Geography Test Ch. 5-8 – Flashcards

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A natural resource is defined by three elements:
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cultural values, technology and economic system.
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Renewable energy sources include all of the following EXCEPT ________ power
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nuclear
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Which of the following is important in stabilizing resource prices and limiting problems caused by resource scarcity?
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substitutability
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A group of countries that agree to control the market by limiting production in order to drive up prices is
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a cartel.
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OPEC
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is a cartel of oil-producing countries.
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The world's most important energy resource today is
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petroleum
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For electric generation in the United States, the main energy resource is
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coal
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Russia is the leading producer of
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natural gas.
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Mineral resources are evenly distributed throughout the world.
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False
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North America and Europe account for nearly three-fourths of the world's
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energy consumption.
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Photovoltaic electric production
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is a direct conversion of solar energy to electricity, such as in solar-powered calculators.
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Which country relies on nuclear energy for approximately 20 percent of its electricity?
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the United States
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The leading consumer and polluter of water in the United States is
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agriculture.
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Most of the solid waste generated in the United States is deposited in landfills
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True
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Recycling has become so important in the United States that 80 to 85 percent of all municipal wastes are recycled.
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False
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Smog, the product of NOX, sunlight, and ________, is created by chemical reactions that occur in the atmosphere
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hydrocarbons
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Nitrogen oxides (NOX) and ________ combine with water and fall to Earth as acid rain.
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sulfur dioxides
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The worst air pollution problems in the world are in the developed countries.
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False
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Sustained yield management for forests is more prevalent in developing countries than in developed countries.
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False
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About half the world's forests are protected from cutting.
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False
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Population Geography is
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the distribution of humankind across our planet
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Which of the following is one of the three major population concentrations mentioned in the chapter?
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East Asia
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Population densities tend to be higher
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in areas of fertile soil
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"Arithmetic Density" is determined by
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the number of people per unit area
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The increase in world population is now slowing down.
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True
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The region that is projected to have the highest population increase for 2014 is
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Sub-Saharan Africa.
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The most popular form of birth control in poor countries is sterilization.
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True
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Of all communicable diseases, the one currently that causes the most deaths worldwide is
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respiratory infections.
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Thomas Malthus
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predicted a grim view of the future due to overpopulation
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The problems associated with rapidly aging populations are today
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primarily restricted to the rich countries of the world
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Human movements are a result of
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push and pull factors.
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The largest migration field is from
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Mexico to the United States
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Brain drain occurs when universities become unaffordably expensive
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False
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Replacement migration is used to
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admit newcomers with useful skills.
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Amenity migration is driven by two types of migrants, the wealthy and the retired
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True
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One of the laws of migration is
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the more distant the destination, the fewer the benefits and the higher the cost.
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Even though many Europeans emigrated during its demographic transition, many European countries now
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discourage immigration, even from their former colonies.
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Almost all Asian countries today have net emigration, meaning they have more people immigrate to their country than those that leave.
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False
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Of all the world's richest countries, ________ limits immigration most strictly
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Japan
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Since the birth rate in the United States is low, immigration is currently responsible for about ________ of the country's population growth.
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one-third
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Culture is
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learned behavior.
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The process where aspects of culture move from their area of innovation to other areas is called
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diffusion.
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Humankind has adapted itself to varying conditions through the evolution of
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culture and technology.
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Environmental determinism
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is the belief that human cultures can be explained as a result of the physical environment.
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A sub-culture group
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shares a part of the mainstream culture but also a bundle of culture traits of its own.
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Ethnocentrism is the term given to the act of
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judging other cultures by the standards and practices of one's own culture.
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Biological characteristics are used to divide people into ________; however science has shown there is less than 1% genetic difference among humans.
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races
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Gender roles
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vary across cultures and even within complex societies.
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The subfield of geography that studies our perceptions of the world and how it influences our behavior is known as
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behavioral geography.
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Humans make decisions on how they will act in the real world based on
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how they perceive the world.
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Group identities can help determine which groups of people have a connection with; however, it can also produce incorrect assumptions better known as
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stereotyping
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The belief that one ________ has inherent superiority over another has played a major role in defining human relations over the past 500 years and is known as ________.
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race; racism
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Public monuments and statuary often reflect important people and events within a culture and
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may change as the culture changes.
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The substitution of one set of cultural traditions for another, either by force or by degrading those who fail to acculturate and by rewarding those who do, is called
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cultural imperialism.
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In countries with limited natural resources, such as Switzerland, the impact of trade
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can provide goods and services causing an increase in wealth in the country.
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________ takes place more rapidly today because of a decrease in cost and time to move ideas, objects and people.
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Diffusion
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The major reason European countries engaged in building large empires was to
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protect their commercial investments in foreign lands and to control the markets.
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Cultural preservation is the effort to
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document, repopularize and rejuvenate traditional cultures.
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Technology was developed within the 1800s that allowed information to move between places faster than ever before. These inventions included the
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telegraph and the telephone.
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The annihilation of space with ________ can convey information almost instantaneously around the globe.
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electronic networks
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The way any language is spoken and written according to formal rules of diction and grammar is called a(n)
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standard language.
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The predominant world lingua franca is
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English
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The language with the most native speakers in the world is
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Mandarin Chinese.
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American English contains terms adopted from Native American languages as well as African languages.
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True
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The principal official languages of Africa are often those of the continent's former European rulers.
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True
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"Philological nationalism" is the idea that "mother tongues" have given birth to nations.
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True
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Dialects of languages usually diverge more in the way they are spoken than in the way they are written.
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True
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Any isolated group of people develops a language of its own over time.
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True
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Languages that are related by descent from a common protolanguage make up a
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Language family
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The family of languages known as the Indo-European family contains languages spoken by approximately ________ of the world population.
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50%
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The languages that do not use written alphabets are used in
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China and Japan.
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The global spread of English is primarily the result of
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colonization by the British Empire.
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Official policies and social attitudes may target ________ as potentially disloyal or dangerous to the rest of the nation.
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minority language speakers
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In polyglot states,
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states grant legal equality to more than one language.
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In the United States, Spanish-speakers make up approximately what portion of non-English-speakers?
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60 percent
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In the context of religion, the strictest adherence to traditional beliefs is called
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fundamentalism.
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The first great monotheistic religion was
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Judaism
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Zionism is the belief that the Jews should have a homeland of their own in
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Palestine
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The Christian Church in Western Europe was split in the 15th and 16th centuries as a result of the
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Protestant Reformation.
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The largest single Christian denomination in the world today is
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Roman Catholicism.
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Universalizing religions are those that
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spread through proselytization.
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Many governments have designated ________ that is the official religion of the country.
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an established church
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The Five Pillars of Islam include all of the following EXCEPT
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polygamy
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The leading Muslim countries in the world today in terms of numbers are
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Indonesia and Pakistan.
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About 85 percent of Muslims worldwide today are of the Sunni sect.
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True
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All three major monotheistic religious—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—proselytize.
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False
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Shinto is the ancient religion native to
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Japan
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The sacred scriptures of Buddhism are in a collection called Vedas.
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False
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Hindus believe in reincarnation—the individual's rebirth after death.
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True
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In Hinduism, the ultimate goal is:
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to escape the cycle of birth and rebirth
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Confucianism, based on the teachings of K'ung Fu-tzu, governed much of China's political and moral culture for 2000 years.
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True
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Hinduism classifies people in hierarchy of castes.
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True
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Sikhism is an offshoot of Hinduism based on the teachings of Guru Nanak, who tried to reconcile Hinduism and Islam.
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True
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Confucianism, Taoism, and Shinto, all Eastern systems of belief, focus on behavior rather than on belief in a set of philosophical or theological arguments.
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True
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Because religious conversion is a deliberate repudiation of much of what came before, it can destroy a people's earlier culture more completely than political conquest.
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True
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