Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic, and Viruses – Flashcards
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| EUKARYOTE LITERALLY MEANS....? |
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| TRUE NUCLEUS |
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| PLANTS, ANIMALS PROTOZOANS, ALGAE, AND FUNGI ARE APART OF WHAT FAMILY? |
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| EUKARYOTIC FAMILY |
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| THESE HAVE A TRUE NUCLEUS WITH A NUCLEUS MEMBRANE.. |
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| EUKARYOTES |
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| WHAT IS THE NUCLEIC ACID FOUND IN EUKARYOTES? |
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| DNA |
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| WHAT IS THE 2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF REPRODUCTION ASSOCIATED WITH EUKARYOTES? |
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| MEIOSIS AND MITOSIS |
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| WHAT REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS INVOLVES A SPERM AND EGG? |
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| MEIOSIS |
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TRUE OR FALSE? DNA IS LINEAR, FOUND IN PAIRS AND DOUBLE STRANDED.. |
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| TRUE |
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| WHICH CELLS ARE LARGER AND MORE COMPLEX THAN ANY OTHER CELLS? |
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| EUKARYOTIC CELLS |
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| WHAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR LIPID PRODUCTION? |
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| SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
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| WHAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS? |
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| RIBOSOMES |
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| WHAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTEIN PRODUCTION? |
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| ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM |
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| WHAT IS THE SPACES IN THE ROUGH ER CALLED? |
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| CISTERNAE |
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| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF CISTERNAE? |
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| TRANSPORT MATERIALS FROM THE NUCLEUS TO THE CYTOPLASM |
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| WHAT IS THE STORAGE SITE OF NON-PROTEIN MACROMOLECULES? |
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| SMOOTH ER |
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| WHAT HAPPENS IN THE GOLGI APPARATUS? |
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| PROTEINS ARE MODIFIED AND SENT TO THEIR FINAL DESTINATION |
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| PACKETS OF PROTEINS ARE CALLED? |
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| TRANSITIONAL VESICLES |
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| WHAT IS THE PATH OF PROTEINS? |
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| ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM MAKES TRANSITIONAL VESICLES AND SENDS THEM TO THE GOLGI APPARATUS |
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| WHAT ORGANELLE MODIFIES ENERGY? |
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| MITOCHONDRIA |
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| WHAT ARE THE INNER MEMBRANE FOLDS CALLED? |
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| CRISTAE |
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| EVERYONE WITH THE SAME MOTHER HAS WHAT KIND OF DNA? |
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| MITOCHONDRIAL DNA |
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| WHAT IS THE CONTROL CENTER OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL CALLED? |
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| NUCLEUS |
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| WHAT IS SEPERATED FROM THE CYTOPLASM BY A NUCLEAR ENVELOPE? |
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| NUCLEUS |
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| WHAT IS FOUND INSIDE THE NUCLEAR PORES? |
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| NUCLEOPLASM |
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| WHAT IS THE COLLECTION AREA FOR RIBOSOMAL SUBUNITS? |
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| NUCLEOLUS |
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WHERE IS THE SITE FOR rRNA SYNTHESIS?
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| NUCLEOLUS |
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| WHAT IS FOUND INSIDE OF THE NUCLEOPLASM? |
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| NUCLEOLUS |
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| WHAT IS CHROMATIN MADE OF? |
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| CHROMOSOMES |
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| WHAT KIND OF PROTEINS ARE ATTACHED TO CHROMOSOMES? |
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| HISTONE PROTEINS |
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| WHAT ARE CHROMOSOMES? |
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| LONG, LINEAR DNA MOLECULES |
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| WHEN ARE CHROMOSOMES VISIBLE? |
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| DURING MITOSIS |
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| WHY IS ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ROUGH? |
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| BECAUSE RIBOSOMES ARE ATTACHED TO THE SURFACE |
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| A STACK OF CISTERNAE IS ALSO KNOWN AS .. |
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| GOLGI APPARATUS |
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| WHAT HAS A CLOSED TUBULAR NETWORK? |
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| SMOOTH ER |
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| WHAT DOES NOT FOLLOW A CONTINUOUS NETWORK? |
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| GOLGI APPARATUS |
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| WHAT ARE 2 THINGS THAT ARE ADDED TO MODIFY PROTEINS? |
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| POLYSACCHARIDES AND LIPIDS |
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| IF NOT TRANSPORTED OUT OF THE CELL, WHERE IS ANOTHER PLACE THE APPARATUS MAY SEND THE TRANSITIONAL VESICLES? |
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| LYSOSOMES |
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| WHAT REQUIRES A CONSTANT SUPPLY OF ENERGY? |
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| CELLULAR ACTIVITY |
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| WHAT HOLDS ENZYMES AND ELECTRON CARRIERS NEEDED FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION? |
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| CRISTAE |
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| WHAT CONTAINS CIRCULAR STRANDS OF DNA? |
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| MITOCHONDRIA |
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| WHAT CONTAINS PROKARYOTIC-SIZED 70S RIBOSOMES? |
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| MITOCHONDRIA |
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| THE CYTOSKELETON IS MADE OF WHAT? |
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| MICROFILAMENTS AND MICROTUBULES |
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TRUE OR FALSE? THE CYTOSKELETON DOES NOT WORK WITH ORGANELLES |
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| FALSE, IT ANCHORS THE ORGANELLES |
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| THESE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MOVING CYTOPLASM... THEY APPEAR THIN AND WIREY |
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| MICROFILAMENTS |
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| THESE ARE RESPONSBLE FOR THE MOVEMENT OF CILIA AND FLAGELLA |
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| MICROTUBULES |
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| THESE MAINTAIN THE SHAPE OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS WITHOUT WALLS |
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| MICROTUBULES |
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| THESE TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES WITHIN A EUKARYOTIC CELL |
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| MICROTUBULES |
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| WHAT DOES PROKARYOTIC LITERALLY MEAN? |
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| PRE-NUCLEUS |
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| WHAT ARE THE 2 DOMAINS OF PROKARYOTES? |
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| EUBACTERIA AND ARCHEABACTERIA |
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| WHAT DOES EUBACTERIA AND ARCHEABACTERIA LITERALLY MEAN? |
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| TRUE BACTERIA AND ANCIENT BACTERIA |
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| WHAT KIND OF PROKARYOTE IS MORE COMMON? |
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| EUBACTERIA |
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| WHAT KIND OF PROKARYOTE CAN LIVE AT EXTREME TEMPERATURES? |
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| ARCHEABACTERIA |
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| WHAT IS THE SINGLE MOST DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTE AND EUKARYOTE? |
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| PROKARYOTES DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS OR NUCLEAR MEMBRANE |
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| WHAT KIND OF REPRODUCTION IS INVOLVED WITH PROKARYOTES AND WHAT IS IT CALLED? |
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| ASEXUAL AND BINARY FISSION |
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| GENE EXCHANGE IS A SEXUAL REPRODUCTION FOUND IN WHAT KIND OF CELLS? |
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| PROKARYOTES |
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| COCCUS IS WHAT SHAPE? |
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| ROUND |
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| BACILLUS IS WHAT SHAPE? |
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| ROD SHAPED |
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STREPTOCOCCUS APPEARS LIKE WHAT?
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| CHAINS OF ROUND BACTERIA |
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| STAPHYLOCOCCUS APPEARS LIKE WHAT? |
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| ROUND IRREGULAR SHAPED CLUSTERS |
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TRUE OR FALSE? SPIRILLA IS ALWAYS FOUND IN PAIRS |
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| FALSE! SPIRILLA IS ALWAYS SINGLE |
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| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CELL WALL? |
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| HOLDS THE CELL TOGETHER AND GIVES THE CELL ITS SHAPE |
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| WHAT GIVES RIGIDITY TO THE CELL WALL? |
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| GLYCAN |
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| GLYCAN CONSISTS OF ....? |
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| REPEATING SUBUNITS OF DISACCHARIDES. |
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| N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE AND N-ACETYLMURAMIC ACID ARE JOINED TOGETHER BY AMINO ACID BRIDGES MAKING WHAT? |
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| PEPTIDOGLYCAN |
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TRUE OR FALSE? CELL WALLS OF GRAM + BACTERIA CONTAIN FEW LAYERS OF PEPTIDOGLYCAN |
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| FALSE! GRAM + BACTERIA CONTAINS MULTIPLE LAYERS OF PTG WHERE AS GRAM - BACTERIA CONTAINS FEW LAYERS OF PTG |
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| WHAT ALLOWS GRAM + BACTERIA TO RETAIN PRIMARY DYE WHEN GRAM STAINING? |
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| PEPTIDOGLYCAN |
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| THE PEPTIDOGLYCAN IS COVERED BY WHAT? |
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| LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES AND PROTEINS |
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| WHAT CAUSES GRAM - BACTERIA TO LOSE PRIMARY DYE WHEN GRAM STAINING? |
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| LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES |
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| WHAT ARE THE ONLY BACTERIA WITH PEPTIDOGLYCAN IN THEIR CELL WALLS? |
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| EUBACTERIA |
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| MYCOPLASMA IS AN EXAMPLE OF WHAT KIND OF BACTERIA? |
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| ARCHEABACTERIA |
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| LACK OF A CELL WALL LEADS TO A VARIATON IN ...? |
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| CELL SHAPE |
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| WHAT IS A PLASMA MEMBRANE? |
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| A BILAYER THAT ACTS AS A BARRIER THAT SEPERATES THE CELL STRUCTURES FROM THE ENVIRONMENT |
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| WHAT IS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE COMPOSED OF? |
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60% PROTEIN 40% PHOSPHOLIPID |
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| WHAT IS EMBEDDED WITH PROTEINS TO ADD STABILITY TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE? |
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| PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER |
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| WHAT ACTS AS A SEMI-PERMEABLE BARRIER BETWEEN THE CELL AND THE ENVIRONMENT? |
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| PLASMA MEMBRANE |
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| WHAT ARE THE 3 MECHANISMS OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORT? |
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| SIMPLE DIFFUSION, FACILITATED DIFFUSION, AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT |
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| MOLECULES TRAVELING ACROSS A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT FROM AN AREA OF GREATER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LESSER CONCENTRATION WITH NO ENERGY OR CARRIER PROTEIN INVOLVED IS? |
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| SIMPLE DIFFUSION |
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| MOLECULES TRAVELING ACROSS A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT FROM AN AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO LOWER CONCENTRATION WHERE NO ENERGY IS INVOLVED BUT A CARRIER PROTEIN IS REQUIRED |
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| FACILITATED DIFFUSION |
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| MOLECULES TRAVELING ACROSS A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT FROM AN AREA OF LOWER CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF GREATER CONCENTRATION WITH ENERGY AND CARRIER PROTEIN INVOLVED IS? |
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| ACTIVE TRANSPORT |
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| WHAT IS THE SITE OF ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THE PROKARYOTIC CELL? |
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| PLASMA MEMBRANE |
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| WHAT ARE FOUND IN THE NUCLEOID, LOCATED IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE? |
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| CHROMOSOMES |
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| A SMALL EXTRACHROMOASOMAL CIRCULAR DNA MOLECULES IS CALLED |
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| PLASMID |
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| WHEN REFERING TO THE TERM "EXTRA", IT TYPICALLY MEANS..? |
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| OUTSIDE OF THE CELL |
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TRUE OR FALSE? ONE OF THE FUNCTIONS OF RIBOSOMES IS TO TRANSLATE mRNA TO PROTEIN. |
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| TRUE |
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| THE JOINING OF RIBOSOME SUBUNITS IS BY A PROCESS CALLED..? |
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| PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
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| THIS AIDS IN BACTERIAL MOTILITY? |
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| FLAGELLA |
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| THIS APPEARS LIKE A LONG HAIR-LIKE APPENDAGE? |
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| FLAGELLA |
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| FLAGELLA IS COMPOSED EXCLUSIVELY OF ? |
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| PROTEIN |
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| FLAGELLA ARE ATTACHED THROUGH THE CELL WALL AND INTO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE BY A ? |
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| BASAL BODY |
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| MONOTRICHOUS AND PERITRICHOUS ARE EXAMPLES OF ? |
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| FLAGELLA ARRANGEMENT |
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| CHEMOTAXIS IS ? |
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| DETECTION OF CHEMICAL SIGNALS |
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| WHAT MOVES CELLS IN THE DIRECTION OF FAVORABLE STIMULUS? |
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| POSITIVE CHEMOTAXIS |
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| MOVING CELLS AWAY FROM REPELLENT IS ? |
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| NEGATIVE CHEMOTAXIS |
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| FIMBRE ARE COMPOSED OF ? |
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| PROTEINS |
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TRUE OR FALSE? THE FUNCTION OF FIMBRE IS ADHERENCE OF BACTERIA TO SURFACES. |
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| TRUE |
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| WHAT INCREASES PATHOGENICITY? |
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| ADHERENCE |
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| PILI ARE COMPOSED OF ? |
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| PROTEIN AND LIPIDS |
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| WHAT ARE THICKER THAN FIMBRE AND GENERALLY FEWER IN NUMBER PER CELL? |
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| PILI |
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| WHAT IS INVOLVED IN THE EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL BETWEEN CELLS? |
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| PILI |
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| COMPACT, GELATINOUS LAYERS ARE CALLED? |
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| CAPSULES |
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| THIS PROTECTS BACTERIA FROM HOST IMMUNITY? |
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| CAPSULE |
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| The engulfing and ingestion of bacteria or other foreign bodies is ? |
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| Phagocytosis |
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| LOOSE, DIFFUSED LAYERS ARE CALLED? |
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| SLIME LAYERS |
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| LAYERS OF MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS THAT COVER THE SURFACE OF AN OBJECT ARE ? |
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| BIOFILMS |
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| "MICROBIAL CITY" REFERS TO ? |
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| BIOFILMS |
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| THESE ARE RESISTANT STRUCTURES? |
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| ENDOSPORES |
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| THESE ARE PRODUCED WHEN ENVIRONMENTS ARE UNFAVORABLE FOR CELLULAR GROWTH ? |
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| ENDOSPORES |
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| ENDOSPORES ARE PRIMARILY FORMED BY THESE 2 GENUSES? |
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| BACILLUS AND CLOSTRIDIUM |
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| HOW MANY STAGES ARE THERE IN ENDOSPORE FORMATION? |
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| 9 |
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| IN WHICH STAGE OF THE ENDOSPORE FORMATION IS THE VEGETATIVE CELL RESTORED? |
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| 9 |
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| AT WHICH STAGE OF THE ENDOSPORE FORMATION DOES THE ENDOSPORE BECOME HEAT RESISTANT? |
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| 6 |
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| AT WHICH STAGE OF THE ENDOSPORE FORMATION IS THE SPORE RELEASED ? |
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| 7 |
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| INFECTIOUS AGENTS THAT CONTAIN NUCLEIC ACID AS ITS GENETIC MATERIAL ARE CALLED? |
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| VIRUS |
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| WHAT DOES AN INTRACELLULAR VIRUS DO? |
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| IT CAN CARRY OUT REPRODUCTION AT THE EXPENSE OF THE HOST CELLS METABOLISM. |
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| WHAT DOES AN EXTRA CELLULAR VIRUS DO? |
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| CANNOT REPLICATE BUT CAN BE TRANSFERRED FROM ONE HOST TO ANOTHER |
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| TRUE OR FALSE? DNA AND RNA ARE FOUND IN THE SAME VIRUS. |
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| FALSE, THEY CANNOT BE FOUND IN THE SAME VIRUS. |
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TRUE OR FALSE? VIRUSES ARE INTRACELLULAR INFECTIOUS AGENTS. |
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| TRUE |
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TRUE OR FALSE? VIRUSES HAVE THE ABILITY TO SYNTHESIZE ITS OWN ATP. |
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| FALSE, THEY DO NOT HAVE THE ABILITY TO SYNTHESIZE ITS OWN ATP. |
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| A PROTEIN COAT SURROUNDING THE NUCLEIC ACID IS CALLED ? |
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| CAPSID |
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| WHAT ARE THE SMALLER SUBUNITS CALLED THAT MAKE UP A CAPSID? |
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| CAPSOMERES |
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| LIPID LAYER THAT SURROUNDS THE CAPSID IS CALLED? |
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| ENVELOPE |
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TRUE OR FALSE? ALL VIRUSES HAVE AN ENVELOPE |
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| FALSE |
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| VIRUSES THAT ARE NOT SURROUNDED BY AN ENVELOPE ARE CALLED? |
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| NAKED VIRUSES |
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| THE 3 MAIN SHAPES OF A VIRUS ARE CALLED? |
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| ICOSAHEDRAL, HELICAL, AND COMPLEX |
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| HOW MANY SIDES DOES A ICOSAHEDRAL VIRUS HAVE? |
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| 20 SIDES |
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| A REPLICATION CYCLE UNDERGONE BY VIRULENT VIRUSES IS CALLED A ? |
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| LYTIC CYCLE |
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| HOW MANY STAGES ARE INVOLVED WITH THE LYTIC CYCLE? |
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| 5 |
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| TRUE OR FALSE? THE LYTIC CYCLE CAUSES DAMAGE TO THE HOST. |
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| TRUE |
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| TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID, CAPSID SYMMETRY, PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ENVELOPE, SIZE,TYPE OF INFECTION CAUSED, AND TYPE OF HOST INFECTED ARE WAYS TO CLASSIFY ? |
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| VIRUS |
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| WHAT ARE THE FIVE STAGES OF THE LYTIC CYCLE? |
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| ADSORPTION, PENETRATION,REPLICATION ASSEMBLY, AND RELEASE |
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| WHAT HAPPENS IN THE ADSORPTION STAGE OF THE LYTIC CYCLE? |
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| THE VIRUS ENCOUNTERS SPECIFIC CELL. |
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| WHAT HAPPENS IN THE PENETRATION STAGE OF THE LYTIC CYCLE? |
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| ENTRANCE OF THE VIRUS OR ITS NUCLEIC ACID IN THE HOST CELL |
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| PENETRATION IS ACHIEVED BY 2 DIFFERENT MECHANISMS, THEY ARE CALLED? |
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| ENDOCYTOSIS OR MEMBRANE FUSION |
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| WHAT HAPPENS IN THE ASSEMBLY STAGE OF THE LYTIC CYCLE? |
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| THE ASSEMBLING OF THE REPLICATED VIRAL COMPONENTS INTO AN INTACT, MATURE VIRUS |
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| WHAT HAPPENS IN THE RELEASE STAGE OF THE LYTIC CYCLE? |
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| THE HOST CELLS BURST AND RELEASE VIRUSES TO THE OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT. |
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| THE TIME IT TAKES TO COMPLETE THE LYTIC CYCLE FROM ADSORPTION TO RELEASE IS CALLED WHAT? |
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| BURST TIME |
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| THE NUMBER OF NEW VIRUSES RELEASED AT THE END OF THE LYTIC CYCLE IS CALLED? |
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| BURST SIZE |
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| THE REPLICATION OF A TEMPERATE VIRUS IS CALLED? |
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| LYSOGENY |
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| LYSOGENY BEGINS WITH THE ? |
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| LYTIC CYCLE |
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| SMALL, CIRCULAR, SINGLE STRANDED RNA ARE CALLED? |
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| VIROIDS |
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| PROTEINATIOUS INFECTING AGENTS THAT CAUSE A SLOW DEGENERATIVE DISEASE ARE? |
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| PRIONS |
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| WHAT DOES A PRION ONLY CONTAIN? |
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| PROTEIN |
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| HOW ARE PRIONS MADE? |
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| PRIONS ARE MADE FROM A MUTATED GENE ON THE HOST CHROMOSOME THAT CODES FOR A NORMAL NEUROLOGICAL PROTEIN |
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TRUE OR FALSE? VIROIDS ARE NAKED VIRUSES (MEANING THEY CONTAIN NO ENVELOPE) |
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| TRUE |
