question

For the Europeans who settled and explored North America, what was life like?

answer

it was a struggle to endure and subdue a wilderness and was marked by fierce conflicts with Native Americans

question

Describe the experience of the Africans.

answer

they were seized from their homes and enslaved in the Americas, the experience was a battle first to survive and then to hold on to their cultural identity under slavery

question

What enabled the Europeans to overcome the Native Americans?

answer

their superior weapons

question

What was destructive to the Native Americans other than superior weapons?

answer

diseases that the newcomers brought with them

question

Who had the greatest influence on early American literature?

answer

Puritans

question

Why did the Puritans leave England?

answer

to escape what they saw as signs of corruption in the Church of England

question

How did the Puritans oppose their reason for leaving England?

answer

they dressed in plain style and held their simple religious services in undecorated meeting-houses

question

What did the Puritans believe was their God-given responsibility?

answer

to establish an ideal way of life in America

question

How did the Puritans plainness and piety show in their writing?

answer

it employed straightforward language and often focused on their faith

question

How did Bradford view writing?

answer

primarily as a practical tool

question

Who was the greatest spokesman of Puritanism?

answer

Johnathan Edwards

question

What did Edwards maintain that a person had to do in order to be "born again?"

answer

repent and convert

question

What was a central idea of the Great Awakening?

answer

having an internal emotional experience that brings one to God

question

Describe William Bradford's youth.

answer

born in Yorkshire, England; he was orphaned and brought up by relatives

question

With what group did William Bradford associate during his youth?

answer

Separatists

question

How were the Separatists different from the Puritans?

answer

the Puritans did not want to change their religion, they wanted it focused on the spiritual part; the Separatists wanted to separate and make their own separate church

question

Why did Bradford and the other Separatists leave Holland? What was the result?

answer

they feared they might become assimilated into the Dutch culture and lose their identity; they went to the Americas as a result

question

Where did the pilgrims originally land? Where did they eventually disembark?

answer

Provincetown, Massachusetts on Cape Cod, 500 miles northeast of their intended destination; they eventually disembarked at Plymouth

question

What was the colony's rules of government called?

answer

Mayflower Compact

question

What was the Pilgrim's first winter like?

answer

harsh, they arrived with little or no food; nearly half of the colonists died of scurvy, pneumonia, fever, or starvation

question

a belief in human equality especially with respect to a social, political, and economic affairs; a social philosophy advocating the removal of inequalities among people

answer

egalitarian

question

*SHORT ANSWER:* How was Plymouth different than The Massachusetts Bay Colony?

answer

Plymouth allowed non-believers and Presbyterians to live in the community with forcing them to practice in Church. Massachusetts Bay Colony was a Bible commonwealth, which means they sought the guidance of the scriptures and regulating all aspects of the lives of their citizens so they were more intolerant.

question

*SHORT ANSWER:* What did Bradford do in order to ensure a peaceable, organized society? What was the result of this organizational principle?

answer

Bradford distributed parcels of land equally to all settlers, even non-believers. He was more egalitarian in his distribution of land. The organizational principle facilitated the private subsistence farming that drove Plymouth's economy in its early years.

question

What is one of the most important narratives of early colonial? How is this unique from other chronicles of its time?

answer

"Of Plymouth Plantation;" it separates religious commentary from historical commentary; it focuses more on the history than the religious aspect

question

a writer's choice of words, an important element of the writer's voice or style

answer

diction

question

a style of writing common among the Puritan settlers that focused on communicating ideas as clearly as possible; this marked a change from the ornate style used by European writers of that time. Colonial writers such as William Bradford thought of writing as a practical tool for spiritual self-examination and religious instruction, not as an opportunity to demonstrate cleverness

answer

plain style

question

If Bradford wrote in the plain style, which was straightforward and unadorned, why is it difficult to read today?

answer

it uses archaic language

question

Explain what happened to John Howland.

answer

fell overboard, grabbed a rope, and still lived

question

Where did the pilgrims first land? Why did they not stay there?

answer

Cape Cod; they wanted to stay somewhere closer to civilization

question

Where did the pilgrims disembark and why?

answer

Cape Harbor because the weather was too dangerous and they were afraid the ship would be torn apart

question

Describe the conditions of Cape Harbor when the pilgrims arrived.

answer

it was very cold and there was no one there except for the unfriendly Native Americans

question

*SHORT ANSWER:* Throughout the selection, Bradford writes as if he were not present during these experiences. What might be his reason for this?

answer

It makes it more objective and his perspective becomes one with the community. The Puritans laced an emphasis on the community above self and he wants to focus on the group as a whole rather than himself.

question

What are all of the references to God in relation to?

answer

they're all in relation because they thank God for getting them past bad things, at their lowest moments they thank God for getting them past it

question

How many of the company died? In what time period?

answer

half of them; 2 or 3 months

question

What did the six or seven people who were not sick do during the starving time? What was their attitude while doing this?

answer

they did all the domestic things they were required doing such as cleaning and cooking; they did it without complaint; they were very cheerful

question

Who is Myles Standish?

answer

captain and military commander; he was immortalized by the poem "The Courtship of Myles Standish"

question

After the pilgrims have begun to settle into Plymouth, how do the Native Americans approach?

answer

they were afraid/skittish and they stole tools

question

How did Samoset learn to speak English?

answer

from the coastal traders

question

In what way did Samoset help the pilgrims?

answer

introduced them to Squanto and told them about the lay of the land

question

What did Squanto do?

answer

taught the Pilgrims how to farm, grow corn, where to fish; he was their guide in finding traders; he also introduced them to Massasoit

question

How do the pilgrims regard their voyage?

answer

both a spiritual and physical journey

question

Bradford's description of the events indicate what about him?

answer

shows his beliefs in the works of God

question

What was the main purpose of the treaty between the two parties?

answer

to establish peace

question

What is made clear when Bradford calls Squanto "a special instrument sent of God,"?

answer

they believe everything that happened to them was guided by the hand of God

question

What is a primary source?

answer

firsthand account

question

to withdraw (oneself) from residence in or allegiance to one's native country; to leave one's native country to live elsewhere; also: to renounce allegiance to one's native country

answer

expatriate

question

to take in and utilize as nourishment: absorb into the system; to make similar

answer

assimilate

question

By what name were the Southern Planters also known?

answer

Cavaliers

question

*SHORT ANSWER:* What three factors contributed to the differences between the Puritans and the Southern Planters? Explain.

answer

Climate, economic, and religious factors; the Southern climate was kind, warm and mild, and the land was enormously fertile. The Northern climate was harsher; springs and summers were brief, and winters were long and cold. The landholdings in New England were small for the most part; many colonists were small farmers or tradespeople who lived in villages and owned very little land. But the Southern planter was an aristocrat, the virtual ruler of a huge territory that was maintained by plentiful slave labor. The economy was better in the South.

question

To what church did most Southerners belong?

answer

The Church of England

question

In general, in what were most Southerners interested?

answer

the outside world-literature, music, art, politics, and the world of nature; the Puritans were interested in their own souls

question

*SHORT ANSWER:* Explain the difference in world views between the Southern Planters and the Puritans.

answer

The Southern Planters shared the worldview of the English Renaissance, with its emphasis on classical literature and scientific inquiry. The Puritans feared that the world's beauties were lures and sources of temptation, the Southerner saw the world as something to be conquered and enjoyed.

question

How did the Southerner write about life in America?

answer

they were apt to write about it in traditional ways

question

Explain how William Byrd is a representative figure for the Southern writers of the Colonial Period.

answer

he was truly a Renaissance man; he translated Greek and Latin words, composed original poetry, and wrote about mathematics and medicine

question

Who settled largely in New England? In Virginia?

answer

New England was settled by the round-heads and Virginia was settled by Cavaliers

question

What did it mean for Byrd to be Cavalier?

answer

he was worldly, sophisticated, and gentlemanly

question

Describe William Byrd's upbringing.

answer

born in Virginia, where he spent half his life; was the son of a wealthy landowner; he moved to London, and acquired a passion for theater; he had many scientific interests and was a member of the Royal Society

question

What was the name of William Byrd's 26000 acre home in Virginia?

answer

Westover

question

Of what are the Puritan diaries primarily a record?

answer

spiritual examination

question

What does Byrd's diary record?

answer

the pleasures and practical concerns of a man of the world

question

Of what is "The History of the Dividing Line" an account?

answer

far more than a simple record of that expedition, a survey expedition of the disputed boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina

question

With what is "The History of the Dividing Line" filled?

answer

philosophical observations and barbed comments on American Colonial life

question

What is "The Secret History?"

answer

William Byrd's private journal written in code where he recorded his private thoughts that he couldn't publish because it would cause a scandal

question

How is Byrd's approach in this piece different from Bradford's account?

answer

Bradford wrote in 3rd person and Byrd wrote in 1st person; Bradford's was very straightforward and Byrd's was very ironic and satirical

question

a type of writing that ridicules the short-comings of people or institutions, usually in an attempt to bring about some change

answer

satire

question

Who is Don Quixote? Explain the reference to him on 50 / 1 / 1.

answer

he is trying to say that the people going to America are foolish

question

To what does a "saunter to the Holy Land" allude? Why is the phrase satirical?

answer

"strolling to war" strolling to war is not something you do, the irony in this phrase makes it satirical

question

When does satire occur?

answer

mostly when one uses extreme exaggeration or irony

question

What reasons does Byrd suggest for the failure of the first Virginia settlements?

answer

the company who was providing the money for the people to go across America were frugal; they did not give them enough money and did not provide the people with provisions

question

For what remarkable accomplishment is Anne Bradstreet known? Why was this a remarkable accomplishment?

answer

first published poet in America; because writing was thought improper for a woman at that time

question

What did the title page of Bradstreet's first book assure readers?

answer

that she did not shirk her responsibilities as a wife and mother in order to write poetry

question

How did Bradstreet feel about moving to the colonies?

answer

at first, Bradstreet was appalled by the crude life of the settlement, but she soon adjusted

question

What were the circumstances under which Bradstreet wrote her poetry?

answer

she wrote while caring for teething infants, while mending clothes by fire at night, while struggling through bouts of tuberculosis and smallpox, and while maintaining a house in the wilderness of the New World; this later influenced what she wrote about

question

Describe Bradstreet's early poetry.

answer

at first, she imitated the lofty style of the established male poets; her early poems contain many wooden lines and forced rhymes, and they do not reveal her deeper emotions

question

How did Bradstreet's poetry come to be published during a time when it was not considered proper for a woman to write and publish poetry?

answer

her brother-in-law, Reverend John Woodbridge, took fifteen of her poems without her knowledge and published them

question

What was the title of Bradstreet's first published work?

answer

The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America

question

How did Bradstreet change her poetic style after the publication of her first volume of work? Why?

answer

she stared writing warm, natural poetry about her experiences because she was dissatisfied

question

What does Bradstreet's best poetry explore?

answer

her love for her husband, her sadness at the death of her parents and other family members, and her struggle to accept as God's will the losses she suffered

question

What office did both Bradstreet's husband and father hold? How did this influence her poetry?

answer

they were both governors of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which influenced her sense of impermanence; the sense of impermanence is a theme in her poetry

question

In seventeenth-century New England, when was reading poetry acceptable?

answer

only if it was religious in nature

question

How did Bradstreet view all events in her life?

answer

within the context of God's divine plan

question

Where did Bradstreet find similarities?

answer

between the domestic details of daily life and spiritual details of her religious life

question

deprived of the possession or use of something

answer

bereft

question

to find fault with or to blame

answer

chide

question

something given in return for something else; compensation

answer

recompense

question

reversal of the usual word or order for emphasis or variety; writers use this to maintain rhyme scheme or meter, or to emphasize certain words

answer

inversion

question

a reference to a well-known character, place, or situation from history or from music, art, or another work of literature

answer

allusion

question

Explain the allusion "all's vanity" in line 36.

answer

all's vanity is a biblical reference to Ecclesiastes 1:2 and 12:8, "Vanity of vanities: all is vanity"

question

compares two unlike things with the use of like or as

answer

metaphor

question

metaphor that continues throughout several lines in the poem

answer

extended metaphor

question

How does the inversion in closing couplet emphasize Anne Bradstreet's poem's theme?

answer

by putting the phrase "the world before no longer let me love she rhymes love and above."

question

Who was Jonathan Edwards?

answer

a Puritan theologian, preacher, and philosopher

question

What is "preaching of terror"?

answer

a brand of sermonizing aimed at shaking them from eternal damnation

question

On what did Edwards's sermons hinge?

answer

on fire-and-brimstone depictions of hell and visions of churchgoers dangling by tenuous threads over the depths of hell, held by the hand of an angry God

question

At what age did Edwards attend Yale?

answer

13

question

an uneasy feeling of doubt, worry, or fear, especially about one's own conduct; a misgiving

answer

qualm

question

About what did Edwards have qualms?

answer

predestination

question

the doctrine that claims it is predetermined whether an individual will go to heaven or hell

answer

predestination

question

What happened while Edwards was studying divinity?

answer

he underwent a religious conversion that confirmed his belief in God as omnipotent, total, and in control of all things, including human destiny

question

What did Edwards do in 1729?

answer

he succeeded his grandfather at the pulpit in Northampton, Massachusetts

question

To what did Edwards attribute New England's ailing morality?

answer

to its moral and religious independence and its incomplete acceptance of faith as the sole means to salvation

question

What happened in 1750?

answer

some of Northampton's Puritans objected to Edward's extreme teachings and removed him from his post

question

What did Edwards become later in life?

answer

president of what is now Princeton University

question

How does history view Edwards?

answer

Edwards is widely considered the most influential American writer before Benjamin Franklin

question

In what faith was Edwards educated?

answer

Calvinistic Faith

question

What were the two main beliefs of the Calvinistic faith?

answer

Doctrine of Election & Innate Human Corruption

question

Which university did Edwards attend?

answer

Yale

question

What movement did Edwards's preaching help to begin?

answer

Great Awakening

question

Give a physical description of Johnathan Edwards.

answer

tall, thin, and had a rather feminine voice

question

Explain the effect of Edwards's sermons on his congregation.

answer

his sermons were emotionally powerful

question

Why were Edwards's sermons so powerful?

answer

because of his incredibly effective use of figurative language including metaphors and similes

question

Explain the two most vivid metaphors/similes from "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."

answer

heavy as lead- your wickedness is so heavy that you're going to go straight to hell God's wrath is a bow and arrow- justice strains the bow

question

What is an unregenerate Christian?

answer

someone who has not been baptized; someone who has not repented their sins

question

To whom was Johnathan Edwards addressing this sermon?

answer

unregenerate Christians

question

Describe some characteristics of the Doctrine of Election.

answer

through God's grace, not humankind's effort, only elect few saved from damnation

question

What are two reasons that Edwards uses repetition in this selection (repetition includes repeating the same idea using different images)?

answer

1. to make an emotional emphasis 2. it is a speech

question

What qualities of God does Edwards emphasize in this selection?

answer

wrath, omnipotence, vengeance

question

Explain the phrase, "Justice bends the arrow at your heart and strains the bow."

answer

because mankind is sinful, it's justice that God wants to destroy us

question

What does Edwards say sinners can do to avert God's wrath?

answer

repent and reform your life

question

How can Edwards's concept of life and death best be summed up?

answer

"I must live as righteously as possible"

question

The image of the spider hanging over the fire illustrates what concept in relation to man and God?

answer

God's omnipotence and man's helplessness

question

What is the purpose of Edwards' sermon? (To make his parishioners . . .?)

answer

to make his parishioners fear the consequences of sin

question

Give an example of alliteration from the selection.

answer

pining and perishing

question

What does Edwards mean when he says, "many that were very lately in the same condition that you are in, are now in a happy state.?"

answer

they changed, are repentant, and happy

question

What does Edwards mean by "natural men"?

answer

they haven't yet accepted Christ as their savior

question

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is substituted for another that is related

answer

metonymy

question

stands for the office of the preacher

answer

pulpit

English III- The Puritans and Colonists (Messina) – Flashcards

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