Geography 305 Exam Texas A&M University, College Station Midterm 1
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three classical categories of geographical description
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people, places, and patterns.
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Texas is the second largest in area and the most
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...
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Most of Texas is accurately called
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mid-latitude (Texas is in the transitional zone between sub-tropical and mid-latitude, which contributes to our unique and diverse environments. )
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the natural reference point in the middle of the earth is called
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prime meridian
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Texas is currently __________ behind the Prime Meridian
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six hours
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Western hemisphere is often called
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The \"New World\" or \"Americas\"
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\"Neo\" is used for
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Life forms in the Americas or New World
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\"Paleo\"
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is used for Africa, Europe, Asia
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Texas rivers generally drain
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eastward or southward towards the Gulf of Mexico and not the Pacific Ocean
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Texas can be classified in five ways. Name them.
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South, Southwest, Midwest, West, South Central
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South Classification of Texas origins:
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Part of Confederacy, Plantation economy that entailed slavery and specific race relations.
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Southwest Classification of Texas:
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Due to college athletic conference that happens in Texas: Southwest Atlantic Conference.Spanish/Mexican history here that caused trilingual components:Anglo, Hispanic, and Indigenous. Gateway for trade and migration. Catholocism
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Midwest Classification of Texas
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It evolved as the western edge or frontier of America.Historically, it was the area between the older settled colonies and the frontier.
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South Central Classification of Texas
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U.S. Weather Service and Weather Channel put Texas in the South Central category
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What is the geographical center of Texas
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In Mcculloch County, 3,99,08
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The city of Brady is called
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\"Heart of Texas\"
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Texas's eight neighbors
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Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas
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Area of Texas
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691022 square kilometers
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Nine border segments
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East Panhandle , North Panhandle, West Panhandle, Gulf Coast, Rio Grande, Sabine River, Red River, 32 degrees North Parallel, and 94 degrees 04'W Meridian
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Standard method of measuring texas Borders
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2482 miles of border
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Actual measurement of borders in Texas
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3822 miles of border
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The Adams Onis treaty defines _____ Of Texas border and its purpose was to solve the ambiguity of borders Lousiana Purchase between ______ and ___________.
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4, Spain and the United States
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Fort Worth Texas has been called
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Texas Most City
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In 1990s what happened in Texas
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Tourism boomed
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Important feature in Fort Worth
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Stockyard
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Image fort worth tourist
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cattle and ranching center
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Stockyard has the following things in it:
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rodeos, livestock shows, historical exhibits, gift shops, restaurants
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Billy bobs neon sign
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modern Icon for Texas
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Big Texan Motel
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Texas Shape pool 72 ounce steak
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Texas-map-mania
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Texas shaped earrings, texas shaped signs, texas shape on shirts, blah blah blah
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geography
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earth writing
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geographers write about
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people, places, and patterns
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Geographers describe, explain, and predict about the following
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people, places, and patterns
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Geography three sub categories
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Human or Cultural, Physical, Geo-Spatial Techniques
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Human geography sub categories
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Specializations in : political, economic, and population
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Physical Geography
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Geomorphology, hydrology, Climatology, biogeography
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Geospatial techniques
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Cartography, Remote Sensing,Geographical Information Systems
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AAG
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American Association of Geographers
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Region
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A collection of places or a sizable area with common characteristics.
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Region can be defined by
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-single feature -commonly spoken language -obvious element of natural landscape
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Three types of cultural regions
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Formal, functional, and vernacular
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Formal region
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areas of earth with coherent unifying characteristics
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Functional
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Defined by networks and connections between the parts of region
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Vernacular
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Perceived by local inhabitants Perceptual regions based upon peoples attitudes and beliefs of the people in them
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All regions have spatial attributes
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They can be measured in term of location, area, and borders -
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All regions are
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geographical
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Regions have
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internal and external components
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All regions have a ______ component
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dynamic quality, which means all regions change.
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What is site?
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Site is a local scale that incorporates immediate terrain, natural resources, and human settlement
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What is situation?
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Situation is the relative location of the place and its position to interact and propser from its connection.
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Definition of map
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Graphic, representation, and reality
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Six components of map
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legend, title, scale, date,grid system, direction
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Map types:
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general purpose, topographic, and thematic
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General purpose map
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Basic Location and information Simplified political and physical features
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Who uses/creates general purpose maps
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commercial and government
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Topographic map
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Elevation (contour lines) \"earth's surface\"
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Thematic map
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consist of isopleth, choropleth, and cartogram Research results
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Isopleth branched off from thematic purpose maps:
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Isopleth-isolines map continuous data Utilize lines to to depict some surface value or z value Examples: temeprature and precipitation
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Chloropleth branched form thematic purpose maps
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Areal data Generally use existing boundaries with data collection
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Cartogram
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A deliberate distortion of data to convey a messahe
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How many texans?
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25 million
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How many counties does Texas have
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254
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geographical spread of ideas, innovations, and attitudes through human contact and communication
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Diffusion
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the spread of ideas, innovation, and attitudes as the actors involved are stationary on the Earth's surface.
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Expansion diffusion
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people move on the Earth's surface.
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Relocation diffusion
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people will make rationale choices to migrate.
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Place Utility theory
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Used as a convetional measure of time. It is on the New Mexico side of the Llano Estacado. Found arrowheads called dated 13000 BP.
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Clovis, Clovis points
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2-way exchange of people, plants/animal, and cultures between Old World and New World since 1492.
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Columbian exchange
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corn, tomatoes, and chili peppers
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Products originated in Americas or New World
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Brought cows, pigs, sheep, and pets and wheat, rice, and apples to New World and horses
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Europe
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Thesis for human origins and occupation of the planet states that humans have migrated form Africa in successive waves to Asia and Europe.
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\" Out of Africa\"
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Old Worlds diseases much more deadly than New World Counterparts
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...
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Old World killed New World because ( Native Americans)
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The Old World brought diseases measles and small pox to New World and the indigenous population had no resistance to them. Disease came from domesticating animals in the Old World.
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What percent of the indigenous population was wiped out
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90 percent
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Devasting population decrease of the Native Americans caused social collapse of leadership and knowledge. Led to Native Americans ecological imprint to be drastically reduced.
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...
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The consequence of the Population decline of Indians, Africans, and Asians in that time period that led to the blank slate for imposing cultural norms onto the New World
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\" tableau blanco\"
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What three communities existed in the Americas when the Native Americans and European settlers made contact:
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farming, coastal and plains
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Faming communities were present on what side of Texas
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East
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What very advanced Indians lived in East Texas
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Caddo Indians
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What is the origin of the name Texas?
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It comes from the Caddo word for ally, Tejas
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Coastal Indians occupied from __________ to________ to____
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Galveston bay, Corpus Christi Bay and inland Hill Country.
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The coastal communities relied on two ways to get food
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Coastal fishing and shellfish collecting and hunting/gathering along the fresh water rivers
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Indians that farmed, lived in East Texas, and were very advanced
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Caddo Indians
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Coastal Indian tribes
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Coahuiltecan, Tonkawa, and Karankawas
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Cohuiltecan resided along
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Rio Grande
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Tonkawa resided
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Inland
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Karankawas resided
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Along coastal bend
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Migratory, generally moved southward on the Great Plains, hunted buffalo and other big game
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Plains Indians
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Plains Indians include
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Apache and Jumano
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Apache resided
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Southern High Plains
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Jumano resided
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Southwest plains that overlap with current day New Mexico
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- Contact and communication between Europeans and Native Americans -Texas Adjacent to the Federal Indian territory, which later became Oklahoma -Texas was a migration destination, primarily with tribes that were being relocated from the American Southeast -The amount of land devoted to Indian reservations is very small when compared to other states.
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Native Texas's 4 important points
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A series of civilizations that occupied the sup-tropical land mass of North America, which corresponds to modern-day Mexico and Central America.
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MesoAmerica
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Christopher Columbus explored for the
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Spanish
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Mexico was the biggest prize for
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Spain
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Spain had a standardized plan for shaping land and the people in Latin America
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...
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Central plaza, grid pattern of streets, catholic church sits adjacent to square shaped plaza
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Spanish imprint
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He explored and claimed the entire Mississippi River Sytem for France
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La Salle
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On the return voyage to he missed mouth of river and landed in Matagorda Bay and created a colony that died cause it sucked so much. Name of color Fort. St. Louis.
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La Salle.
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What spurred Spanish to be involved in the coastal areas was the French threat of La Salle. Prior they were not that aggressive.
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LED TO SPANISH COLONIZATION of frontier to remove any French borders.
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Millitary presence and governance/urban dimensions of cities
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Spanish colonization scheme.
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Spanish first effort to colonize
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missionaries
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Spains dominion over Texas lasted for ___ years.
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300
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Three Exceptions to Spanish settlement failure
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San Antonio, La Bahia, and Nacogdoches
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La Bahia later was turned into
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Goliad
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Spanish culture in Texas:
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ranching and architecture Old World animals plazas and grid patterns
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Mexicos independence from Spain
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1821
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Texas intiaally was conjoined to which state
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Coahuila
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Mexico dominating texas for 15 years led to
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empresarios, settlement/population changes, and governance
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began the process of large scale land titles and organized migration
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empresarios
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Spanish system for granting an individual or charter to bring settlers
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empresario
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Best known empresario
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Stephen F. Austin
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Emprearios duty to sucessfully settle a certain number of individuals and families and in exchange they recevive a large amount of land
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Empresarios caused _____ cause they controlled who migrated
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ethno segregation
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By 1830 anglo to mexican ratio was 4:1 and Mexico concerned. Tried to control white migration. But white people still moved illegally.
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Mexican municipalities in Texas
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Bexar, La Bahia, San Felipe, and Nacodoches
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1836
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republic of Texas
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Declaration of Independence in Washington on the Brazos,March 2
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Texas is sovereign from Mexico
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official shape of texas
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1850
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1845
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texas joins the union
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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US MEXICO BORDER is the rio grande
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COmpromise of 1850
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Defined three segments of texas border: North and west panhandle and 32 degrees N border
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Culture
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shared system of meaning that relate to the beliefs, behaviors, and material belonging
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A collection of people with shared systems of meaning such as speaking a unique dialect or worshipping together
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culture group
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manifest Destiny and frontier influence the way we think about resources and foreign policy.
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The thirteen colonies are subdivided into three categories
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New England, Mid-Atlantic, and Southern
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Anglo Americans primarily came to Texas from these regions of America
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Midatlantic and Southern
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Texas was a ____________ ________ for European migrants
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direct destination
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Empresario style migrating allowed some culture of old world immigrants to be preserved
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Largest European immigrant group to migrate to Texas was the
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Germans
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Germans migrated to the ____ portion of Texas
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Hill Country
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______ were the second largest group to migrate to Texas
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Czechs
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________ largest place with numnerous missions, a presideio, and a budding commerical town
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San Antonio
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Soil, water, adn annual termperature were ideal for year round agriculture
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Valley
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English and Spanish are two most spoken languages in Texas
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Negotiate our daily needs but construct our identities at various geographical scales
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__ first vernacular dialect of English arrives with upper southerners
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Hill Southern
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Protestant churches are not _____
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ostentacious
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steeple, double front doors, symmetrical
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protestant churches
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outwardly SPanish, iconography, crucifix saints
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Spanish or Southwest Style
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Many geographers associate the study of cultural landscapes with ________ and the Berkeley school of geography.
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Carl Sauer
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is the study of how people create their own habitats as well as the corresponding patterns and impacts
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settlement geography
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geographies of the dead and the literal geography of mortality
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necrogeography
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family burial plot, alignment of body eastward, writing on head side of body, fences curbs, ceremonial main gate,
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southern folk cemetary
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land goes through sanctification process, family plots, lavishly decorated, fresh flowers, candles, \"little angel section\"
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mexican cemetary
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stand out for their ordiliness, efficient use of space, indivudality in terms of tombstone shape, size, and decorations
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german cemetary
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segregated by ethnicity adnd race, rectangular plots, allow burials from different congregations, mausoleums, no decorations that block lawn mower
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modern cemetary
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two settlers agree on boundary
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metes and bounds
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squaer boundaries, different sized lots
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irregular rectanges
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rectangular shaped but lenght width ratio/10 to 1
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long lots,
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equal in size and shape
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regular rectanlges
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log cabins and wooden fences are significant how?
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signify cultural origin
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generally located in a middle of a city block
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county courthouse
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shelbyville tennesee
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most common type of county courthouse square style
