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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) differs from ribonucleic acid (RNA) in that:

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it is the "recipe" for all biological characteristics and functions

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The gene responsible for lactose persistence among adults in Europe is a:

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regulatory gene.

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Human ABO blood types are:

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determined by multiple alleles.

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A trait's heritability:

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is the proportion of its variation that is genetic.

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Homeotic (Hox) genes are:

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responsible for the development and location of key body parts.

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The two alleles that result in the expressed phenotype for hemoglobin are equally expressed. This is an example of:

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codominance.

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__________ DNA is heteroplasmic, meaning it can differ among different parts of a person's body.

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Mitochondrial

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Individuals whose blood type is A and who carry both dominant and recessive genes at this locus have a genotype of:

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AO.

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Microsatellites are:

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highly individualized repetitive stretches of nuclear DNA.

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Haplotypes are:

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not likely to recombine during crossovers.

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Genetic analysis of haplotypes and variants among living and precontact Native Americans indicates that:

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Native Americans living today appear to be as diverse genetically as their ancient ancestors thousands of years ago.

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The following are complementary bases in DNA:

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adenine and thymine.

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DNA is important for protein synthesis because:

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a.it is biological code for the production of hormones and enzymes. b.it serves as a template for protein production. c.it provides the code to produce structural proteins. -all of the above

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Homologous chromosomes:

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carry genetic information that influences the same trait.

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Somatic cells are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

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each contains half a copy of an organism's DNA.

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Transfer RNA:

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a.seeks complementary triplet strands of mRNA codons. b.contains codons that correspond to specific amino acids. c.brings amino acids together to form polypeptide chains. all of the above

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Chromosome number is reduced during:

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meiosis

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR):

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a.allows us to use genetic methods to explore the origins and movements of populations. b.is used to amplify tiny sequences of DNA for study. c.allows us to study small amounts of DNA available in ancient skeletons. d.all of the above

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Boas proposed that anthropologists could learn about though careful observation and attention.

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cultures, societies, and peoples' biology

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What was the cause for the biological change in the indigenous people of Saint Catherines Island after AD 1000?

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They became sedentary and consumed more corn, which caused dental disease due to its high sugar content.

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Darwin drew on information from five scientific disciplines:

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geology, paleontology, taxonomy and systematics, demography, and evolutionary biology.

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Archaeology is:

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the study of behavior and material culture of past human societies

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The two concepts that best explain physical anthropology are that:

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every person is a product of evolutionary history and each of us is the product of our own individual life histories.

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Gene flow differs from genetic drift because:

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it is the spread of new genetic material from one gene pool to another.

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Adaptive radiation occurs when:

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one species produces multiple closely related species.

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The Human Genome Project has identified the location of genes that influence diseases such as:

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sickle-cell anemia, breast cancer, Tay-Sachs, and cystic fibrosis.

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The hypothesis that the origin of human bipedalism was linked to a shift from life in the trees to life on the ground in the grasslands of Africa:

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has been upheld by subsequent scientific data on human origins.

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What are the three observations of natural selection?

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Organisms produce more offspring than survive, populations vary, and traits are inherited.

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Fossils represent the remains of once-living:

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organisms that demonstrate the age of the Earth through the process of uniformitarianism.

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Darwin observed that adaptations:

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were physical traits that enhanced survival and reproduction.

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Why are Darwin's finches considered good examples of natural selection?

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They embody the idea of descent with modification.

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Franz Boas:

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united within American anthropology the study of culture, language, and biology.

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Lamarck

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-Evolution by acquired characteristics -For many years this idea was considered incorrect. Genetics showed us that changes in DNA sequence must occur in the gamete generating cell or gametes themselves to be passed on to offspring. Mutations anywhere else in an already grown (and differentiated into tissue) cell cannot be passed to offspring. -Epigenetic changes to DNA, however, don't change DNA sequence. Rather, things like the accessibility of the gene may be changed, which affects its expression.

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Without the work of x-ray crystallographer _________, DNA might not have been discovered for some time longer.

answer

Rosalind Franklin

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Forensic anthropologists who were called in to help with the 9/11 tragedy had to have a very good understanding of:

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human osteology

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Physical anthropologists might examine:

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human brain biology

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Anthropology includes the study of:

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prehistoric societies and artifacts.

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The results of a disadvantaged social environment include:

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poor health, reduced height, and shortened life expectancy.

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How has the environment influenced human biology?

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Changes in the climate produce changes in the environment resulting in changes in human biology through diet.

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James Hutton:

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provided geologic evidence necessary for calculating the time span of evolution.

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Hutton and Lyell

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-Long periods of time with uniform, small amounts of change can create large effects with enough time. -The uniformitarian principle is key in understanding how both geological and evolutionary changes can be hard to see as they are occurring. But if you allow long periods of time between comparing two identical things that are changing at slow speeds in different ways, you can see enormous differences accumulate.

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Protein Synthesis Order:

answer

1-At a locus DNA unwinds. 2-An RNA copy is made of one strand. 3-RNA is edited (e.g.Intons are removed) into mRNA. 4-Messenger RNA goes to the ribosome. 5- Amino acids are assembled in the order specified by DNA.(Each 3 DNA bases specifies a particular amino acid) 6-The polypeptide (a long chain of amino acids) is folded and combined with other polypeptides.

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Linnaeus's taxonomic system is referred to as a "hierarchy" because:

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each species has a "higher level" genus and "lower level" species.

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Why is the work of Alfred Russell Wallace considered when discussing the theory of evolution?

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He was an English naturalist who had arrived at many of the same conclusions as Darwin through his own research in the Amazon.

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Cuvier

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- There have been a series of catastrophes that caused extinctions -He also created contemporary paleontology by using comparative anatomy (something else he pioneered). Using this one could recreate organisms from a few diagnostic pieces of their skeleton. It was this that inspired him to look into extinction.

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Charles Darwin

answer

-Natural selection -Genetic traits that create physical differences can cause some individuals to have more offspring. More offspring means that any trait that caused it to increase in frequency. This change in frequency is called evolution.

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Which is the study of evolution and variation in humans?

answer

physical anthropology

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Mendel's plant hybridization experiments demonstrated that:

answer

traits inherited from each parent remained distinct in the offspring.

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Linnaeus

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-Animals can be classified into groups based upon similar features. -The way that living beings are taxonomically classified is derived from his observations. It works like this.... -Each of these groups, hominoidea, primates, mammals, animals, are defined by similar features and include increasingly more animals. -This is a hierarchal classification system.

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What can be learned from studying a population through time?

answer

We can learn that diets, and therefore human biology, change through time.

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The English demographer whose work on population growth greatly influenced Darwin's thinking was:

answer

Thomas Malthus

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Thomas Malthus's contribution to natural selection is:

answer

the theory that events like warfare, disease, and famine are necessary to control population size and thereby reduce the risk of depleting resources.

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The advantageous "attributes" to which Darwin refers are now known as:

answer

traits

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Thomas Hunt Morgan:

answer

demonstrated that chromosomes carry genetic material in the form of genes

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How is a theory different from a hypothesis?

answer

A theory is an explanation relying on careful examination and has been tested.

question

An archaeological field school is announced in your anthropology course. The description says that you will be able to travel to Belize to learn about the lives of the ancient Mayans. What do you expect to learn during this field school?

answer

how to excavate and study material culture

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Physical anthropology as a discipline is NOT concerned with:

answer

fossilized nonprimate remains.

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Mutations to which cells are most likely to have significant evolutionary consequences?

answer

sex cells (gametes)

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An individual who displays the disease sickle-cell anemia must have inherited the deleterious allele from both phenotypically normal parents. This individual is therefore:

answer

homozygous recessive.

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When individuals of the same species are reproductively isolated, genetic differences may accumulate in sufficient number so that new species could emerge. Such an event would be an example of:

answer

macroevolution.

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A random change in allele frequencies over time is known as:

answer

genetic drift

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Familial hypercholesterolemia, an autosomal dominant disease, is five times more frequent in the Afrikaner population of South Africa than in the population of Europe or the United States. This represents an example of:

answer

founder effect.

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Together, all of the alleles contained within a group of interbreeding individuals is known as a:

answer

gene pool

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Frameshift mutations are more likely to have an impact at the phenotypic level because:

answer

frameshift mutations produce a protein having no function.

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The absence of the A and B alleles in Native American populations is a result of:

answer

founder effect.

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The best-documented case of industrial melanism involves:

answer

peppered moths.

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While conducting research with a small population in South America you note that an overwhelming majority of individuals exhibit signs of a specific genetic abnormality. This is most likely the result of:

answer

founder effect.

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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes:

answer

no gene flow, mutation, or natural selection.

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The evolution of the modern horse with a single hoof on each limb from a dog-sized ancestor with multiple digits is an example of:

answer

macroevolution.

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The clinal decrease in type B blood from East Asia to Western Europe is probably the result of:

answer

gene flow

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Spontaneous mutation is the result of:

answer

unknown causes

question

A genetic study conducted over two generations found that the frequencies of genotypes in the first generation were AA: 0.36, Aa: 0.48, aa: 0.16. In the second generation, genotype frequencies remained the same. According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can assume:

answer

mating in this population is random.

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