History 101 exam 2 – Flashcards
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Rome played a crucial role in the development of European civilization because: a. Latin is the root of all modern European languages. b. Rome connected Europe to the cultural heritage of the Near East. c. Rome rejected Greek traditions and established more equitable democratic institutions. d. Roman drama and epic literature surpassed what had been created earlier. e. Rome passed on to the West the literature and law of Egypt.
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b. Rome connected Europe to the cultural heritage of the Near East.
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Virgil's Aeneid built on Homer's epic literature by: a. emphasizing the superiority of Greek bronze statues. b. predicting that Rome would be a lawless society ruled by warrior kings. c. connecting Roman history to the heroic narrative of the Trojan War. d. prophesying that through Jesus, Rome would be saved. e. continuing the story of the Odyssey.
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c. connecting Roman history to the heroic narrative of the Trojan War.
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In terms of geography and natural resources, the Italian peninsula: a. was more fertile than ancient Greece. b. possessed a wealth of minerals that were easy to exploit. c. provided excellent natural defenses. d. was almost completely barren. e. was a flat plain suitable for large-scale farming.
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a. was more fertile than ancient Greece.
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The Romans were a military society almost from the moment they settled in Italy because they: a. were used as a slave army by the Etruscans. b. were continually forced to defend their own conquests against invaders. c. gained their power by becoming a large mercenary force for hire. d. had been a colony of Sparta. e. were the remnants of the army created by Alexander the Great to conquer the West.
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b. were continually forced to defend their own conquests against invaders.
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Prior to the establishment of Rome as the dominant state in Italy: a. Etruscans, skilled metalworkers and artists, lived there. b. women were not allowed to participate in public life and sporting events. c. Italian religious traditions had little in common with ancient Greece. d. all was chaos in the absence of government. e. the peninsula had been colonized by the Macedonians.
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a. Etruscans, skilled metalworkers and artists, lived there.
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During the early Roman Republic, Rome: a. relied primarily on mercenary troops from Greece. b. abandoned farming as a means of support and emphasized trade. c. expanded quickly and peacefully into areas that were essentially unoccupied. d. expanded slowly and extended the Latin Right to many of the cities it conquered. e. realized that to survive, it needed to conquer as many other peoples as possible.
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d. expanded slowly and extended the Latin Right to many of the cities it conquered.
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The division between Roman patricians and plebeians was: a. between older and younger elements of the population. b. between the wealthiest (2 percent) and the rest (98 percent) of the people. c. not a factor when soldiers were needed for the army. d. not part of Roman law but simply an accepted form of discrimination. e. a formal division of Roman culture but never recognized in everyday life.
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b. between the wealthiest (2 percent) and the rest (98 percent) of the people.
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After a plebeian rebellion in the early fifth century B.C.E.: a. social divisions between patricians and plebeians were abolished. b. the patricians accepted the elected tribunes and written laws. c. Livy wrote a history from the plebs's point of view. d. the chief conspirators were arrested and exiled to Africa. e. the plebeians were expelled from Rome and the patricians assumed total control.
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b. the patricians accepted the elected tribunes and written laws.
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The Twelve Tables of Law, approved in 450 B.C.E., represent: a. Rome's borrowing of legal principles from Hammurabi and Moses. b. the first attempt to make all men equal. c. a charter of popular liberties, ending enslavement for debt. d. the codification of existing laws for all to see and obey. e. Rome's acceptance of the legal reforms of Solon.
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d. the codification of existing laws for all to see and obey.
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To limit the influence of wealth in Roman politics, new laws were passed: a. preventing senators from engaging in commerce. b. restricting contributions to candidates for political office. c. requiring full disclosure of financial interests and land holdings. d. encouraging the rich to spend their money rather than hoard it. e. equalizing the distribution of wealth among all orders of society.
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a. preventing senators from engaging in commerce.
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Traditional Roman religion included ancestor worship and: a. major gods who resembled those of the Egyptians and Hebrews. b. séances to recall the spirits of the dead. c. oligarchs who played dual roles as priests and politicians. d. an elaborate system of rewards and punishments after death. e. a lack of belief in any gods or goddesses.
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c. oligarchs who played dual roles as priests and politicians.
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The greatest honor a Roman could hope to achieve was to: a. follow the moral teachings of the philosophers and gain respect. b. produce healthy children to populate the expanding empire. c. care for his father and mother in their old age (senectitude). d. sacrifice himself, his family, and his friends for the state. e. have a series of gladiatorial games held in their honor.
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d. sacrifice himself, his family, and his friends for the state.
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Once the Romans had effectively gained control of Italy (265 B.C.E.), they: a. set about standardizing weights and measures, coinage, and taxation. b. built a commemorative pyramid in the Forum of Rome. c. started a series of wars for control of the western Mediterranean. d. conquered Ptolemaic Egypt. e. stopped any further expansion of their rule.
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c. started a series of wars for control of the western Mediterranean.
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Why did the Romans regard Carthage as a threat? a. The Carthaginian empire in Sicily and Spain was encroaching on Rome. b. Carthage was a Phoenician colony and could call for help from Lebanon. c. Carthage commanded the vast resources of Saharan Africa. d. The Carthaginians had already conquered Egypt, Palestine, and Syria. e. The Carthaginians had established an alliance with the Gauls and the Phoenicians against Rome.
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a. The Carthaginian empire in Sicily and Spain was encroaching on Rome.
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During the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal: a. was defeated by Roman armies at the battle of Tours in France. b. became the last foreign invader to fight on Rome's home territories. c. won the support of Rome's unhappy Latin allies. d. brought his entire army, including elephants, over the Alps. e. defeated the Roman general Maxentius at the battle of the Milvian Bridge in Rome.
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d. brought his entire army, including elephants, over the Alps.
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Cicero, one of the most famous Stoics of the later republic, believed in all the tenets of Stoicism EXCEPT: a. withdrawal from public life. b. tranquility of mind as the highest good. c. virtue is happiness. d. indifference to pain and suffering. e. rationality as the ideal in a human.
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a. withdrawal from public life.
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Roman women were particularly drawn to Eastern mystery cults because women: a. were able to participate in the rites of these religions. b. were responsible for caring for the dead. c. were not allowed out of the home and these religions could be practiced privately. d. were converted by their household slaves. e. could learn to read by learning the rites of the mystery cults.
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Social tensions in the late Roman Republic were made worse by: a. the widening gulf between the wealthy and the poor. b. bad weather, epidemic diseases, and plagues of insects. c. proposals to free the slaves and create a more flexible labor force. d. innovations in watermills and steam engines that increased unemployment. e. the failure of the government to provide entertainment and food for the people.
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a. the widening gulf between the wealthy and the poor.
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Prior to Julius Caesar's appointment as "Dictator for Life," only one other Roman had been appointed to that position without the traditional six-month term, and he was: a. Cicero. d. Pompey. b. Marius. e. Sulla. c. Octavian.
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e. Sulla.
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When Julius Caesar adopted Octavian as his heir: a. Octavian was the most experienced general, best qualified to rule Rome. b. everyone hoped for a peaceful transition from uncle to grandnephew. c. Octavian had to fight his rivals and kill his republican opponents. d. Mark Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide rather than share power. e. Caesar's enemies plotted, and successfully carried out, the assassination of Octavian.
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c. Octavian had to fight his rivals and kill his republican opponents.
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Pax Romana refers to the: a. ironic "peace of the dead" secured by Roman massacres of Britons and Jews. b. long period in which there were no major wars within the Roman Empire. c. efficient Roman post office and package transport services. d. Romans' success in keeping order around the Persian Gulf. e. peace brought to the Roman Empire with the coming of Christianity.
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b. long period in which there were no major wars within the Roman Empire.
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The Augustan system refers to: a. the religious procedures instituted by Augustus for the worship of the Roman pantheon. b. the political reforms instituted by Augustus and continued under his successors. c. a complex system of checks and balances within the Roman government that Julius Caesar began and Augustus continued. d. an innovative educational system that Augustus imported from Greece to better prepare Romans to serve their government. e. a new technique of organizing the Roman army into phalanxes.
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b. the political reforms instituted by Augustus and continued under his successors.
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Although some emperors who followed Augustus in the Julio-Claudian dynasty were able individuals, many were not; arguably the worst of these was: a. Tiberius. d. Trajan. b. Caligula. e. Domitian c. Claudius.
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b. Caligula.
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Revolts in Judea in the first and second century C.E. resulted in: a. the destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem. b. Judea becoming independent of Rome. c. the establishment of Judaism. d. the slaughter of thousands of Christians. e. the end of the kingdom of Judah.
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a. the destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem.
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The cultural dominance of the Roman Empire is attested to by the: a. continued use of Greek for philosophical writing. b. adoption of Latin for philosophical writing only. c. spread of Latin as a literary, legal, and commercial language. d. spread of Latin as the language of commerce only. e. abandonment of the Greek language, even in Greece, for philosophy and poetry.
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c. spread of Latin as a literary, legal, and commercial language.
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Which statement best describes the position of the Sadducees in Palestine during the first century C.E.? a. The Sadducees closely allied themselves with the Roman rulers of Judea. b. The Sadducees rejected the authority of the Romans and refused their assistance in selecting new high priests for the Temple. c. The Sadducees believed in life after death and a system of individual rewards and punishments. d. The Sadducees were among the first and most enthusiastic converts to Christianity. e. The Sadducees believed all Jewish people had the right to interpret the Torah.
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b. The Sadducees rejected the authority of the Romans and refused their assistance in selecting new high priests for the Temple.
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Which statement best describes the position of the Pharisees in Palestine during the first century C.E.? a. The Pharisees adopted the radical teachings of the Essenes. b. The Pharisees rejected the authority of the Romans and denied them a voice in selecting new high priests for the Temple. c. The Pharisees believed that they possessed special knowledge of an oral Torah told by Moses. d. The Pharisees were among the first and most enthusiastic converts to Christianity. e. The Pharisees rejected the possibility of an imminent arrival of the Messiah.
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The Pharisees believed in life after death and a system of individual rewards and punishments.
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Jesus's emphasis on observing the ethical requirements of the law rather than the letter of the law encouraged his followers to: a. stop paying taxes to Caesar. b. love their neighbors and forgive those who wronged them. c. deemphasize traditional Jewish purity laws. d. revolt against the Roman government in Judea. e. be pacifists.
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b. love their neighbors and forgive those who wronged them.
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Christianity was attractive to cosmopolitan Greeks because: a. Jesus's teachings were similar to those of Aristotle. b. many Greek people practiced Eastern mystery religions with which early Christianity shared characteristics. c. many Greeks were Stoics, a philosophy that shared many characteristics with early Christianity. d. the stories of Jesus's life were similar to those of the Trojan heroes. e. it helped the Greeks reconcile themselves to rule by the Romans.
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Jesus is the central figure in Christianity, but Paul was important: a. first as a persecutor, then a follower, and finally a heretic. b. for successfully arguing that Jewish religious laws need not apply to Christians. c. because he wrote the Gospels, Epistles, and teachings of the apostles. d. in arguing that women should be allowed to speak in church. e. in serving as the first Christian leader in Rome; the first pope.
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because he was the founder of the universal church, giving it theology and organization.
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The crisis of the early third century was precipitated by: a. the harmonious state of affairs created by the rule of the Five Good Emperors. b. none of the Five Good Emperors having a male heir to whom to leave the throne. c. the economic collapse of the Roman Empire in 180 caused by the death of Marcus Aurelius. d. the retreat from the eastern frontier and violent tendencies of Hadrian's successor, Commodus. e. the retreat from the eastern frontier and the violent tendencies of Marcus Aurelius's son, Commodus.
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e. the retreat from the eastern frontier and the violent tendencies of Marcus Aurelius's son, Commodus.
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Roman borders were: a. clearly demarcated and defended. b. protected by a system of walls and palisades. c. sites of constant warfare. d. completely undefended. e. porous and thus more symbolic than actual.
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b. protected by a system of walls and palisades.
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When the emperor Commodus was assassinated in 192, civil war engulfed the Roman Empire, with _________ eventually claiming the throne. a. Septimius Severus d. Aramaic Emesa b. Marcus Aurelius e. Romulus Augustus c. Antonius Pius
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a. Septimius Severus
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During the third century, Rome underwent a prolonged period that came very close to destroying the empire. This period is known as the time of: a. the Pax Romana, when the Huns sacked Rome. b. the quickening, when the bureaucratic changes came rapidly. c. the Five Bad Emperors, when Rome had the worst emperors in its history. d. the Augustan decay, when all the reforms of Marcus Aurelius were implemented. e. the Barracks Emperors, when Rome had no fewer than twenty-six emperors in about fifty years.
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e. the Barracks Emperors, when Rome had no fewer than twenty-six emperors in about fifty years.
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Realizing that the Roman Empire had become too large for a single ruler to control it: a. Constantine divided the empire in half and appointed a co-emperor to rule the western part. b. Constantine built a new capital city named Constantinople in Palestine. c. Diocletian divided the empire in half and appointed a co-emperor to rule the western part. d. Diocletian resigned his position as emperor and encouraged the development of regional republics. e. Diocletian abandoned some of the most marginal provinces of the Roman Empire such as Egypt and Britannia.
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c. Diocletian divided the empire in half and appointed a co-emperor to rule the western part.
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The fourth-century interest in "orthodoxy" among Christian intellectuals arose from: a. a belief that Christians could arrive at an absolute understanding of the world and everything in it. b. an agreement among Christian bishops and leaders that there were core matters of faith that could be acknowledged. c. a powerful Roman papacy that could finally enforce Christian orthodoxy. d. a series of pagan emperors who persecuted Christians and attacked their theology and style of worship. e. the need to show that Christianity could withstand the philosophical scrutiny of Greek and Roman traditions.
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e. the need to show that Christianity could withstand the philosophical scrutiny of Greek and Roman traditions.
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What were the general results of the doctrinal quarrels of the early centuries? a. Many new churches and sects were started, increasing public understanding. b. Believers had to be either with the Church or against it on every issue. c. Regional antagonisms were reduced as people concentrated on big questions. d. The dogmas of the Christian Church gradually became fixed. e. The Christian Church was irrevocably split between East and West by 300 C.E.
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d. The dogmas of the Christian Church gradually became fixed.
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Once the Christian Church gained ascendancy in the Roman Empire, the highest authority in deciding doctrine was: a. the Bishop of Rome, who was the pope. b. the emperor, as a newly styled pontifex maximus of the Christian Church. c. the Christian leader of Christianity's holiest city, the Patriarch of Jerusalem. d. the leader of the church in Constantinople, the Patriarch of Constantinople. e. the Christian believers.
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b. the emperor, as a newly styled pontifex maximus of the Christian Church.
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By the end of the third century, the involvement of women in the Church had: a. grown to the point that women occupied many of the new bishoprics created in the empire. b. changed little from the early days of the Church, with women in a few positions of power. c. changed little from the early days of the Church, but now women could become priests. d. remained exactly the same, with women continuing as deacons and other positions of power. e. shrunk to the point that they were completely excluded from all positions of power.
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e. shrunk to the point that they were completely excluded from all positions of power.
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After Christianity became legal under Constantine and his successors: a. Christians began to celebrate their sexuality. b. ascetic practices were adopted by women only because they were seen as more sinful. c. ascetic practices were adopted by both men and women. d. Christians were strongly encouraged to marry and have children. e. ascetic practices were adopted by men only as they were seen as more sinful.
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c. ascetic practices were adopted by both men and women.
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Romans regarded the Germans as barbarians because: a. Germans were nomads, who lacked settled agriculture. b. Germans were foreigners, unknown to the Romans until the fourth century C.E. c. German society was illiterate, and Germans did not live in cities. d. Germans had no interest in trade, only in plunder. e. Germans were warlike and cruel.
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c. German society was illiterate, and Germans did not live in cities.
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Peace was restored after the battle of Adrianople when: a. the Roman Army routed a Gothic Army. b. the Roman Empire met the Goths' demand for food and land. c. a Gothic Army defeated a Roman Army. d. the Romans ceded control of the Danube to the Goths. e. the Goths attacked Rome.
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b. the Roman Empire met the Goths' demand for food and land.
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The Eastern Roman Empire lost tax revenue as a result of Germanic migrations because: a. the Germanic peoples killed many citizens of Rome. b. the Germanic people assassinated tax collectors so money remained in the West. c. powerful Germanic people set up their own kingdoms and collected their own taxes in the West. d. the Germanic peoples forbade Roman citizens to pay taxes to the East. e. people had no money.
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Jerome's most lasting contribution to Western Christian culture was: a. his translation of the Bible into Latin. b. his support for monasticism. c. his translations of Greek philosophical works. d. his support for the authority of the pope. e. the humble piety he brought to the papacy.
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a. his translation of the Bible into Latin.
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Ambrose argued that the Roman emperor was: a. above the Church. b. a defender of the Church. c. an enemy of the Church. d. within the Church. e. outside the Church.
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d. within the Church.
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Augustine's theological ideas revolved around: a. the proper powers of rulers in a Christian empire. b. human sinfulness and divine omnipotence. c. the sacramental powers of the Church. d. the fall of Rome. e. childlike innocence when approaching the divine.
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b. human sinfulness and divine omnipotence.
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One reason for including classical texts in the education of Christians by the fourth century was: a. the failure of the Church to win new adherents once it had been legalized by the state. b. the lack of any Christian texts that could allow converts to understand the Christian articles of faith. c. the lack of any Christian texts on mathematics, ethics, or logic. d. the desire of Christian intellectuals to be regarded as philosophers and to make classical learning applicable to a Christian way of life. e. to show that classical pagan beliefs could easily be reconciled with Christian beliefs.
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d. the desire of Christian intellectuals to be regarded as philosophers and to make classical learning applicable to a Christian way of life.
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Augustine is recognized as one of the greatest early fathers of Christianity and Christian thinkers of all time; he believed that what he did was to: a. create simple rules for people to follow in order to emulate the life of Jesus. b. establish broad guidelines within which people could find their own way to faith. c. draw out the basic truths from the Bible so that people could understand the text. d. defend the Church against pagan philosophers who tried to show the weaknesses of Christian thought. e. establish a monastic order teaching that the way to salvation was to remove oneself from the world.
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c. draw out the basic truths from the Bible so that people could understand the text.
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Justinian's longest lasting reform was the: a. creation of a standing Roman army. b. organization and codification of Roman law. c. construction of the Coliseum. d. adoption of Christianity. e. publication of a series of books about Roman history.
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b. organization and codification of Roman law.
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Why did Justinian try to reconquer the Western Roman Empire? a. because the Persians had been defeated in the East, so he could safely launch military expeditions to the West b. because his empire required continuing conquests in order to prosper c. because he sought to revive and reconstruct wholly the old empire d. because he needed to keep his army as far away from his capital as possible e. because he believed that he should be the head of a unified Christian Church
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c. because he sought to revive and reconstruct wholly the old empire
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Why did Justinian's reconquest of the Western Roman Empire fail? a. Justinian codified Roman law, which made a permanent merger impossible. b. Western Christians no longer felt kinship with eastern Christians, and they fought against Justinian from within. c. The costs associated with conquering and defending the vast western empire were too great given Justinian's military commitments elsewhere. d. Constantinople fell to Persian invaders and brought an end to the Eastern Roman Empire. e. Justinian was forced to withdraw his army to meet the mounting Islamic threat from the south.
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c. The costs associated with conquering and defending the vast western empire were too great given Justinian's military commitments elsewhere.
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The pandemic known as Justinian's plague spread rapidly through the eastern and western part of the Roman Empire because it: a. was a very virulent strain of smallpox. b. was carried by birds who migrated great distances. c. traveled along well-established trade routes both within and outside the empire. d. had a very long incubation period, which meant people could travel long distances without knowing they were infecting people. e. was exacerbated by an epidemic of influenza in the empire.
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c. traveled along well-established trade routes both within and outside the empire.
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It is difficult to date the beginning of Byzantine history with precision because: a. Constantine never administered the Roman Empire from Constantinople. b. Greek was the only language ever used by Roman emperors in Constantinople. c. the Byzantine empire considered itself the uninterrupted successor of the Roman Empire. d. Justinian resisted new forms of thought and art throughout his life. e. it began during the so-called Dark Ages during which very few records were kept.
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c. the Byzantine empire considered itself the uninterrupted successor of the Roman Empire.
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Leo III's support of iconoclasm may have been driven by a desire to: a. make churches more beautiful. b. strengthen the emperor's control over the Church at the expense of monastic control. c. strengthen monastic control over the Church at the expense of the bureaucratic control. d. encourage artisans to produce books rather than images. e. encourage Orthodox Christians to follow some of the tenets of Islam.
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d. encourage artisans to produce books rather than images.
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Although the Iconoclastic Controversy was eventually resolved, its lasting effects included the: a. sale or handing over of Byzantine portraits to the Muslims. b. destruction of nearly all pre-eighth-century religious art in the Byzantine empire. c. adoption of conservative clothing styles by nobles and common people. d. gradual acceptance of religious diversity in the East. e. banning of all monastic orders within the Byzantine empire.
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b. destruction of nearly all pre-eighth-century religious art in the Byzantine empire.
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In Byzantine schools, classical Greek literature was: a. considered pagan and suspect, and so was read only with great reluctance. b. the basis of the curriculum, with much study of the epics of Homer. c. out of fashion, because people preferred to read the easier Greek of the Bible. d. regarded as useless and impractical, but not offensive to Christian sensibilities. e. not studied: Byzantium thought of itself as the heir of Rome and so read Latin classics.
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b. the basis of the curriculum, with much study of the epics of Homer.
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Women from wealthy Byzantine families: a. did not receive classical educations, since they were destined for domestic life. b. could read but were not allowed to write history, novels, or poetry. c. were educated at home by tutors, but did engage in more public intellectual discussions. d. were encouraged by parents to become actresses and singers like the Empress Theodora. e. were educated in the public schools alongside the men.
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c. were educated at home by tutors, but did engage in more public intellectual discussions.
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The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia was influential in the history of architecture because it: a. was constructed in a way that made light appear to come from directly above. b. placed a massive dome on a building with a square shape. c. was highly innovative in its external appearance and marble embellishment. d. was the first Christian church converted into a mosque. e. was the first building constructed completely from concrete.
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b. placed a massive dome on a building with a square shape.
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The word Islam means: a. pilgrimage. d. recitation. b. migration. e. prayer. c. submission.
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c. submission.
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By the late sixth century C.E., the economy of Arabia was: a. in a state of crisis brought on by the wars between Byzantium and Persia. b. commercially sophisticated and was intersected by many trade routes. c. still almost entirely made up of nomadic Bedouins. d. based on the production of figs, wool, and goats at desert oases. e. practically nonexistent due to Arabia's domination by the Byzantine empire.
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b. commercially sophisticated and was intersected by many trade routes.
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The Hijrah (Hegira) refers to the Prophet Muhammad's move from: a. Medina to Mecca. b. Quadratic to Mecca. c. Mecca to Quadratic. d. Mecca to Medina. e. Medina to Quadratic.
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d. Mecca to Medina.
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In their worship of Allah, Muslims worship: a. the Prophet Muhammad. b. the angel Gabriel. c. the same deity worshiped by Christians and Jews. d. a pantheon of gods. e. the same deities worshiped by Hindus.
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a. the Prophet Muhammad.
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The qu'ran contains: a. the revelations sent by God to Muhammad. b. Christian teaching about Christ's divinity. c. excerpts from the Hebrew Torah. d. a detailed plan for the expansion of Islam after Muhammad's death. e. the sole guide for behavior for converts to Islam.
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a. the revelations sent by God to Muhammad.
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Islam spread so quickly in the seventh and eighth centuries because: a. Muslims insisted that all conquered peoples convert to Islam. b. there were no Christians in the first lands that Muslims conquered. c. the Pact of Unmark allowed for the total destruction of subject cities. d. some local populations welcomed Muslim conquest. e. its armies met no resistance.
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During the expansion of the Islamic caliphate, Muslim rule was often preferred to Persian or Byzantine because: a. Muslim laws were less strict. b. the caliphate extracted fewer taxes from conquered populations than these empires. c. local Muslim rulers were considered better protectors than the governors from other empires. d. Muslim rulers were believed to be more moral than Byzantine and Persian emperors. e. Muslim rulers were regarded as better military leaders.
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The Shiite party arose among Muslims because: a. disputes between Muslims in Iran created a schism. b. of a dispute about the proper succession of caliphs in seventh-century Arabia. c. the Umayyad dynasty wanted to expand westward. d. the Abbasid dynasty wanted to expand eastward. e. of a dispute in the eighth century regarding the proper interpretation of the .
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b. of a dispute about the proper succession of caliphs in seventh-century Arabia.
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Underlying the Carolingian Renaissance was the basic conviction that: a. learning was the foundation on which Christian wisdom rested. b. the Bible could be best appreciated if it were translated into robust French and German idioms. c. original Latin poetry and epic literature were the highest form of art. d. proper Christian doctrine should be widely disseminated and heretical beliefs should be strictly punished. e. to be better Christians, everyone should pray and devote their lives to the Church.
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a. learning was the foundation on which Christian wisdom rested.
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Charlemagne reformed writing in his empire by: a. introducing cursive script. b. ensuring all copyists wrote in block letters only. c. testing all copyists for literacy. d. introducing the comma. e. creating a simplified script and introducing punctuation.
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e. creating a simplified script and introducing punctuation.
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Which was the most significant event in creating Byzantine hostility toward the Latin Christian world? a. the coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor on Christmas Day, 800 b. the First Crusade c. the Iconoclastic Controversy d. the Fourth Crusade in 1204 e. the execution of the Byzantine ambassador to Rome in 816
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a. the coronation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor on Christmas Day, 800
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When preaching the First Crusade, Pope Urban II suggested that those who fought in the service of Christ would receive: a. sainthood. b. a year's wages. c. glory and acclaim from those who did not go on Crusade. d. absolution of all their sins. e. a medal commemorating each battle.
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d. absolution of all their sins.
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The First Crusade: a. further strengthened Byzantine control over trade in the eastern Mediterranean. b. further weakened Byzantine control over trade in the eastern Mediterranean. c. disrupted Byzantine trade along the Silk Road to China. d. had little impact on Byzantine trade because the Crusaders were primarily motivated by religion, not commercial gain. e. disrupted the trade routes between Byzantium and western Europe.
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The Crusades marked a fundamental turning point in the relationship between: a. Byzantium and western Europe. b. the Islamic world and the Byzantine empire. c. the Islamic world and western Europe. d. western Europe and the Far East. e. Roman Catholicism and the Orthodox Church.
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a. Byzantium and western Europe.
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The most common reason for people to go on Crusade was a desire: a. to fight the "infidels." b. to make money as a mercenary. c. to win a principality to rule. d. for adventure. e. to complete an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
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e. to complete an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
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The most long-lasting consequence of the First Crusade was the: a. European conquest of Jerusalem. b. development of Islamic and Christian doctrines of holy war. c. creation of the Knights Templar. d. foundation of field hospitals to treat wounded Crusaders. e. fall of the Byzantine empire.
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b. development of Islamic and Christian doctrines of holy war.
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Gaul
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-Gaul (Latin: Gallia) was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine -Before the Roman conquest by Julius Caesar (58-51 BC), the name "Gaul" corresponded to a cultural and military area founded on a common religion and federations of peoples who though that they had a common origin. -About 390 BC, the Gauls invaded and sacked Rome. In 222 BC, Cisalpine Gaul (the region between the Alps and the Po Valley) was conquered by the Romans.
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Patricians
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-Sitting at the top of Roman society were the emperor and the patrician classes. -Ranked just below the emperor and his relatives, the patrician families dominated Rome and its empire. The word "patrician" comes from the Latin "patres", meaning "fathers", and these families provided the empire's political, religious, and military leadership. -Most patricians were wealthy landowners from old families, but the class was open to a chosen few who had been deliberately promoted by the emperor.
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Plebian
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-member of the general citizenry in ancient Rome as opposed to the privileged patrician class -The division between Roman patricians and plebeians was between the wealthiest (2 percent) and the rest (98 percent) of the people. -Until 287 bc the plebeians waged a campaign (Conflict of the Orders) to have their civil disabilities abolished. -They organized themselves into a separate corporation and withdrew from the state on perhaps as many as five or more critical occasions to compel patrician concessions; such a withdrawal was termed a secessio
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Senate
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-King Rex (509 last monarch) was assisted by a council as elders which is a senate. - The senate is a group of much older and experienced men. -You have to be proven to be wise and deliberate. -They are members of the Patrician class.
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Laws of 12 Tables
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-The Twelve Tables of Law, approved in 450 B.C.E., represent the codification of existing laws for all to see and obey. -A commission of ten men (Decemviri) was appointed (c. 455 B.C.) to draw up a code of law binding on both patrician and plebeian and which consuls would have to enforce.
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Paterfamilias
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-oldest living male in a family. He is the head of the household. -Was to be treated with respect and loyalty. -Everyone under him was to obey his decisions. - He had complete control over the family and property that the family possessed.
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Legionnaire
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-The Roman legionary was a professional heavy infantryman of the Roman army -Legionaries had to be Roman citizens under the age of 45. -they enlisted in a legion for twenty-five years of service
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Punic Wars
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-The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. -The First Punic War broke out in 264 B.C. when Rome interfered in a dispute on the Carthaginian-controlled island of Sicily; -In the Second Punic War, the great Carthaginian general Hannibal invaded Italy -In the Third Punic War, the Romans, led by Scipio the Younger, captured and destroyed the city of Carthage in 146 B.C.,
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Hannibal
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-In 219 B.C., Hannibal of Carthage led an attack on Saguntum, an independent city allied with Rome, which sparked the outbreak of the Second Punic War. -Hannibal had gained a foothold in southern Italy, but declined to mount an attack on Rome itself. -In 203 B.C., Hannibal abandoned the struggle in Italy to defend North Africa, and he suffered a devastating defeat at the hands of Publius Cornelius
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Gracchi Revolution
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-The Gracchus brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, were Romans who both served as tribunes in the late 2nd century BC. -They attempted to pass land reform legislation that would redistribute the major aristocratic landholdings among the urban poor and veterans, in addition to other reform measures. -After achieving some early success, both were assassinated by enemies of these reforms.
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Julius Caesar
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-Julius Caesar (born 100 bc) was a Roman statesman, general, and notable author of Latin prose -he relieved debt and reformed the Senate -He reformed the Roman calendar and reorganized how local government was constructed -Cassius and Brutus plotted and killed Caesar on the Ides of March (march 15) in 44 bc
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Gaius Octavian /Augustus
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-Octavian served under Julius Caesar in the Spanish expedition of 46 BC despite his delicate health -When Caesar appointed him as his heir, Octavian had to to fight his rivals and kill his republic opponents -Created the augustan system which is the political reforms instituted by Augustus and continued under his successors. -Born Gauis Octavian in 63 bc but later changed his name to Augustus
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Praetorians
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-The Praetorian Guard was a force of bodyguards used by Roman Emperors -They were an elite recruitment of Roman citizens and Latins. -When Augustus became the first ruler of the Roman Empire in 31 BC, he formed the Praetorians and he decided they would be useful in battle and politics
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Constantine
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-Roman emperor from 306 to 337 AD -First roman emperor to profess Christianity -He initiated the evolution of the empire into a Christian state and also provided the impulse for a distinctively Christian culture.
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Edict of Milan
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-a proclamation that permanently established religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman Empire. -it was the outcome of a political agreement concluded in Milan between the Roman emperors Constantine I and Licinius in 313.
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Justinian I
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-was a Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565 -Justinian's longest lasting reform was the organization and codification of Roman law -Justinian tired to reconquer the Western Roman empire because he sought to revive and construct wholly the old empire
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Hagias Sophia
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-Byzantine church -influential in the history of architecture because it placed a massive dome on a building with a square shape -first date of construction was in 537
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Justinian Codex / Digest
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-Justinian Codex : collections of laws and legal interpretations developed under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I from ad 529 to 565. The justinian code had 4 books -The Digesta was drawn up between 530 and 533 by a commission of 16 lawyers, resulted in 50 books.
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Iconoclasm
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-is the destruction of religious icons and other images or monuments for religious or political motives. -Although the iconoclastic controversy was eventually resolved, its lasting effects included the destruction of nearly all pre eighth century religious art in the Byzantine empire
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Selijuk Turks
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-The Seljuk Turkish history spanned the period from 1060 to around 1307. -The Seljuks were a tribe of Tartars from Central Asia who established a powerful empire in Persia in the 11th century. -Played a major role in the Middle Ages in defending the Islamic world against the Crusaders, and conquering large parts of the Byzantine Empire -They also did a service to Europe by providing a barrier between them and the raiding Mongols.
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Urban II
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-When preaching the First Crusade, Pope Urban II suggested that those who fought in the service of Christ would receive forgiveness of their sins -Was pope from 1088 to 1099
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Council Clermont
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-Pope Urban II's speech on November 27 1095 was the starting point of the First Crusade.
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Kingdom of Jerusalem
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-was a crusader state established in the Southern Levant in 1099 after the First Crusade
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Charlemagne
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-was King of the Franks. -He united most of Western Europe during the early Middle Ages and laid the foundations for modern France and Germany. -reformed writing in his empire by creating a simplified script and adding punctuation
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Holy roman empire
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-The Holy Roman Empire was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages (962 ad)
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Visogoths
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-The Visigoths were branches of the nomadic tribes of Germanic peoples referred to collectively as the Goths. -These tribes flourished and spread during the late Roman Empire
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franks
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-members of Germanic-speaking people who invaded the western Roman Empire in the 5th century.
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feudalism
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the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.
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Chivalry
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the combination of qualities expected of an ideal knight, especially courage, honor, courtesy, justice, and a readiness to help the weak.
