question

Broca's aphasia involves the speech deficit(s) of

answer

(agrammatism, articulation difficulties, anomia) or All but C are correct

question

Placing neurons and their synaptic contacts into a medium containing no calcium ions would be expected to

answer

prevent the release of neurotransmitter into the synapse.

question

A genetic male has a hormone receptor deficiency that resulted in this person having a penis and both sets of internal sex organs. The most likely explanation for this case is that the person might

answer

have persistent Mellerian duct syndrome

question

A female rodent exposed to high levels of testosterone while in the mother's uterus is likely to

answer

show more interfemale aggression as an adult.

question

In the two groups of descending tracts in the motor system, neurons of the ________ control the movements of the body trunk, whereas neurons of the ________ control movements of the hands and fingers.

answer

ventromedial group; lateral group

question

A person with pure word deafness retains the ability to

answer

(read lips, understand the emotion expressed in speech, read and write, and recognize nonspeech sounds) All of the above are correct

question

The viral hypothesis of schizophrenia is supported by the observation that

answer

analysis of stored serum from mothers whose children later developed schizophrenia showed evidence of maternal infection

question

Associative long-term potentiation requires ________ occur about the same time as ________ .

answer

activation of a strong input to a given synapse to; a weak input is activated

question

The hair-like appendages that extend from the ends of the auditory receptors are known as

answer

cilia.

question

The ________ is formed by the synapse of an efferent nerve terminal onto a muscle fiber.

answer

neuromuscular junction

question

A brain that is exposed to androgen during prenatal development will not show female sexual behavior in adulthood. This effect is referred to as

answer

behavioral defeminization.

question

Key functions of the autonomic nervous system include the control of

answer

"smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and "vegetative" processes" or All of the Above are correct

question

In the opening vignette of the chapter on sleep, Michael suffered from

answer

narcolepsy.

question

Human brains are about three times larger than chimpanzee brains when corrected for

answer

body size.

question

The primary hormone associated with the absorptive phase of metabolism is

answer

insulin

question

________ is (are) an effective treatment for bipolar depression.

answer

Lithium

question

Which terms below do NOT belong together?

answer

lumbar; "horse's tail"

question

Neurons that are formed during embryonic development are likely to die if they do not

answer

form synaptic contacts with other neurons.

question

A key aspect of ________ apraxia is that a patient asked to imitate a movement is unable to do so using either hand.

answer

left parietal

question

Electrical stimulation of brain neurons that release ________ produces cortical arousal.

answer

acetylcholine

question

The amygdala is involved in the recognition of ________communicated via ________.

answer

fear; facial expression

question

Studies of patients with conduction aphasia have led to which of the following conclusions about the neural control of language?

answer

There are different neural paths for sounds and for meanings of words

question

Which of the following represents a correct match between a neuronal organelle and its function?

answer

mitochondria; extraction of energy

question

An intact ________ is required in order for a conditioned emotional response to alter blood pressure

answer

lateral hypothalamus

question

The bony covering that provides protection for the brain is termed the

answer

skull

question

A genetic mutation of the hypocretin gene in mice results in

answer

symptoms of narcolepsy.

question

A difficulty in the use of word order, use of function words, and selection of appropriate word endings is termed

answer

agrammatism.

question

The common structures or regions that form a motor neuron include the

answer

(soma, dendrites, axon, and axon terminals) All of the Above

question

Which of the following is true about prosody?

answer

(It often serves as a vehicle for conveying emotion,the right hemisphere plays a role in the production and perception of prosody, it is normal in people with Wernicke's aphasia, punctuation symbols are mimics of prosody) All of the Above

question

Select the correct sequence for processing of information in the primary visual pathway:

answer

retina - > dorsal lateral geniculate (LGN) -> striate cortex

question

Which of the following is true of rate coding along the basilar membrane?

answer

Frequencies lower than 200 Hz are coded by a rate of firing that is cued to the movement of the apical end of the basilar membrane

question

Photopigments are molecules found in rods and cones that consist of

answer

an opsin and a retinal.

question

The perceptual attribute of ________ best corresponds to the relative purity of a light stimulus.

answer

saturation

question

Which of the following indicates the importance of peripheral nutrient receptors in satiety?

answer

Fructose infusions into the hepatic portal vein inhibit eating.

question

Which of the following is true of pain?

answer

(Pain has emotional consequences,Pain induces avoidance responses to certain stimuli, Pain is a sensory signal, Pain can have long-term implications for a person) All of the Above

question

Which of the following is used to record the electrical potentials generated in an axon?

answer

( A single reference wire placed in the fluid surrounding the axon, A microelectrode inserted into the axon interior, An oscilloscope, A giant squid axon) All of the Above

question

The key deficit in pure anomia involves a difficulty in

answer

choosing the correct words to express an idea.

question

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

answer

represent a lack of normal behaviors.

question

Which neural structure below is NOT a part of the limbic system?

answer

Caudate nucleus

question

In a typical long-term potentiation (LTP) study, a stimulating electrode is inserted into the perforant path, while a recording electrode is inserted into the dentate gyrus. LTP is produced in this preparation by delivering ________ via the stimulating electrode.

answer

a burst of 100 electrical pulses in a few seconds

question

Which class of antidepressant agents have the effect of increasing activity in both serotonin and norepinephrine synapses?

answer

SNRIs

question

Which of the following supports the contention that schizophrenia is associated with brain damage?

answer

The size of the lateral ventricles increases in schizophrenic patients.

question

The metabolism of glycogen within astrocytes produces ________, which in turn promotes ________ .

answer

adenosine; slow-wave sleep

question

Neurons within the amygdala are activated by

answer

detection of emotionally relevant stimuli.

question

The difference between receptivity and proceptivity is that

answer

proceptivity reflects the eagerness of the female to copulate.

question

Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair your ability to grasp and manipulate objects with your fingers.

answer

lateral corticospinal

question

A key function of apoptosis is

answer

to terminate the formation of new neurons within the developing brain.

question

Memories for a stimulus or an event can be retained in ________, which lasts for ________ .

answer

short-term memory; a few seconds

question

The capacity of circuits involving the vlPOA and the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and dorsal pons to show mutual inhibition may result in

answer

the alternation between sleep and waking.

question

The magnitude of depression is related to

answer

activation of the amygdala.

question

The fact that adjacent regions of the basilar membrane and of the primary auditory cortex appear to respond best to different sound ________ can be displayed in a ________ map.

answer

frequencies; tonotopic

question

Movement of cargo from one end of the axon to the other involves ________ along the ________.

answer

axoplasmic transport; microtubules

question

________ is sexual behavior displayed by male rodents.

answer

Intromission

question

Cutaneous receptors signal information about stimuli that interact with

answer

the external surface of the skin.

question

Phineas Gage, who was injured when a steel rod was accidentally driven through his skull, exhibited capricious, emotional behavior (in part) as a result of widespread damage to his

answer

ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

question

The term "neuraxis" refers to

answer

an imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the brain.

question

Atherosclerosis involves

answer

a buildup of plaque within arteries.

question

The most common cause of seizure disorder is

answer

scarring produced by damage within the brain.

question

The connection of the vestibular system with the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves allows the vestibular system to

answer

adjust eye movements to compensate for head movements.

question

A brain region that is anterior and dorsal to another brain structure could also be described as ________ and ________ to that structure.

answer

rostral; superior

question

An IPSP will be produced when a ligand

answer

opens a potassium channel.

question

Which sequence of hormone treatment is most likely to restore sexual receptivity in an ovariectomized female rat?

answer

a small dose of estradiol followed by a progesterone dose

question

Clozapine is referred to as an "atypical" antischizophrenic drug because it

answer

can reverse schizophrenic symptoms without producing the motor disorder tardive dyskinesia

question

The symptom known as ______ is an abnormality of REM sleep.

answer

(Sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, cataplexy, sleep attack) All of the Above

question

Brain damage in humans that involves the lamina terminalis

answer

impairs the capacity of a person to experience thirst after injection of hypertonic saline.

question

The ________ is that portion of the nervous system that lies outside of the brain and spinal cord.

answer

peripheral nervous system

question

The minimum movement of the hair cell tips that will generate a perceptible sound is

answer

1-100 picometers.

question

Which of the following is true of Schwann cells?

answer

Schwann cells provide myelin for peripheral nerve cells.

question

Which of the following is correct regarding axoplasmic transport?

answer

Retrograde transport is half as fast as anterograde axoplasmic transport.

question

With regard to the genetic basis of schizophrenia

answer

genes impart a susceptibility to develop schizophrenia.

question

Which of the following is true of "complex" cells within the visual cortex?

answer

These cells appear to code for line movement across the visual field.

question

The human visual system is specialized to detect

answer

electromagnetic radiation between 380 and 760 nm.

question

The mood disorder characterized by depression, lethargy, sleep disturbances, craving for carbohydrates, and weight gain is called

answer

seasonal affective disorder.

question

Water loss from the body through evaporation results in

answer

an increased concentration of solute within the interstitial fluid.

question

Positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms are shown by humans after ingestion of

answer

phencyclidine.

question

In the experiment by Tordoff and Friedman (1988), reduced eating in a hungry rat was noted after

answer

infusions of glucose or fructose into the hepatic portal vein.

question

The cerebral cortex has a grayish-brown appearance because

answer

the cortex contains many cell bodies.

question

The ________ is considered to be the body's "master gland."

answer

anterior pituitary

question

Damage to the visual association cortex would be expected to produce

answer

problems in recognizing an object by sight

question

A key feature for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in Dr. C was

answer

diverse neurological symptoms that appeared at different times.

question

Based on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that the hippocampus is

answer

not required for retrieval of long-term memories

question

The key deficit suffered by Mr. J. after a stroke involving his left parietal lobe was

answer

an inability to make movements on command.

question

An action potential that occurs in a dendritic branch after an action potential in a pyramidal cell is termed

answer

the dendritic spike.

question

The physical gap that carries a neural message between two nerve cells is the

answer

synapse

question

Hair cells within the vestibular sacs are activated by

answer

movement of the otoconia.

question

The emotion of disgust involves activation of neurons within the

answer

insular cortex

question

The results of cortical stimulation studies indicate that a disproportionate amount of motor cortex is devoted to the control of movements of the

answer

fingers.

question

Communication of neural signals across the synapse involves

answer

(the opening of voltage-gated channels in the axon terminal, voltage changes that open calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane, vesicles that release transmitter molecules into the synapse, the binding of transmitter at postsynaptic receptors triggering membrane potentials) All of the Above

question

Persistence of a long-term potentiation for more than an hour requires

answer

increased protein synthesis within the postsynaptic dendrite.

question

The process of accommodation involves

answer

the lens becoming more rounded to focus on near objects

question

Which of the following structures might contain a postsynaptic density?

answer

(Dendrite, Axon, Soma) All but D are correct

question

With regard to handedness and hemispheric speech dominance,

answer

over 90 percent of the population shows left-hemisphere dominance for speech.

question

Which of the following results from studies of people with spinal cord injuries supports the James-Lange theory of emotion?

answer

People who could not feel reactions from most of their bodies reported that they no longer felt intense emotions

question

The process of ________ refers to the production of new neurons.

answer

neurogenesis

question

A person can reduce his or her risk of stroke by lifestyle changes such as

answer

(reducing or stopping cigarette smoking, managing diabetes, managing blood pressure, reducing high blood levels of cholesterol) All of the Above

question

The two major types of symptoms noted in schizophrenia include

answer

positive symptoms and negative symptoms.

question

The key event that resulted in the treatment of Larry's schizophrenia was

answer

his attack on his mother

question

Cochlear implants restore the ability to understand speech by

answer

electrically stimulating different regions of the basilar membrane

question

A ________ is a large groove found in the surface of the human cortex.

answer

fissure

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of Parkinson's disease?

answer

(Slow labored writing, Difficulty in pacing across a room, Resting tremor, Slowness of movement) All of the Above

question

Which of the following is considered to be an important factor that contributes to obesity?

answer

the fact that some persons are efficient at storing ingested calories as fat

question

Rapid sensory feedback from motor movements arises from the ________ to guide movements controlled by the primary motor cortex.

answer

primary somatosensory cortex

question

The dopamine schizophrenia hypothesis is supported by the finding that

answer

dopamine antagonists relieve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

question

The difference between the two types of smooth muscle is that

answer

single-unit smooth muscle contracts in a rhythmic fashion while multi-unit smooth muscle is normally inactive, but will contract in response to neural stimulation or to certain hormones.

question

A serious difficulty with the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure is

answer

the risk of death after the procedure.

question

The key aspect of speech sounds that allows a person to recognize a word resides in

answer

the short-duration starts and stops of speech sounds

question

Functional imaging studies of the brain during decision-making suggest that personal moral dilemmas strongly activate the

answer

ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

question

The ________ neuron is the most common nerve cell type in the central nervous system.

answer

multipolar

question

Reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation and of drugs such as amphetamine reflect an action on ________ projections of the ________ .

answer

dopamine; mesolimbic pathway

question

The stroke victim described in Chapter 14 had difficulty in perceiving ________ after damage to her ________.

answer

spatial directions; right parietal lobe

question

The term ________ is derived from the word meaning "little bladder."

answer

vesicle

question

The most likely consequence of damage positioned at the junction of the visual, auditory, and somatosensory association cortexes would be

answer

problems in reading or writing

question

Axons that travel within the ________ connect the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies

answer

fornix

question

The analysis of complex visual perception as one moves through the environment is referred to as

answer

the optic flow.

question

Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair your ability to grasp and manipulate objects with your fingers.

answer

lateral corticospinal

question

The meaning of a particular word is most likely stored in

answer

association cortex.

question

A key sign that a child born to a mother who consumed alcohol during the pregnancy suffers from fetal alcohol syndrome involves

answer

abnormal facial development

question

A baby that has fetal alcohol syndrome would be expected to

answer

be smaller than average in size

question

The odor of human female underarm sweat can

answer

synchronize menstrual cycles in women.

question

Partial seizures

answer

originate from a definite focus or source within the brain.

question

The term "glabrous," as it pertains to skin, means

answer

smooth.

question

The modules of primary visual cortex project their information mostly to the

answer

extrastriate cortex.

question

The major components of an emotional response include

answer

behavior, autonomic activity, and hormonal secretions.

question

Which of the following is true of receptors?

answer

Neurotransmitters act on binding sites on receptors to exert their effects.

question

The size of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is an indicator of

answer

sexual identity.

question

Two key structural changes that accompany LTP are

answer

(increased size of dendritic spines and formation of new synaptic contacts) A and D are correct

question

The most profound symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is

answer

anterograde amnesia.

question

"Autotopagnosia" involves ________ and is produced by damage to the ________.

answer

problems in naming one's own body parts; left parietal lobe

question

Advance sleep phase syndrome is associated with a mutation on chromosome _______ that results in an abnormal _______ protein

answer

2; per2

question

The primary function of the Pacinian corpuscle is to detect

answer

rapid vibrations.

question

Electrical stimulation of the ________ in humans produces painful burning and tingling sensations.

answer

insular cortex

question

Activation of cells within the ________ by a poison in the blood would be predicted to produce ________.

answer

area postrema; vomiting

question

The ________ is the membrane that prevents a contact lens from slipping into the space behind the eyeball

answer

conjunctiva

question

Damage involving the ________ tract would be expected to impair your ability to grasp and manipulate objects with your fingers.

answer

lateral corticospinal

question

Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ________ within the postsynaptic dendrite, which then acts on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ________ .

answer

nitric oxide; glutamate

question

Damage to the ________ impairs the Lee-Boot, Whitten, and Bruce effects in mice

answer

vomeronasal organ

question

Match up the correct receptor type and effect.

answer

metabotropic; direct opening of an ion channel

question

A genetic manipulation of the lateral amygdala that inactivates AMPA receptors would be expected to

answer

block the acquisition of a conditioned emotional response.

question

A person who believes that others are plotting against them is most likely suffering from a delusion of

answer

persecution

question

A key function of the rubrospinal tract is to

answer

control independent movements of the forearms and hands

question

In a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional responses. Which of the following is true of the anatomy of this fear response?

answer

The central nucleus of the amygdala integrates the pairing of tone and shock information.

question

The speech deficit of ________ is a common feature of all forms of aphasia.

answer

anomia

question

Which of the following is true of human cerebral cortex?

answer

The human cortex is about 3 mm in thickness.

question

Of the following, which would NOT be an example of prosody?

answer

Using an active rather than a passive verb

question

Which of the following is an explanation for the higher acuity of the visual system at the fovea, relative to the periphery of the retina?

answer

A foveal ganglion cell may receive information from a single photoreceptor, whereas a peripheral ganglion cell may receive information from multiple photoreceptors.

question

A convulsion occurs when a seizure

answer

involves the motor cortex

question

Which of the following is true of sleeping medications?

answer

Sleeping pills can lead to daytime hangovers

question

taneous receptors signal information about stimuli that interact with

answer

the external surface of the skin

question

Reinforcing effects of electrical brain stimulation and of drugs such as amphetamine reflect an action on ________ projections of the ________

answer

dopamine; mesolimbic pathway

question

The symptom known as ______ is an abnormality of REM sleep

answer

All of the above are correct

question

The structures that comprise the basal ganglia include the

answer

All except for D are correct

question

________ is NOT an example of relational learning.

answer

Learning to swing a golf club

question

Damage to the basal ganglia would be expected to produce difficulties in

answer

motor movements

question

The primary output of the hippocampus

answer

arises from the pyramidal cells of field CA1

question

Inactivation of the central amygdaloid nucleus results in

answer

reduced blood levels of stress hormones

question

An intact ________ is required in order for a conditioned emotional response to alter blood pressure.

answer

lateral hypothalamus

question

The fact that we experience negative afterimages is taken as support for the

answer

opponent-process theory of color vision.

question

Patients with ________ dyslexia are able to read aloud, but do not understand what they are reading.

answer

direct

question

Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?

answer

superior colliculi; taste reactivity

question

The expression of emotional responses is inhibited by inputs from the

answer

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

question

The process of ________ is involved in the regulation of the fluid that bathes our cells.

answer

homeostasis

question

Hypoglycemia induced by an injection of ________ results in _______.

answer

insulin; eating

question

The notion that normal food intake is controlled by NPY is supported by the observation that

answer

intra-hypothalamic injection of an NPY antagonist blocks the capacity of food deprivation to induce eating.

question

Most of the elements of REM sleep are triggered by infusion of ________ into the ________ .

answer

glutamate; sublateral dorsal nucleus

question

Among the cable properties of axons are the fact that

answer

subthreshold signals degrade with distance from the point of stimulation.

question

Which of the following terms do NOT belong together?

answer

superior colliculi; taste reactivity

question

The death of a nerve cell generates an accumulation of ß-amyloid and twisted protein filaments that are termed

answer

neurofibrillary tangles.

question

As a consequence of the activity of the sodium-potassium transporters,

answer

intracellular sodium concentrations are kept low.

question

Damage to the ________ impairs the Lee-Boot, Whitten, and Bruce effects in mice.

answer

vomeronasal organ

question

Long-term potentiation is associated with the movement of ________ to the ________.

answer

AMPA receptors; tip of dendritic spines

question

Cochlear implants restore the ability to understand speech by

answer

electrically stimulating different regions of the basilar membrane.

question

Placing neurons and their synaptic contacts into a medium containing no calcium ions would be expected to

answer

prevent the release of neurotransmitter into the synapse.

question

Cutaneous receptors signal information about stimuli that interact with

answer

the external surface of the skin.

question

Which of the following is used to record the electrical potentials generated in an axon?

answer

(A single reference wire placed in the fluid surrounding the axon, A microelectrode inserted into the axon interior, An oscilloscope, A giant squid axon) All of the Above

question

The term "glabrous," as it pertains to skin, means

answer

smooth

question

Which of the following is true of rate coding along the basilar membrane?

answer

Frequencies lower than 200 Hz are coded by a rate of firing that is cued to the movement of the apical end of the basilar membrane.

question

Which of the following represents a therapy for Parkinson's disease?

answer

Stereotaxically guided destruction of the internal division of the globus pallidus

question

The process of phagocytosis involves

answer

the removal of neuronal debris.

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