English III- The Puritans and Colonists (Messina) – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
For the Europeans who settled and explored North America, what was life like?
answer
it was a struggle to endure and subdue a wilderness and was marked by fierce conflicts with Native Americans
question
Describe the experience of the Africans.
answer
they were seized from their homes and enslaved in the Americas, the experience was a battle first to survive and then to hold on to their cultural identity under slavery
question
What enabled the Europeans to overcome the Native Americans?
answer
their superior weapons
question
What was destructive to the Native Americans other than superior weapons?
answer
diseases that the newcomers brought with them
question
Who had the greatest influence on early American literature?
answer
Puritans
question
Why did the Puritans leave England?
answer
to escape what they saw as signs of corruption in the Church of England
question
How did the Puritans oppose their reason for leaving England?
answer
they dressed in plain style and held their simple religious services in undecorated meeting-houses
question
What did the Puritans believe was their God-given responsibility?
answer
to establish an ideal way of life in America
question
How did the Puritans plainness and piety show in their writing?
answer
it employed straightforward language and often focused on their faith
question
How did Bradford view writing?
answer
primarily as a practical tool
question
Who was the greatest spokesman of Puritanism?
answer
Johnathan Edwards
question
What did Edwards maintain that a person had to do in order to be "born again?"
answer
repent and convert
question
What was a central idea of the Great Awakening?
answer
having an internal emotional experience that brings one to God
question
Describe William Bradford's youth.
answer
born in Yorkshire, England; he was orphaned and brought up by relatives
question
With what group did William Bradford associate during his youth?
answer
Separatists
question
How were the Separatists different from the Puritans?
answer
the Puritans did not want to change their religion, they wanted it focused on the spiritual part; the Separatists wanted to separate and make their own separate church
question
Why did Bradford and the other Separatists leave Holland? What was the result?
answer
they feared they might become assimilated into the Dutch culture and lose their identity; they went to the Americas as a result
question
Where did the pilgrims originally land? Where did they eventually disembark?
answer
Provincetown, Massachusetts on Cape Cod, 500 miles northeast of their intended destination; they eventually disembarked at Plymouth
question
What was the colony's rules of government called?
answer
Mayflower Compact
question
What was the Pilgrim's first winter like?
answer
harsh, they arrived with little or no food; nearly half of the colonists died of scurvy, pneumonia, fever, or starvation
question
a belief in human equality especially with respect to a social, political, and economic affairs; a social philosophy advocating the removal of inequalities among people
answer
egalitarian
question
*SHORT ANSWER:* How was Plymouth different than The Massachusetts Bay Colony?
answer
Plymouth allowed non-believers and Presbyterians to live in the community with forcing them to practice in Church. Massachusetts Bay Colony was a Bible commonwealth, which means they sought the guidance of the scriptures and regulating all aspects of the lives of their citizens so they were more intolerant.
question
*SHORT ANSWER:* What did Bradford do in order to ensure a peaceable, organized society? What was the result of this organizational principle?
answer
Bradford distributed parcels of land equally to all settlers, even non-believers. He was more egalitarian in his distribution of land. The organizational principle facilitated the private subsistence farming that drove Plymouth's economy in its early years.
question
What is one of the most important narratives of early colonial? How is this unique from other chronicles of its time?
answer
"Of Plymouth Plantation;" it separates religious commentary from historical commentary; it focuses more on the history than the religious aspect
question
a writer's choice of words, an important element of the writer's voice or style
answer
diction
question
a style of writing common among the Puritan settlers that focused on communicating ideas as clearly as possible; this marked a change from the ornate style used by European writers of that time. Colonial writers such as William Bradford thought of writing as a practical tool for spiritual self-examination and religious instruction, not as an opportunity to demonstrate cleverness
answer
plain style
question
If Bradford wrote in the plain style, which was straightforward and unadorned, why is it difficult to read today?
answer
it uses archaic language
question
Explain what happened to John Howland.
answer
fell overboard, grabbed a rope, and still lived
question
Where did the pilgrims first land? Why did they not stay there?
answer
Cape Cod; they wanted to stay somewhere closer to civilization
question
Where did the pilgrims disembark and why?
answer
Cape Harbor because the weather was too dangerous and they were afraid the ship would be torn apart
question
Describe the conditions of Cape Harbor when the pilgrims arrived.
answer
it was very cold and there was no one there except for the unfriendly Native Americans
question
*SHORT ANSWER:* Throughout the selection, Bradford writes as if he were not present during these experiences. What might be his reason for this?
answer
It makes it more objective and his perspective becomes one with the community. The Puritans laced an emphasis on the community above self and he wants to focus on the group as a whole rather than himself.
question
What are all of the references to God in relation to?
answer
they're all in relation because they thank God for getting them past bad things, at their lowest moments they thank God for getting them past it
question
How many of the company died? In what time period?
answer
half of them; 2 or 3 months
question
What did the six or seven people who were not sick do during the starving time? What was their attitude while doing this?
answer
they did all the domestic things they were required doing such as cleaning and cooking; they did it without complaint; they were very cheerful
question
Who is Myles Standish?
answer
captain and military commander; he was immortalized by the poem "The Courtship of Myles Standish"
question
After the pilgrims have begun to settle into Plymouth, how do the Native Americans approach?
answer
they were afraid/skittish and they stole tools
question
How did Samoset learn to speak English?
answer
from the coastal traders
question
In what way did Samoset help the pilgrims?
answer
introduced them to Squanto and told them about the lay of the land
question
What did Squanto do?
answer
taught the Pilgrims how to farm, grow corn, where to fish; he was their guide in finding traders; he also introduced them to Massasoit
question
How do the pilgrims regard their voyage?
answer
both a spiritual and physical journey
question
Bradford's description of the events indicate what about him?
answer
shows his beliefs in the works of God
question
What was the main purpose of the treaty between the two parties?
answer
to establish peace
question
What is made clear when Bradford calls Squanto "a special instrument sent of God,"?
answer
they believe everything that happened to them was guided by the hand of God
question
What is a primary source?
answer
firsthand account
question
to withdraw (oneself) from residence in or allegiance to one's native country; to leave one's native country to live elsewhere; also: to renounce allegiance to one's native country
answer
expatriate
question
to take in and utilize as nourishment: absorb into the system; to make similar
answer
assimilate
question
By what name were the Southern Planters also known?
answer
Cavaliers
question
*SHORT ANSWER:* What three factors contributed to the differences between the Puritans and the Southern Planters? Explain.
answer
Climate, economic, and religious factors; the Southern climate was kind, warm and mild, and the land was enormously fertile. The Northern climate was harsher; springs and summers were brief, and winters were long and cold. The landholdings in New England were small for the most part; many colonists were small farmers or tradespeople who lived in villages and owned very little land. But the Southern planter was an aristocrat, the virtual ruler of a huge territory that was maintained by plentiful slave labor. The economy was better in the South.
question
To what church did most Southerners belong?
answer
The Church of England
question
In general, in what were most Southerners interested?
answer
the outside world-literature, music, art, politics, and the world of nature; the Puritans were interested in their own souls
question
*SHORT ANSWER:* Explain the difference in world views between the Southern Planters and the Puritans.
answer
The Southern Planters shared the worldview of the English Renaissance, with its emphasis on classical literature and scientific inquiry. The Puritans feared that the world's beauties were lures and sources of temptation, the Southerner saw the world as something to be conquered and enjoyed.
question
How did the Southerner write about life in America?
answer
they were apt to write about it in traditional ways
question
Explain how William Byrd is a representative figure for the Southern writers of the Colonial Period.
answer
he was truly a Renaissance man; he translated Greek and Latin words, composed original poetry, and wrote about mathematics and medicine
question
Who settled largely in New England? In Virginia?
answer
New England was settled by the round-heads and Virginia was settled by Cavaliers
question
What did it mean for Byrd to be Cavalier?
answer
he was worldly, sophisticated, and gentlemanly
question
Describe William Byrd's upbringing.
answer
born in Virginia, where he spent half his life; was the son of a wealthy landowner; he moved to London, and acquired a passion for theater; he had many scientific interests and was a member of the Royal Society
question
What was the name of William Byrd's 26000 acre home in Virginia?
answer
Westover
question
Of what are the Puritan diaries primarily a record?
answer
spiritual examination
question
What does Byrd's diary record?
answer
the pleasures and practical concerns of a man of the world
question
Of what is "The History of the Dividing Line" an account?
answer
far more than a simple record of that expedition, a survey expedition of the disputed boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina
question
With what is "The History of the Dividing Line" filled?
answer
philosophical observations and barbed comments on American Colonial life
question
What is "The Secret History?"
answer
William Byrd's private journal written in code where he recorded his private thoughts that he couldn't publish because it would cause a scandal
question
How is Byrd's approach in this piece different from Bradford's account?
answer
Bradford wrote in 3rd person and Byrd wrote in 1st person; Bradford's was very straightforward and Byrd's was very ironic and satirical
question
a type of writing that ridicules the short-comings of people or institutions, usually in an attempt to bring about some change
answer
satire
question
Who is Don Quixote? Explain the reference to him on 50 / 1 / 1.
answer
he is trying to say that the people going to America are foolish
question
To what does a "saunter to the Holy Land" allude? Why is the phrase satirical?
answer
"strolling to war" strolling to war is not something you do, the irony in this phrase makes it satirical
question
When does satire occur?
answer
mostly when one uses extreme exaggeration or irony
question
What reasons does Byrd suggest for the failure of the first Virginia settlements?
answer
the company who was providing the money for the people to go across America were frugal; they did not give them enough money and did not provide the people with provisions
question
For what remarkable accomplishment is Anne Bradstreet known? Why was this a remarkable accomplishment?
answer
first published poet in America; because writing was thought improper for a woman at that time
question
What did the title page of Bradstreet's first book assure readers?
answer
that she did not shirk her responsibilities as a wife and mother in order to write poetry
question
How did Bradstreet feel about moving to the colonies?
answer
at first, Bradstreet was appalled by the crude life of the settlement, but she soon adjusted
question
What were the circumstances under which Bradstreet wrote her poetry?
answer
she wrote while caring for teething infants, while mending clothes by fire at night, while struggling through bouts of tuberculosis and smallpox, and while maintaining a house in the wilderness of the New World; this later influenced what she wrote about
question
Describe Bradstreet's early poetry.
answer
at first, she imitated the lofty style of the established male poets; her early poems contain many wooden lines and forced rhymes, and they do not reveal her deeper emotions
question
How did Bradstreet's poetry come to be published during a time when it was not considered proper for a woman to write and publish poetry?
answer
her brother-in-law, Reverend John Woodbridge, took fifteen of her poems without her knowledge and published them
question
What was the title of Bradstreet's first published work?
answer
The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America
question
How did Bradstreet change her poetic style after the publication of her first volume of work? Why?
answer
she stared writing warm, natural poetry about her experiences because she was dissatisfied
question
What does Bradstreet's best poetry explore?
answer
her love for her husband, her sadness at the death of her parents and other family members, and her struggle to accept as God's will the losses she suffered
question
What office did both Bradstreet's husband and father hold? How did this influence her poetry?
answer
they were both governors of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which influenced her sense of impermanence; the sense of impermanence is a theme in her poetry
question
In seventeenth-century New England, when was reading poetry acceptable?
answer
only if it was religious in nature
question
How did Bradstreet view all events in her life?
answer
within the context of God's divine plan
question
Where did Bradstreet find similarities?
answer
between the domestic details of daily life and spiritual details of her religious life
question
deprived of the possession or use of something
answer
bereft
question
to find fault with or to blame
answer
chide
question
something given in return for something else; compensation
answer
recompense
question
reversal of the usual word or order for emphasis or variety; writers use this to maintain rhyme scheme or meter, or to emphasize certain words
answer
inversion
question
a reference to a well-known character, place, or situation from history or from music, art, or another work of literature
answer
allusion
question
Explain the allusion "all's vanity" in line 36.
answer
all's vanity is a biblical reference to Ecclesiastes 1:2 and 12:8, "Vanity of vanities: all is vanity"
question
compares two unlike things with the use of like or as
answer
metaphor
question
metaphor that continues throughout several lines in the poem
answer
extended metaphor
question
How does the inversion in closing couplet emphasize Anne Bradstreet's poem's theme?
answer
by putting the phrase "the world before no longer let me love she rhymes love and above."
question
Who was Jonathan Edwards?
answer
a Puritan theologian, preacher, and philosopher
question
What is "preaching of terror"?
answer
a brand of sermonizing aimed at shaking them from eternal damnation
question
On what did Edwards's sermons hinge?
answer
on fire-and-brimstone depictions of hell and visions of churchgoers dangling by tenuous threads over the depths of hell, held by the hand of an angry God
question
At what age did Edwards attend Yale?
answer
13
question
an uneasy feeling of doubt, worry, or fear, especially about one's own conduct; a misgiving
answer
qualm
question
About what did Edwards have qualms?
answer
predestination
question
the doctrine that claims it is predetermined whether an individual will go to heaven or hell
answer
predestination
question
What happened while Edwards was studying divinity?
answer
he underwent a religious conversion that confirmed his belief in God as omnipotent, total, and in control of all things, including human destiny
question
What did Edwards do in 1729?
answer
he succeeded his grandfather at the pulpit in Northampton, Massachusetts
question
To what did Edwards attribute New England's ailing morality?
answer
to its moral and religious independence and its incomplete acceptance of faith as the sole means to salvation
question
What happened in 1750?
answer
some of Northampton's Puritans objected to Edward's extreme teachings and removed him from his post
question
What did Edwards become later in life?
answer
president of what is now Princeton University
question
How does history view Edwards?
answer
Edwards is widely considered the most influential American writer before Benjamin Franklin
question
In what faith was Edwards educated?
answer
Calvinistic Faith
question
What were the two main beliefs of the Calvinistic faith?
answer
Doctrine of Election & Innate Human Corruption
question
Which university did Edwards attend?
answer
Yale
question
What movement did Edwards's preaching help to begin?
answer
Great Awakening
question
Give a physical description of Johnathan Edwards.
answer
tall, thin, and had a rather feminine voice
question
Explain the effect of Edwards's sermons on his congregation.
answer
his sermons were emotionally powerful
question
Why were Edwards's sermons so powerful?
answer
because of his incredibly effective use of figurative language including metaphors and similes
question
Explain the two most vivid metaphors/similes from "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."
answer
heavy as lead- your wickedness is so heavy that you're going to go straight to hell God's wrath is a bow and arrow- justice strains the bow
question
What is an unregenerate Christian?
answer
someone who has not been baptized; someone who has not repented their sins
question
To whom was Johnathan Edwards addressing this sermon?
answer
unregenerate Christians
question
Describe some characteristics of the Doctrine of Election.
answer
through God's grace, not humankind's effort, only elect few saved from damnation
question
What are two reasons that Edwards uses repetition in this selection (repetition includes repeating the same idea using different images)?
answer
1. to make an emotional emphasis 2. it is a speech
question
What qualities of God does Edwards emphasize in this selection?
answer
wrath, omnipotence, vengeance
question
Explain the phrase, "Justice bends the arrow at your heart and strains the bow."
answer
because mankind is sinful, it's justice that God wants to destroy us
question
What does Edwards say sinners can do to avert God's wrath?
answer
repent and reform your life
question
How can Edwards's concept of life and death best be summed up?
answer
"I must live as righteously as possible"
question
The image of the spider hanging over the fire illustrates what concept in relation to man and God?
answer
God's omnipotence and man's helplessness
question
What is the purpose of Edwards' sermon? (To make his parishioners . . .?)
answer
to make his parishioners fear the consequences of sin
question
Give an example of alliteration from the selection.
answer
pining and perishing
question
What does Edwards mean when he says, "many that were very lately in the same condition that you are in, are now in a happy state.?"
answer
they changed, are repentant, and happy
question
What does Edwards mean by "natural men"?
answer
they haven't yet accepted Christ as their savior
question
a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is substituted for another that is related
answer
metonymy
question
stands for the office of the preacher
answer
pulpit
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New