Final Exam for Physiological Psychology – Flashcards

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Broca's aphasia involves the speech deficit(s) of
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(agrammatism, articulation difficulties, anomia) or All but C are correct
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Placing neurons and their synaptic contacts into a medium containing no calcium ions would be expected to
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prevent the release of neurotransmitter into the synapse.
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A genetic male has a hormone receptor deficiency that resulted in this person having a penis and both sets of internal sex organs. The most likely explanation for this case is that the person might
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have persistent Mellerian duct syndrome
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A female rodent exposed to high levels of testosterone while in the mother's uterus is likely to
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show more interfemale aggression as an adult.
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In the two groups of descending tracts in the motor system, neurons of the ________ control the movements of the body trunk, whereas neurons of the ________ control movements of the hands and fingers.
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ventromedial group; lateral group
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A person with pure word deafness retains the ability to
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(read lips, understand the emotion expressed in speech, read and write, and recognize nonspeech sounds) All of the above are correct
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The viral hypothesis of schizophrenia is supported by the observation that
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analysis of stored serum from mothers whose children later developed schizophrenia showed evidence of maternal infection
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Associative long-term potentiation requires ________ occur about the same time as ________ .
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activation of a strong input to a given synapse to; a weak input is activated
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The hair-like appendages that extend from the ends of the auditory receptors are known as
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cilia.
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The ________ is formed by the synapse of an efferent nerve terminal onto a muscle fiber.
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neuromuscular junction
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A brain that is exposed to androgen during prenatal development will not show female sexual behavior in adulthood. This effect is referred to as
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behavioral defeminization.
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Key functions of the autonomic nervous system include the control of
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"smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and "vegetative" processes" or All of the Above are correct
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In the opening vignette of the chapter on sleep, Michael suffered from
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narcolepsy.
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Human brains are about three times larger than chimpanzee brains when corrected for
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body size.
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The primary hormone associated with the absorptive phase of metabolism is
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insulin
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________ is (are) an effective treatment for bipolar depression.
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Lithium
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Which terms below do NOT belong together?
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lumbar; "horse's tail"
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Neurons that are formed during embryonic development are likely to die if they do not
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form synaptic contacts with other neurons.
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A key aspect of ________ apraxia is that a patient asked to imitate a movement is unable to do so using either hand.
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left parietal
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Electrical stimulation of brain neurons that release ________ produces cortical arousal.
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acetylcholine
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The amygdala is involved in the recognition of ________communicated via ________.
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fear; facial expression
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Studies of patients with conduction aphasia have led to which of the following conclusions about the neural control of language?
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There are different neural paths for sounds and for meanings of words
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Which of the following represents a correct match between a neuronal organelle and its function?
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mitochondria; extraction of energy
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An intact ________ is required in order for a conditioned emotional response to alter blood pressure
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lateral hypothalamus
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The bony covering that provides protection for the brain is termed the
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skull
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A genetic mutation of the hypocretin gene in mice results in
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symptoms of narcolepsy.
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A difficulty in the use of word order, use of function words, and selection of appropriate word endings is termed
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agrammatism.
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The common structures or regions that form a motor neuron include the
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(soma, dendrites, axon, and axon terminals) All of the Above
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Which of the following is true about prosody?
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(It often serves as a vehicle for conveying emotion,the right hemisphere plays a role in the production and perception of prosody, it is normal in people with Wernicke's aphasia, punctuation symbols are mimics of prosody) All of the Above
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Select the correct sequence for processing of information in the primary visual pathway:
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retina - > dorsal lateral geniculate (LGN) -> striate cortex
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Which of the following is true of rate coding along the basilar membrane?
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Frequencies lower than 200 Hz are coded by a rate of firing that is cued to the movement of the apical end of the basilar membrane
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Photopigments are molecules found in rods and cones that consist of
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an opsin and a retinal.
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The perceptual attribute of ________ best corresponds to the relative purity of a light stimulus.
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saturation
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Which of the following indicates the importance of peripheral nutrient receptors in satiety?
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Fructose infusions into the hepatic portal vein inhibit eating.
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Which of the following is true of pain?
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(Pain has emotional consequences,Pain induces avoidance responses to certain stimuli, Pain is a sensory signal, Pain can have long-term implications for a person) All of the Above
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Which of the following is used to record the electrical potentials generated in an axon?
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( A single reference wire placed in the fluid surrounding the axon, A microelectrode inserted into the axon interior, An oscilloscope, A giant squid axon) All of the Above
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The key deficit in pure anomia involves a difficulty in
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choosing the correct words to express an idea.
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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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represent a lack of normal behaviors.
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Which neural structure below is NOT a part of the limbic system?
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Caudate nucleus
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In a typical long-term potentiation (LTP) study, a stimulating electrode is inserted into the perforant path, while a recording electrode is inserted into the dentate gyrus. LTP is produced in this preparation by delivering ________ via the stimulating electrode.
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a burst of 100 electrical pulses in a few seconds
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Which class of antidepressant agents have the effect of increasing activity in both serotonin and norepinephrine synapses?
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SNRIs
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Which of the following supports the contention that schizophrenia is associated with brain damage?
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The size of the lateral ventricles increases in schizophrenic patients.
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The metabolism of glycogen within astrocytes produces ________, which in turn promotes ________ .
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adenosine; slow-wave sleep
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Neurons within the amygdala are activated by
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detection of emotionally relevant stimuli.
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The difference between receptivity and proceptivity is that
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proceptivity reflects the eagerness of the female to copulate.
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Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair your ability to grasp and manipulate objects with your fingers.
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lateral corticospinal
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A key function of apoptosis is
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to terminate the formation of new neurons within the developing brain.
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Memories for a stimulus or an event can be retained in ________, which lasts for ________ .
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short-term memory; a few seconds
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The capacity of circuits involving the vlPOA and the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and dorsal pons to show mutual inhibition may result in
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the alternation between sleep and waking.
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The magnitude of depression is related to
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activation of the amygdala.
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The fact that adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortex appear to respond best to different sound ________ can be displayed in a ________ map.
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frequencies; tonotopic
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Movement of cargo from one end of the axon to the other involves ________ along the ________.
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axoplasmic transport; microtubules
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________ is sexual behavior displayed by male rodents.
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Intromission
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Cutaneous receptors signal information about stimuli that interact with
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the external surface of the skin.
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Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was accidentally driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to his
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ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
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The term "neuraxis" refers to
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an imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the brain.
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Atherosclerosis involves
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a buildup of plaque within arteries.
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The most common cause of seizure disorder is
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scarring produced by damage within the brain.
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The connection of the vestibular system with the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves allows the vestibular system to
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adjust eye movements to compensate for head movements.
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A brain region that is anterior and dorsal to another brain structure could also be described as ________ and ________ to that structure.
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rostral; superior
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An IPSP will be produced when a ligand
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opens a potassium channel.
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Which sequence of hormone treatment is most likely to restore sexual receptivity in an ovariectomized female rat?
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a small dose of estradiol followed by a progesterone dose
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Clozapine is referred to as an "atypical" antischizophrenic drug because it
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can reverse schizophrenic symptoms without producing the motor disorder tardive dyskinesia
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The symptom known as ______ is an abnormality of REM sleep.
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(Sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, cataplexy, sleep attack) All of the Above
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Brain damage in humans that involves the lamina terminalis
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impairs the capacity of a person to experience thirst after injection of hypertonic saline.
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The ________ is that portion of the nervous system that lies outside of the brain and spinal cord.
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peripheral nervous system
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The minimum movement of the hair cell tips that will generate a perceptible sound is
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1-100 picometers.
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Which of the following is true of Schwann cells?
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Schwann cells provide myelin for peripheral nerve cells.
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Which of the following is correct regarding axoplasmic transport?
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Retrograde transport is half as fast as anterograde axoplasmic transport.
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With regard to the genetic basis of schizophrenia
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genes impart a susceptibility to develop schizophrenia.
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Which of the following is true of "complex" cells within the visual cortex?
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These cells appear to code for line movement across the visual field.
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The human visual system is specialized to detect
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electromagnetic radiation between 380 and 760 nm.
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The mood disorder characterized by depression, lethargy, sleep disturbances, craving for carbohydrates, and weight gain is called
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seasonal affective disorder.
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Water loss from the body through evaporation results in
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an increased concentration of solute within the interstitial fluid.
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Positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms are shown by humans after ingestion of
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phencyclidine.
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In the experiment by Tordoff and Friedman (1988), reduced eating in a hungry rat was noted after
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infusions of glucose or fructose into the hepatic portal vein.
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The cerebral cortex has a grayish-brown appearance because
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the cortex contains many cell bodies.
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The ________ is considered to be the body's "master gland."
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anterior pituitary
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Damage to the visual association cortex would be expected to produce
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problems in recognizing an object by sight
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A key feature for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in Dr. C was
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diverse neurological symptoms that appeared at different times.
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Based on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that the hippocampus is
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not required for retrieval of long-term memories
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The key deficit suffered by Mr. J. after a stroke involving his left parietal lobe was
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an inability to make movements on command.
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An action potential that occurs in a dendritic branch after an action potential in a pyramidal cell is termed
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the dendritic spike.
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The physical gap that carries a neural message between two nerve cells is the
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synapse
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Hair cells within the vestibular sacs are activated by
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movement of the otoconia.
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The emotion of disgust involves activation of neurons within the
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insular cortex
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The results of cortical stimulation studies indicate that a disproportionate amount of motor cortex is devoted to the control of movements of the
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fingers.
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Communication of neural signals across the synapse involves
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(the opening of voltage-gated channels in the axon terminal, voltage changes that open calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane, vesicles that release transmitter molecules into the synapse, the binding of transmitter at postsynaptic receptors triggering membrane potentials) All of the Above
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Persistence of a long-term potentiation for more than an hour requires
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increased protein synthesis within the postsynaptic dendrite.
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The process of accommodation involves
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the lens becoming more rounded to focus on near objects
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Which of the following structures might contain a postsynaptic density?
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(Dendrite, Axon, Soma) All but D are correct
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With regard to handedness and hemispheric speech dominance,
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over 90 percent of the population shows left-hemisphere dominance for speech.
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Which of the following results from studies of people with spinal cord injuries supports the James-Lange theory of emotion?
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People who could not feel reactions from most of their bodies reported that they no longer felt intense emotions
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The process of ________ refers to the production of new neurons.
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neurogenesis
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A person can reduce his or her risk of stroke by lifestyle changes such as
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(reducing or stopping cigarette smoking, managing diabetes, managing blood pressure, reducing high blood levels of cholesterol) All of the Above
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The two major types of symptoms noted in schizophrenia include
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positive symptoms and negative symptoms.
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The key event that resulted in the treatment of Larry's schizophrenia was
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his attack on his mother
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Cochlear implants restore the ability to understand speech by
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electrically stimulating different regions of the basilar membrane
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A ________ is a large groove found in the surface of the human cortex.
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fissure
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Parkinson's disease?
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(Slow labored writing, Difficulty in pacing across a room, Resting tremor, Slowness of movement) All of the Above
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Which of the following is considered to be an important factor that contributes to obesity?
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the fact that some persons are efficient at storing ingested calories as fat
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Rapid sensory feedback from motor movements arises from the ________ to guide movements controlled by the primary motor cortex.
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primary somatosensory cortex
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The dopamine schizophrenia hypothesis is supported by the finding that
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dopamine antagonists relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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The difference between the two types of smooth muscle is that
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single-unit smooth muscle contracts in a rhythmic fashion while multi-unit smooth muscle is normally inactive, but will contract in response to neural stimulation or to certain hormones.
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A serious difficulty with the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure is
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the risk of death after the procedure.
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The key aspect of speech sounds that allows a person to recognize a word resides in
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the short-duration starts and stops of speech sounds
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Functional imaging studies of the brain during decision-making suggest that personal moral dilemmas strongly activate the
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ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
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The ________ neuron is the most common nerve cell type in the central nervous system.
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multipolar
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Reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation and of drugs such as amphetamine reflect an action on ________ projections of the ________ .
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dopamine; mesolimbic pathway
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The stroke victim described in Chapter 14 had difficulty in perceiving ________ after damage to her ________.
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spatial directions; right parietal lobe
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The term ________ is derived from the word meaning "little bladder."
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vesicle
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The most likely consequence of damage positioned at the junction of the visual, auditory, and somatosensory association cortexes would be
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problems in reading or writing
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Axons that travel within the ________ connect the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies
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fornix
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The analysis of complex visual perception as one moves through the environment is referred to as
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the optic flow.
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Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair your ability to grasp and manipulate objects with your fingers.
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lateral corticospinal
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The meaning of a particular word is most likely stored in
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association cortex.
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A key sign that a child born to a mother who consumed alcohol during the pregnancy suffers from fetal alcohol syndrome involves
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abnormal facial development
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A baby that has fetal alcohol syndrome would be expected to
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be smaller than average in size
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The odor of human female underarm sweat can
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synchronize menstrual cycles in women.
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Partial seizures
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originate from a definite focus or source within the brain.
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The term "glabrous," as it pertains to skin, means
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smooth.
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The modules of primary visual cortex project their information mostly to the
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extrastriate cortex.
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The major components of an emotional response include
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behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions.
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Which of the following is true of receptors?
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Neurotransmitters act on binding sites on receptors to exert their effects.
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The size of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is an indicator of
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sexual identity.
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Two key structural changes that accompany LTP are
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(increased size of dendritic spines and formation of new synaptic contacts) A and D are correct
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The most profound symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is
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anterograde amnesia.
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"Autotopagnosia" involves ________ and is produced by damage to the ________.
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problems in naming one's own body parts; left parietal lobe
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Advance sleep phase syndrome is associated with a mutation on chromosome _______ that results in an abnormal _______ protein
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2; per2
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The primary function of the Pacinian corpuscle is to detect
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rapid vibrations.
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Electrical stimulation of the ________ in humans produces painful burning and tingling sensations.
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insular cortex
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Activation of cells within the ________ by a poison in the blood would be predicted to produce ________.
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area postrema; vomiting
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The ________ is the membrane that prevents a contact lens from slipping into the space behind the eyeball
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conjunctiva
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Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair your ability to grasp and manipulate objects with your fingers.
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lateral corticospinal
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Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ________ within the postsynaptic dendrite, which then acts on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ________ .
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nitric oxide; glutamate
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Damage to the ________ impairs the Lee-Boot, Whitten, and Bruce effects in mice
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vomeronasal organ
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Match up the correct receptor type and effect.
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metabotropic; direct opening of an ion channel
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A genetic manipulation of the lateral amygdala that inactivates AMPA receptors would be expected to
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block the acquisition of a conditioned emotional response.
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A person who believes that others are plotting against them is most likely suffering from a delusion of
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persecution
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A key function of the rubrospinal tract is to
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control independent movements of the forearms and hands
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In a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional responses. Which of the following is true of the anatomy of this fear response?
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The central nucleus of the amygdala integrates the pairing of tone and shock information.
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The speech deficit of ________ is a common feature of all forms of aphasia.
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anomia
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Which of the following is true of human cerebral cortex?
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The human cortex is about 3 mm in thickness.
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Of the following, which would NOT be an example of prosody?
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Using an active rather than a passive verb
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Which of the following is an explanation for the higher acuity of the visual system at the fovea, relative to the periphery of the retina?
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A foveal ganglion cell may receive information from a single photoreceptor, whereas a peripheral ganglion cell may receive information from multiple photoreceptors.
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A convulsion occurs when a seizure
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involves the motor cortex
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Which of the following is true of sleeping medications?
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Sleeping pills can lead to daytime hangovers
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taneous receptors signal information about stimuli that interact with
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the external surface of the skin
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Reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation and of drugs such as amphetamine reflect an action on ________ projections of the ________
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dopamine; mesolimbic pathway
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The symptom known as ______ is an abnormality of REM sleep
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All of the above are correct
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The structures that comprise the basal ganglia include the
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All except for D are correct
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________ is NOT an example of relational learning.
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Learning to swing a golf club
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Damage to the basal ganglia would be expected to produce difficulties in
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motor movements
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The primary output of the hippocampus
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arises from the pyramidal cells of field CA1
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Inactivation of the central amygdaloid nucleus results in
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reduced blood levels of stress hormones
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An intact ________ is required in order for a conditioned emotional response to alter blood pressure.
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lateral hypothalamus
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The fact that we experience negative afterimages is taken as support for the
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opponent-process theory of color vision.
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Patients with ________ dyslexia are able to read aloud, but do not understand what they are reading.
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direct
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Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?
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superior colliculi; taste reactivity
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The expression of emotional responses is inhibited by inputs from the
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ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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The process of ________ is involved in the regulation of the fluid that bathes our cells.
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homeostasis
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Hypoglycemia induced by an injection of ________ results in _______.
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insulin; eating
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The notion that normal food intake is controlled by NPY is supported by the observation that
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intra-hypothalamic injection of an NPY antagonist blocks the capacity of food deprivation to induce eating.
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Most of the elements of REM sleep are triggered by infusion of ________ into the ________ .
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glutamate; sublateral dorsal nucleus
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Among the cable properties of axons are the fact that
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subthreshold signals degrade with distance from the point of stimulation.
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Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?
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superior colliculi; taste reactivity
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The death of a nerve cell generates an accumulation of ß-amyloid and twisted protein filaments that are termed
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neurofibrillary tangles.
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As a consequence of the activity of the sodium-potassium transporters,
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intracellular sodium concentrations are kept low.
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Damage to the ________ impairs the Lee-Boot, Whitten, and Bruce effects in mice.
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vomeronasal organ
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Long-term potentiation is associated with the movement of ________ to the ________.
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AMPA receptors; tip of dendritic spines
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Cochlear implants restore the ability to understand speech by
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electrically stimulating different regions of the basilar membrane.
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Placing neurons and their synaptic contacts into a medium containing no calcium ions would be expected to
answer
prevent the release of neurotransmitter into the synapse.
question
Cutaneous receptors signal information about stimuli that interact with
answer
the external surface of the skin.
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Which of the following is used to record the electrical potentials generated in an axon?
answer
(A single reference wire placed in the fluid surrounding the axon, A microelectrode inserted into the axon interior, An oscilloscope, A giant squid axon) All of the Above
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The term "glabrous," as it pertains to skin, means
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smooth
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Which of the following is true of rate coding along the basilar membrane?
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Frequencies lower than 200 Hz are coded by a rate of firing that is cued to the movement of the apical end of the basilar membrane.
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Which of the following represents a therapy for Parkinson's disease?
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Stereotaxically guided destruction of the internal division of the globus pallidus
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The process of phagocytosis involves
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the removal of neuronal debris.
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