Forces Influencing the development of the Nursing Profession – Flashcards

Religion and religious orders ex: the reformation, deaconesses groups, sisters of Charity, monastic orders

Military influences Example Cadet Nurse Corps, Crimean War, American Civil War, World War I, World War II, Korea and Vietnam conflicts, gulf war, and Iraq conflict

significant leaders and therie contributions to the Profession of nursing: Florence Nightingale, Clara Barton, Dorethea Dix, Harriett Tubman, Sojourner Truth, Isabel Hampton Robb, Mary Breckenridge, Mildred Montage, Lavinia Dock, Virginia Henderson, mary mahoney, Hildegard Peplau, Linda Richards, Margaret Sanger, and Lillian Wald

Florence Nightingale A planner, administrator, educator, researcher and reformer. Differentiated between nursing of the sick and wellness where she emphasized the need for prevention of illness. Founder of modern nursing and the first nurse theorist. Over 100 years ago, she defined nursing as, "the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery." She linked health with five environmental factors with health: 1) pure or fresh air; 2) pure water; 3) efficient drainage; 4) cleanliness; and 5) light, especially direct sunlight.

Clara Barton Noted for work during American Civil War School teacher who volunteered as nurse (no formal nursing education) and directed relief operations. Founded the American Red Cross Founded a Mission Soldiers Office to search for missing in action Civil War Soldiers. aka "Angel of the Battlefield"

Doretha Dix A key figure during the Civil War era. Taught Sunday school in a jail and within that environment where she began to study the needs of mentally ill people. She is credited with providing documentation that resulted in the construction of state psychiatric institutions. She was named superintendent of the 1st Nurse Corp of the US army

Harriett Tubman She was an abolitionist who was active with the Underground Railroad. aka "Moses of her people". She provided nursing care to both enslaved and former slaves in the Southern and Northern regions of the US.

Sojourner Truth Abolitionist who worked with the Underground Railroad Advocate for Women's rights Worked as a nurse 4+ years during the Civil War After the war, worked as a nurse and counselor for the Freedman's Relief Association

Isabel Hampton Robb A leader credited with cutting down the nursing student's workdays and eliminating their free private duty services. Founded the Johns Hopkins program. Co-founder of the "American Journal of Nursing". One of the earliest authors of books centered on nursing practice and ethics.

Mary Breckenridge Established the Frontier Nursing Service in 1925 to provide healthcare to the people of rural America. Started one of the first midwifery training schools in the United States.

Mildred Montage the development of associate degree programs in nursing. Access via community college would shorten the time needed to become a nurse and make nursing education more available to men, older students, minorities and married persons. The intention of this type of nurse would be for the nurse to spend the majority of his/her time as a "bedside nurse" and not have to be responsible for administrative functions. The Education of Nursing Technicians listed the functions of this "bedside nurse" as: Assisting in the planning of nursing care for patients Giving general nursing care with supervision Assisting in the evaluation of the nursing care given

Lavinia Dock A feminist, writer, and political activist. She campaigned for legislation to allow nurses, rather than physicians, to control the nursing profession. Ms. Dock was one of the founders of the National League for Nursing.

Virginia Henderson aka "The Nightingale of Modern Nursing," the "Modern-Day Mother of Nursing," and "The 20th century Florence Nightingale" Created the Definition of Nursing in the 1960's, which articulates the concept that the patient is a person who requires help towards independence. In 1937, co-created a basic nursing curriculum for the National League for Nursing, in which education was "patient-centered and organized around nursing problems rather than medical diagnoses" She conceptualized that the nurse's role was one of assisting sick or well individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs." She also identified the importance of collaboration with healthcare providers, patients, and their families.

mary mahoney 1st African-American graduate nurse in America. Credited with improving better working and educational conditions for black nurses and combating racial discrimination.

Hildegard Peplau Authored Interpersonal Relations Theory Psychiatric nurse who developed a four phase nursing model of interpersonal relationships: 1) orientation, in which the person and the nurse mutually identify the person's problem; 2) identification, in which the person identifies with the nurse, thereby accepting help; 3) exploitation, in which the person makes use of the nurse's help; and 4) resolution, in which the person accepts new goals and frees herself or himself from the relationship. Founder of modern psychiatric nursing, innovative educator, advocate for the mentally ill, proponent of advanced education for nurses, Executive Director and then President of the American Nurses Association (ANA), and prolific author.

Linda Richards Considered America's first trained nurse Credited with improving hospital training as she developed new nursing programs and improved existing programs. Also known for introducing nurses' notes, doctor's orders, and the practice of nurses wearing uniforms. Credited for her pioneering work in psychiatric and industrial nursing. Richards was active in founding national nursing organizations and was the first president of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses (ASSTSN).

Margaret Sanger Public health nurse in New York City After learning of the large number of women who died from self- abortion, began publishing information regarding family planning and contraception in a journal and was arrested, convicted, and sentenced to 30 days in a workhouse. Lobbied to change the laws and make contraception and family planning legal. Founded the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control (the forerunner of the Planned Parenthood Foundation).

Lillian Wald Co-founded (with Mary Brewster) of the Henry Street Settlement in NYC Originator of public-health nursing Founder of the Visiting Nurse Service in New York City She initiated the first public-school nursing program in the United States 1st president of the National Organization for Public Health Nursing

Virginia Henderson Breathe normally. Eat and drink adequately. Eliminate body wastes. Move and maintain desirable postures. Sleep and rest. Select suitable clothes-dress and undress. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying environment Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions. Worship according to one's faith. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment. Play or participate in various forms of recreation. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities.

Influence of major studies and reports on nursing winslow-goldmark report 1923, brown report 1948, ginzberg report 1948, community education for nursing (Mildred Montag, 1959), ANA1956 reafirmed 2000, Lysaught report 1970, National commission on nursing implementation project 1991, Pew Health Professions commission 1995, Health professions education for the future: schools in service to the nation 1993, healhty people 2020; the cornerstone for prevention and future of nursing 2010 (institute of medicine report 2010

Nursing and Nursing Education in the United States (Winslow-Goldmark Report, 1923 This study focused on the educational preparation of students, including public health nurses, teachers, and supervisors. It pointed out fundamental faults in hospital training schools and resulted in the establishment of the Yale University School of Nursing.

Nursing for the Future (Brown Report, 1948) This study was done to determine society's need for nursing. Described inadequacies in nursing schools. Resulted in recommendations that nursing education be placed in universities and colleges and encouraged recruitment of men and minorities into nursing schools.

Program for the Nursing Profession (Ginzberg Report, 1948) Study focusing on the nursing shortage of the time; concluded the primary reasons for the shortage were inadequate economic incentives, a need for more adequate health care, and inefficient use of nursing resources and nursing potential Recommended that nursing teams consisting of variously educated nurses be developed.

Community College Education for Nursing (Mildred Montag, 1959) This report reviewed the findings of a five year study of eight, 2 year nursing programs. The findings of the study showed that AD nurses could carry on the intended nursing functions and that the program could be suitably set up in community colleges with collaborating facilities. It led to the development of more associate degree programs.

Position Paper on Educational Preparation for Nurse Practitioners and Assistants to Nurses (ANA, 1965) The four major positions of this report are: Educations should take place in institutions of higher education The minimum preparation for profession nursing should be BSN The minimum preparation for technical nursing should be ASN The training for unlicensed assistive personnel should be short, intensive programs not on the job training.

An Abstract for Action (Lysaught Report, 1970) This report looked at current practices and patterns of nursing. It suggested joint practice committees, master planning for nursing education, funding for education and research.

National Commission on Nursing Implementation Project (1983) The purpose of this Commission was to develop and implement action plans to provide practical solutions for institutions and organizations confronting nursing problems (i.e. nursing shortages). This report supported differentiation of nursing practice (structuring of nursing roles based on education, experience and competence) This report supported a greater emphasis on nursing research and the preparation of nurse researchers. This report supported Baccalaureate education as the entry education for professional nurses as a "desirable goal." This report was used as the basis for further study of the national nursing shortage in the mid and late 1980s.

Health Professions Education for the Future: Schools in Service to the Nation (Pew Health Professions Commission, 1995) This report advised that nursing distinguish between the different levels of nursing. Recommended associate's degree for entry level nursing and BSN for management.

Health Professions Education for the Future: Schools in Service to the Nation (Pew Health Professions Commission, 1995) The Commission proposed six strategies for nursing education: Develop programs at the various levels of nursing education that reflect the contributions that are needed in the changing patient care system. This would include examining and changing regulations and executing appropriate rewards (compensation) for their contributions. Restructure faculty positions in nursing schools and programs that would enable them to be more involved with the patient care system and nursing practice.

Health Professions Education for the Future: Schools in Service to the Nation (Pew Health Professions Commission, 1995) Develop interdisciplinary teaching practice and research programs for the maintenance care of chronic patient populations. Nursing programs should play a significant role in providing to the healthcare needs of community based patients. Continue development of graduate-level clinical training programs for nurses in areas where health are services can reduce cost and improve access and quality. Conduct comprehensive and ongoing programs of strategic planning within each nursing school and program.

21 Competencies for the 21st Century(Pew Health Professions Commission, 1998) This report contained a theme of reforming health professions and address the skills needed to function in modern health care.

21 Competencies for the 21st Century(Pew Health Professions Commission, 1998 Embrace a personal ethic of social responsibility and service Exhibit ethical behavior in all professional activities Provide evidence-based, clinically competent care Incorporate the multiple determinants of health in clinical care Apply knowledge of the new sciences Demonstrate critical thinking, reflection and problem-solving skills Understand the role of primary care Rigorously practice preventive health care Integrate population-based care and services into practice Improve access to health care for those with unmet health needs Practice relationship-centered care with individuals and families

21 Competencies for the 21st Century(Pew Health Professions Commission, 1998) Provide culturally sensitive care to a diverse society Partner with communities in health care decisions Use communication and information technology effectively and appropriately Work in interdisciplinary teams Ensure care that balances individual, professional, system and societal needs Practice leadership Take responsibility for quality of care and health outcomes at all levels Contribute to continuous improvement of the health care system Advocate for public policy that promotes and protects the health of the public Continue to learn and help others learn