size decreases going right in row, size increase going down in columns
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• When ion is taken from metal, what electron will it lose first (s p or d)?
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o 4s (or equivalent) is lost first, then 3d
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• Are 4s or 3d filled first (generally)?
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o 4s is filled first, then 3d (except for extra stable configs such as d10 and d5)
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• Why is ionization energy of N higher than that of O?
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o N has a half filled shell (2p3), which makes it more stable
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• Which d configurations are extra stable?
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o D10 and d5 (Cr and Cu), so skips 4s
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• Comparing size of ions with same number of electrons
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o Generally, most positively charged is smallest
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• What are the symmetry elements?
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o Inversion center (point), rotation axis (line), mirror plane (plane)
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• What are the symmetry operations?
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o Identity, inversion, rotation, reflection, improper rotation
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• Three types of reflections?
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o Sigma h=reflection across plane perpendicular to highest Cn o Sigma v=reflections across plane parallel to Cn, typically over bonds o Sigma d=v's that bisect bonds
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• How to find order (h) in symmetry operations?
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o Add together coefficients of symmetry elements at top of character table
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• What is an irreducible representation?
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o Each row in the character tale is an irreducible representation (Ir)
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• Character table A B E T meaning
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o A (singly degenerate representation symmetric about Cn), B (singly degenerate representation santisymmetric about Cn), E (doubly deg. reproducible representation, 2 under E), T (triply degenerate rep, 3 under E)
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• Character table subscript 1 2 u g labels
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o 1 (symmetric sigma v), 2 (antisymmetric sigma v), g (gerade over inversion center), u (ungerade/antisymmetric over inversion)
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• Character table superscript ' and " labels
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o ' (symmetric about sigma h), " (antisymmetric about sigma h)
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• What does + and - mean on character table?
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o + is symmetric, - is antisymmetric
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• How do you find number of classes in character table?
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o It is the number of columns, also equal to number of irreproducible representations
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• Why is a specific orbital associated with a specific irreducible representation?
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o
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• Why is a specific rotation associated with a specific irreducible representation?
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o
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• What does (x,y) mean?
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o Translations in x- and y- axes are indistinguishable in molecule with D4h symmetry (Ch4), same applies to operations in px a py orbitals, axes, and dxz and dyz orbitals
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• What is the Cn of a tetrahedral molecule (like CH4)
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o N=3, still looks like skewed pyramid
