HD 202 Chapter 13 Study Guide
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According to Erikson, what two factors set the stage for the psychological conflict of middle childhood, industry versus inferiority?
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adult expectations and children's drive toward mastery.
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List three ways in which self-concept changes during middle childhood?
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self unsterstanding, self concept, cognitive/social/cultural influences on self consent
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True or False: The content of children's self-concept is a product of both cognitive capacities and feedback from others.
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true
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List and briefly explain four self-esteems that children form by the age of 6 or 7. [4 total]
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academic competence, social competence, physical/athletic competence, physical competence, and physical appearance.
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During childhood and adolescence, perceived (academic competence/physical appearance) correlates more strong with overall self-worth than does any other self-esteem factor.
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physical appearance
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Self-esteem (rises/drops) during the first few years of early elementary school.
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drops
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What are the benefits of parents who use an authoritative child-rearing style?
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they have more favorable and coherent self concepts, feel good about selves.
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what is mastery-oreintated attributes?
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crediting their success 2 ability- a characteristics they can improve by trying hard and presenting new challenges.
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what is learned helplessness?
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attributes theirs failures, not successes, 2 ability, when they succeed they're likely to conclude that external factors, such as lack responsible.
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Discuss changes in how children experience the self-conscious emotions of pride during middle childhood.
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experience it when they accomplish new things
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Discuss changes in how children experience the self-conscious emotions of guilt during middle childhood.
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exp guilt our transgression even when adults not present.
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List three advances in school-age children's understanding of emotions.
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empathy, awareness of self-conscious emotions, reconcile contradictory facial and situational cues in fig. out anothers feelings
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By age 10, children shift adaptively between two general strategies for managing emotion. Briefly explain each.
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1. problem-centered coping-trey appraise the situation as changeable, the identity and decided what to do about it. 2. emotion-centered coping-internal private and aimed as controlling distress when little can be done about an outcome.
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Define perspective taking
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the capacity 2 imagine what other people may be thinking and feeling.
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Explain the changes in moral development for school children
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preschoolers pick up many morally relevant behaviors then modeling-by MC they had time to internalize rules for good conduct. this changes leads to children becoming considerably more independent and trustworthy.
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True or False: Children in Western and non-Western cultures use the same criteria to distinguish moral and social-conventional concerns
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false
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Studies in diverse Western nations confirm that by age _____ to ____, White children generally evaluate their own racial group favorably and other racial groups less favorable or negatively.
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5, 7
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Children's understanding of God (is/is not) limited to an anthropomorphic, \"big person\" image.
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is
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Describe two ways to reduce prejudice in school-age children.
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1. intergroup contact-racially and ethnicity difference children work toward common goals and become acquainted. 2. long term contact and collaboration in neighborhood, schools and communities.
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Describe the characteristics of peer groups
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collects that generate unique values and standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers.
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Describe the characteristics of friendships
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contributes to the development of trust and sensitivity. during the school year friendship becomes more complex and psychologically based.
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High-quality friendships (do/do not) tend to remain stable over middle childhood.
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do
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Children's self-reports yield 4 general categories of peer acceptance. Name and briefly describe each.
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1. popular children- get many + votes. 2. rejected children- get many - votes. 3. controversial children- both + and - votes. 4. neglected children- either + or - votes.
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How does boy peer victimization differ from that of girls?
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buys usually use both physical and verbal attacks while girls are verbal and correlational hostility.
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In middle childhood, the amount of time spentww with parents (increases/decreases) dramatically.
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decrease
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During the school years, child rearing becomes easier for parents who established a(n) ____ style during the early years.
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authoritative
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During middle childhood, sibling rivalry tends to (increase/decrease). Explain your answer.
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increase. as children participate in a wider range of activities, parents tend to compare siblings traits and accomplish [?], child who gets less parental affection is likely to be respectful.
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True or False: Children from gay and lesbian families do not differ from other children in sexual orientation - the large majority are heterosexual.
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true
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True or False: The United States has the highest divorce rate in the world.
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true
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Discuss how children's ages affects their reactions to divorce, noting differences between younger and older children.
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....
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What do children in Western nations mention as the most common source of their fears?
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exposure to negative information in the media
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Why is it difficult to treat victims of child sexual abuse?
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the reactions of family members anxiety about harm to child. anger toward abusers.
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Describe the characteristics of children who are especially vulnerable to abuse?
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kids who live in homes with a constantly changing cast of characters-repeared marriages, separations and new partners are especially vulnerable.
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Name some resources that help children foster resilience in middle childhood
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