Exam 2 – Leadership – Flashcards
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People's expectations from work (such as work providing necessary income or work providing satisfactory experiences) refer to
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Functions of work.
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Conclusions from the World Values Survey and the European Values Survey on functions of work reveal that
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People from different nations do not assign the same magnitude of importance to work functions.
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The importance of work refers to
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how central work is in an individual's life.
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The concept of work centrality refers to
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The degree of importance of work in the life of an individual.
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All the following are true about work centrality EXCEPT
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It represents the function of work in an organizational culture.
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All of the following statements about work in different countries are true EXCEPT
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Regardless of country, money has the highest priority for why people work.
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Motivation refers to
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Goal-directed behaviors to satisfy human needs.
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Reactions to a person's behavior that encourage the person to continue the behavior is
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Reinforcement
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The national context affect motivation through all of the following EXCEPT
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The existence of strong organizational cultures.
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Need theories of motivation are based on the assumption that
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People can satisfy basic human needs in the work setting.
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All of the following statements about Maslow's hierarchy of needs are true EXCEPT
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People have six basic type of needs.
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All of the following statements are true about hygiene factors EXCEPT
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Hygiene factors can motivate workers similarly to motivating factors.
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Which of the following motivation theory suggests that only some people have the need to win in competitive situation or to exceed excellence standards?
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Achievement-motivation theory
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When applying need theories in a cross-national context, managers should
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Take into consideration the particular needs that people seek to satisfy in different countries.
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Which types of motivation theories explain motivation arising from satisfaction of needs and values combined with an individual's beliefs regarding the work environment?
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Process and reinforcement theories
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Expectancy theory proposes that
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Motivation is a result of an individual's preferences and belief that his/her effort will lead to some valued results.
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In a cross-national context, expectancy theory prescribes that managers
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Identify valued outcomes and convince workers that their efforts will lead to these outcomes.
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The theory based on the idea that employees compare their inputs and outcomes to other persons in the work setting to determine of they are being fairly treated is
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Equity theory
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All of the following statements are true EXCEPT
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Equity norms prevail in collectivist cultures.
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Principles of goal-setting theory include all of the following EXCEPT
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Assign do-your-best types of goals.
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Setting goals for work groups is recommended in
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Collectivist cultures.
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All of the following are true about the operant-conditioning model EXCEPT
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People will continue behaviors they like irrespective of the nature of consequence.
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Which motivation theory proposes that if a pleasurable consequence follows a behavior, then the behavior will continue and if an unpleasant consequence follows a behavior, the behavior will stop?
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Reinforcement theory
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Applying reinforcement at a cross-national level is challenging because
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It is hard to identify the organizational rewards that can be used as reinforcers. It is hard to understand how work values influence potential rewards. It is hard to know which type of reinforcer is more applicable in different cultures. (All of the Above)
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All of the following statements about the US job characteristics model are true EXCEPT
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The model suggests that enriching job characteristics is motivating for all types of individuals.
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The sociotechnical systems approach to job design
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Attempts to mesh both modern technology and social needs of workers.
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A crucial difference between the US job characteristics model and the European STS approach is
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The US model focuses on individuals, while the European model focuses on work teams.
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Social loafing
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Occurs when people put out less effort when working in groups.
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Some of the detrimental effects of social loafing can be reduced if
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Individuals are held responsible for performance.
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In individualistic cultures, performance drops off with the use of teamwork because
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Of social loafing. Workers believe that the group will make up any slack in their personal efforts. Workers do not feel responsible for group outcomes. (All of the Above)
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A manager gives bonuses to high performing foreign employees hoping that they will continue performing at a high level. This manager is using which motivational principle?
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Reinforcement
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An expatriate finds that one of his subordinates regularly jokes about a minority group in the country. She decides to ignore the jokes hoping that the subordinate will eventually stop such jokes. Which aspect of reinforcement theory is she using?
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Extinction
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Hygiene factors include
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The size of desks and color of offices.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons discussed to explain why people engage in social loafing in individualistic cultures?
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When working in groups, people in individualistic cultures often feel less pressure to work and less responsible for work outcomes. Workers in groups in individualistic cultures often believe that the group will make up any slack in their personal efforts. People in individualistic cultures often give priority to their own work over the group. All of the above are reasons to explain social loafing in individualistic cultures.
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Which of the following theories is NOT considered as one of the needs theories
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Equity theory
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The need to maximize personal achievement refers to which type of need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs
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Self actualization needs.
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Esteem needs refer to
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Focus on respect and feelings of self-worth.
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According to the text, those who are underrewarded are likely to
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Reduce their inputs.
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According to equity theory, equity conscious people are most likely those
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Who behave consistently with equity theory.
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Which of the following refers to the aspect of a job where the person can complete a whole piece of work from beginning to end?
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Task identity
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All the following statements are true about leadership EXCEPT
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Companies can achieve success with or without good leaders.
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Some of the characteristics of the new breed of global leaders include
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The skills and abilities to interact with and manage people from the diverse cultural backgrounds that populate their multinational companies. Sufficiently flexible to operate comfortably in pluralistic cultural environments. Knows at least one foreign language and understands the complexities of interaction with people from other cultures. All of the above
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Trait models of leadership
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Evolved from the debate regarding whether leaders are born or made.
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The idea that leaders are born with unique characteristics that make them different form ordinary people is the
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The great-person theory.
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All of the following are true about trait leadership theories EXCEPT
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Leadership theorists identified an exact list of leadership traits.
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The type of leadership that includes behaviors that focus on completing tasks by initiating structure is known as
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Task-centered leadership.
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Person-centered leaders
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Show a concern for subordinates' feelings and taking subordinates' ideas into account.
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Leaders who do not allow employees to share in the decision- making are
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Autocratic leaders.
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The leadership style that falls midway between autocratic and democratic styles is the
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Consultative leader.
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All of the following are true about the Japanese Performance-Maintenance (PM) theory of leadership EXCEPT
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The maintenance function (M) is similar to task-centered leadership.
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Contingency theories
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Assume that different styles and different leaders are more appropriate for different situations.
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All of the following are true about Fiedler's Leadership Effectiveness theory EXCEPT
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Task-centered leadership works best in mixed conditions.
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Path-Goal Theory
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Is a popular US contingency theory. Identifies four types of leadership styles that a manager might choose depending on the situation. Key contingency or situational factors that determine the choice of the best leadership styles are: the nature of the subordinates and the characteristics of the subordinates' tasks. All of the above
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Which of the following is NOT one of the leadership styles of the path-goal theory of leadership?
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Task-oriented style
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Consulting with subordinates, asking for suggestions, encouraging participation in decision making, represent which leadership style in path-goal theory
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Participative style
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Key leadership suggestions based on path-goal theory include all of the following EXCEPT
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When the subordinate's job is unstructured, the theory suggests using a supportive style.
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The National Context Contingency Model of Leadership
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Includes two contingencies: the characteristics of subordinates and the nature of the work setting. Includes factors related to the national culture and social institutions. Only B and C are correct
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All of the following are true about leadership traits in various national settings EXCEPT
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In Germany, a desired leadership trait is modesty.
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U.S. managers' favored influence tactics include the following EXCEPT
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Aggressiveness.
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Building support for ideas and networking and using friendships involve the use of which influence tactics?
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Coalitions
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All of the following statements regarding subordinates expectations in different countries are true EXCEPT
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Weak masculinity norms often lead to the acceptance of more authoritarian leadership.
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When managers use rewards or punishment to influence their subordinates, they are engaging in
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Transactional leadership.
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Transformational leadership
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Succeeds because subordinates respond to the leader with high levels of performance, personal devotion, and excitement.
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Behaviors and characteristics of transformation leaders include the all of the following EXCEPT
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Uses rewards or punishments to influence subordinates.
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The attribution approach to leadership
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Emphasizes the leader's attributions regarding the causes of subordinates' behaviors.
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Explaining a person's behavior based on factors outside the person and beyond the person's control (e.g., natural disasters, illness, faulty equipment, etc.) is a/an
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External attribution.
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According to the text, if a leader perceives the cause of a subordinate's behavior based on an internal attribution, then most leaders will
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Tend to correct or reward the worker.
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The fundamental attribution error
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Is a tendency for managers to believe that most people act because of internal motivations.
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According to the text, all of the following statements about leadership styles in different cultures are true EXCEPT
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In low uncertainty avoidance countries leaders tell subordinates exactly what to do.
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The recommended leadership style for a country low on power distance and low on uncertainty avoidance is
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The democrat - supportive, participative, and achievement.
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Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding leadership in various cultures?
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In countries with high power distance, subordinates expect leaders to be more like them.
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A multinational manager discovers that his leadership style is more effective when he displays visible sign of status (e.g chauffeur driven cars) and he behaves as an authoritarian leader. The manager is most likely leading in which of the following cultures?
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A high power distance culture
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Which of the following is NOT one of the behaviors/characteristics of transformational leader as discussed in the text?
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Takes risk Demonstrates high ethical and moral standards Articulates a vision All of the above applies to transformational leaders
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An expatriate finds that if she gives specific directions to her subordinates, productivity is much higher. Which leader behavior is she displaying?
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Task-centered leader behavior
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According to the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) study, which of the following leadership styles represents the leader who is modest and has a compassionate orientation?
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Team-oriented leader Self-protective leader Participative leader None of the above
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Which statement regarding fundamental attribution errors is true?
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In Western nations, people tend to make internal attributions.
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According to the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior (GLOBE) studies, which of the following leadership style characterizes a leader who is self-centered, status conscious and procedural?
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The self-protective leader
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Which of the following statements regarding the autonomous leader is FALSE according to the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior (GLOBE) studies?
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Autonomous leadership is seen as very effective in most cultures.
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Which of the following examples characterize the use of assertiveness as an influence tactics?
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Example behaviors include being forceful and directive.
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The recommended leadership style for a country high on power distance and low on uncertainty avoidance is
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Example behaviors include being forceful and directive.
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International negotiation
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Is the process of making business deals across national and cultural boundaries.
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All of the following are true about international negotiation EXCEPT
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Most successful international negotiators use their home country negotiation styles.
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The Whorf hypothesis
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Suggests that language determines the nature of culture.
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High context languages
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Are languages in which people state things indirectly and implicitly.
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Languages in which people state things directly and explicitly where the words provide most of the meaning are
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Low context languages.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding high context languages?
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In high context languages, what is left unsaid is often as important as what is said.
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The degree of formal communication refers to
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Whether people speak directly or indirectly. Communication without words. Communication through formal body movements. None of the above
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Nonverbal communication
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Is part of face-to-face communication. Occurs through such things as body posture, facial expression, hand gestures, and the use of personal space. May also create (purposefully or not) situations that make a negotiator uncomfortable. All of the above
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Kinesics is
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Communicating through body movements.
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Proxemics
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Focuses on how people use space to communicate.
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Touch
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Is related to proxemics and is a basic form of human interaction.
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Attribution
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Is the process by which we interpret the meaning and intent of spoken words or nonverbal exchanges.
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When communicating with nonnative speakers, which of the following would make communication harder and less accurate?
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Using slang
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Gathering of extensive information on the negotiation issues, on the setting in which the negotiation will take place, and on the firm and people involved occurs in which stage of the steps in international negotiation?
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Preparation
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In the relationship building stage of the International Negotiation Process
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The negotiator focuses seriously on business issues. Usually takes place at the formal negotiation place. Is not as important as the other steps. None of the above
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All of the following are true about the steps in the Negotiation Process EXCEPT
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Although each international negotiation is unique and may combine two or more steps or repeat some, the negotiation process involves five steps leading to the final step, an agreement. The negotiation steps include preparation, building the relationship, exchanging information and the first offer, persuasion, and the agreement. Most experts agree that the process of international negotiation includes several steps. All of the above are true.
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At the _____ stage in the negotiation, both parties exchange the specifics of their needs for the agreement
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Exchanging Information and the First Offer
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All of the following are true about the Exchanging Information and the First Offer Step of the International Negotiation process EXCEPT
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Both sides usually present their final offer.
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In the _____ stage, each side in the negotiation attempts to get the other side to agree to its position.
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Persuasion
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All of the following is true about the persuasion stage EXCEPT
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The emphasis and mix of tactics do not vary by the cultural background of the negotiators.
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Dirty Tricks in International Negotiations refer to
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Negotiation tactics that pressure opponents to accept unfair or undesirable agreements or concessions.
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Deliberate deception, one example among some common ploys in international negotiations, refers to
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Negotiators presenting flagrant untruths either in the facts they present or in their intentions for the negotiation.
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Negotiators who make an agreement and then reveal that it must be approved by senior managers or the government is an example of which type of dirty trick?
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Escalating authority
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If negotiators are using deliberate deception as a dirty tricks, the best way to deal with the deception is
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To point out directly what you believe is happening.
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All of the following are true about the final agreement EXCEPT
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Successful negotiations do not necessarily result in the final agreement.
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The sequential approach to concession-making
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Implies that negotiators expect each side to give and take on individual issues in sequence.
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All of the following are true about the holistic concession-making approach EXCEPT
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Implies that negotiators expect each side to give and take on individual issues in sequence.
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In competitive negotiation
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Competitive negotiators use dirty tricks and any plot that leads to their advantage.
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_____ negotiators search for possible win-win situations where the outcome of the negotiation is mutually satisfactory to both sides
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Problem-solving
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All of the following are personal characteristics of the successful international negotiator EXCEPT
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Be a competitive negotiator.
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Olfactics
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Is the use of smells as a means of nonverbal communication.
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Communication through eye contact or gaze is known as
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Oculesics
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Which of the following is NOT one of the suggestions for proper use of interpreters?
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Insist on minimization of interruptions and have the interpreter translate after you end each statement.
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Which phase of the negotiation process consists of an evaluation of the success of the completed negotiation?
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The post agreement phase
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Which one of the following is NOT one of the personal success characteristics of successful international negotiators as discussed in the text?
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Focus on achieving negotiation goals without making concessions
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Haptics
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Refers to communication through body contact.
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Which of the following represents one possible solution to the "Old Friends" dirty trick?
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Keep a psychological distance that reflects the true nature of the relationship.
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Which of the following regarding proxemics is FALSE?
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North Americans prefer closer spacing than the Latin and Arab cultures.
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Which of the following statements regarding interpreters is FALSE?
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Interpreters are not needed if some of the negotiators can understand both languages.
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Which of the following statements regarding formal communication is FALSE?
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U.S. Americans have the highest degree of formal communication.
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Ebay is a prime example of which form of e-commerce?
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Consumer to consumer transactions (C2C)
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An Internet host that allows users to send encrypted data so that those outside the connection cannot see the information is a
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A secure server.
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Secure servers and internet hosts are two indicators of the
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global presence of e-commerce.
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The World Economic forum used 68 variables to form the
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Network readiness index.
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Companies such as E-tailers (wine.com, diamond.com), manufacturers that sell directly to consumers (Dell), and companies that provide online shipping services (FedEx, UPS) are all examples of which of the following?
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B2C
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Which of the following is NOT one of the necessary steps to ensure a successful E-Commerce strategy?
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Training all upper level management in computer programming
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The brick and mortar part of the company refers to
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The company's traditional business operations.
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Independent operations between the brick and mortar part of a company and its e-commerce system offer which of the following benefits?
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The independent operation can move faster and be more entrepreneurial when freed from corporate bureaucracy and it can seek funding from deep pockets of venture capitalists.
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According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the management challenges companies will face as they develop their e-commerce businesses?
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Finding funds to develop the e-commerce business
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Which of the following strategies is a pure e-business least likely to be concerned with when facing e-commerce challenges?
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Altering HR programs to suit the different skill requirements of e-commerce employees
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Which of the following statements regarding globalizing through the Internet is not true?
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A company that globalizes through the Internet does not have to be concerned with the global-local dilemma.
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According to the text, which of the following areas is not one of the areas that e-commerce companies work in?
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Providing Internet services
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Which of the following businesses poses the highest degree of difficulty in e-commerce
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Businesses that rely on a physical infrastructure
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According to the text, the degree of difficulty in conducting global e-commerce businesses is primarily dependent on
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The infrastructure requirements.
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Which of the following types of companies are more likely to face challenges when they decide to enter the international market through the Internet?
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Smaller firms and firms new to international commerce.
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The major opportunities of e-commerce globalization include all of the following EXCEPT
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Access to new sources of financing.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the major threats to e-commerce globalization?
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Cost of training in top managers in computer programming
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According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the factors to take in consideration when picking a country to start an e-business?
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Countries that have remarkable education systems
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According to the text, where is the greatest potential for e-commerce businesses?
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The European Union
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Which of the following statements does not accurately describe the most likely form of organizing a multinational e-business?
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Corporate headquarters of the business provides the vision, strategy and leadership and also takes charge of the local strategies in each country.
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Which of the following is not one of the necessary electronic capabilities required for successful online presence?
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Ability to provide support in English in the various service centers
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E-commerce enablers are
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Companies that provide services and software that translate Web sites, calculate shipping, value-added taxes, duties, and other charges unique to each country.
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Multinational e-commerce enablers exist because
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Many companies including very large ones, do not have the internal resources or abilities to conduct all e-commerce functions.
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MNC's face rising pressures to maintain the _____ of their customers.
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Privacy
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Cost reduction, technology and efficiencies are considered to be the _____ of e-commerce.
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Attractions
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Which of the following is not true regarding e-commerce?
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Does not include goods and services delivered online, such as downloaded computer software
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Which of the following statements is not true regarding Business-to-Business transactions (B2B)?
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B2B is not as important as business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce businesses.
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Channel conflicts, cost of site construction and maintenance are considered to be _____ of e-commerce.
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Challenges or deterrents
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Which of the following services is not provided by e-commerce enablers?
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Training programs to understand the local culture
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E-commerce potential is substantial in South America because
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Of the Mercosur trade group.
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Price comparison websites which searches online stores around the world to provide price comparisons and shipping and delivery information represents which form of e-commerce?
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C2B (consumer-to-business)
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Which of the following is NOT one of the suggestions to modify a website to make it global?
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Linking all international sites to the corporate website Provide a prominent list of languages used by the company's web site Provide the firm's privacy statements in all local languages All of the above are appropriate suggestions to make a website global
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of integrated brick-and-mortar and internet businesses?
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The integrated operation can benefit from economies of scale by using the small distribution channels.
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Which of the following does NOT represent a necessary component of the ideal multinational e-business?
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Corporate headquarters which represents the global core in charge of providing a common vision and strategy Managers at headquarters having worldwide responsibility for their shared functional areas responsibility Local subsidiaries which actually deliver the goods and also taking charge of functions best done locally All of the above are necessary aspects of the multinational e-business
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The internet has enabled the emergence of a new form of multinational, known as
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Born -globals.
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The retail sale of toys from the Wal-Mart website represents which form of transaction?
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B2C
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Having systems in place to ensure that collected information is accurate and reliable represents which form of information security?
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Integrity
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Confidentiality
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Is ensuring that collected private information is protected and safeguarded.
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Southeast Asian countries represent opportunities for e-commerce growth due to
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Membership in ASEAN.
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A new trend is that multinationals are using _____ to their advantage.
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User Generated Content
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Small businesses differ from large businesses when going international primarily in
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Their founder's or entrepreneur's influence.
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Definitions of small businesses discussed in the text include the following EXCEPT
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Type of product or service.
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An entrepreneur
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Creates new ventures that seek profit and growth.
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When a company sets up a sales branch in a foreign country, it is at what stage of the internationalization of the small entrepreneurial business?
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Stage 3
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During the second stage (Export Management) of the small business model of internationalization, the company
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Specifically seeks export sales.
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A global start-up is
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A company that goes global from day one of its life.
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One of the major advantages of being involved in Stage 5 (Production Abroad) of the stages of internationalization for small businesses is that it
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Allows the company to gain local advantages such as product adaptation or production effectiveness.
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Global start-ups occur when
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Companies begin as multinationals.
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Which of the following has helped to level the playing field for small businesses wanting to go international?
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Technology and e-commerce
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The liabilities of size for small businesses imply that
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Being small often means business failure is more probable that success.
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Small business barriers to internationalization include all of the following EXCEPT
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Positive attitudes of top managers about becoming multinationals.
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One of the reasons that a large percentage of small businesses fail is due to the
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Liability of size.
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A small business global culture occurs when
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Organizations have managerial and worker values that view strategic opportunities as global and not just domestic.
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The development of a global culture is affected by the following characteristics of the key decision makers EXCEPT
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Ability to perform well at the domestic level.
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All of the following are true about the small business CEOs EXCEPT
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They want to take a break from the daily management of their businesses by going overseas.
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Small businesses can potentially have more advantages than larger businesses in the global economy because
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Small companies can change quickly to take advantage of opportunities in new markets.
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The small business advantage refers to
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The speed by which entrepreneurs can react to changing conditions and capture significant sales before larger companies can react.
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It is now easier to overcome the barriers to small business internationalization because of the following reasons EXCEPT
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Larger organizations are increasingly more willing to share their global expertise with smaller ones.
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Which of the following is not one of the questions to consider when a small business decides to go international?
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Do we have partners with which to go international?
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A strategic competitive advantage for breaking into the established pattern of commercial activity is a/an
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Entry wedge.
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According to the text, which of the following participation strategies do small businesses emphasize?
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Exporting
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The more common techniques of making international contacts used by small businesses include the following EXCEPT
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Seeking advice from foreign companies.
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An entry wedge is
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A strategic competitive advantage for breaking into the established pattern of commercial activity.
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First mover advantages occur when
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Company moves quickly into a new venture and establishes the business before other firms can react.
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Technological leadership, as a source of first mover advantage refers to
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A company that is the first to use a new technology.
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First mover advantage include the following EXCEPT
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Better ability to forecast market conditions.
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Copy cat businesses
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Follow the "me too" strategy. Adapt existing products or services to attract customers. Find a niche or slight innovation to gain market share from existing businesses. All of the above
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Successful strategies for copy cats include the following EXCEPT
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Selling products at a global level.
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Future Tech International sells high tech products in Latin America, a market traditionally ignored by many high tech companies. What successful copy cat strategy does this move represent?
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Seeking abandoned or ignored markets
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Switching costs are
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Expenses involved when a customer switches to a competitor's product.
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The United Nations and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
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Defines a small business as those having less than 500 employees.
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When a small business uses significant resources to seek increased sales from exporting, it is what stage of internationalization?
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Stage 3 - Export department
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International sales intensity represents
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The amount of international sales as a proportion of total sales.
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All of the following are first mover advantages EXCEPT
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First mover advantages gives the company first access to natural resources. First mover advantages gives the company first access to social resources. First mover advantages reduce switching costs. All of the above are first mover advantages.
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The discovery, evaluation and exploitation of market opportunities refers to which of the following?
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Entrepreneurship
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Which of the following statements about small businesses in the US is FALSE?
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Small businesses generate about 15% of all new jobs annually.
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When demand for a small business is so high in a foreign country that it justifies setting up a local branch, which of the following stages of internationalization is the small business at?
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Export management Passive exporting Production abroad None of the above
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A multinational manager is studying the data on total entrepreneurial activity ratings by country. He/she is most likely doing this in order to
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Assess level of entrepreneurship in a country.
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Many multinationals rely on the support and assistance provided by which of the following when entering a new country?
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Entrepreneurs and small businesses
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Which of the following is NOT a common customer contact technique used by small firms to get find customers?
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Industry advisory boards