Diseases of the Cardiovascular System And Lymphatic System – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| What is endocarditis? |
answer
| Inflammation of the endocardium. Usually refers to an infection of the valves of the heart. |
question
| What are the symptoms of endocarditis? |
answer
| abnormal heart beat, valve stenosis |
question
| What is the causative agent of acute bacterial endocarditis? |
answer
| Staph aureus, strep pneumo, strep pyrogenes, neisseria gonorrhoeae |
question
| What is the causative agent of subacute bacterial endocarditis? |
answer
| Strep sanguis, strep oralis, strep mutans, strep virdans, staph epi |
question
| How are the causative agents of endocarditis transmitted? |
answer
| Normal body flora that gain entrance to the blood stream through dental procedures, infections or other trauma |
question
| What is septicemia? |
answer
| Blood poisoning |
question
| When does septicemia occur? |
answer
| When organisms are actively multiplying in the blood. Caused by many bacteria and fungi. |
question
| What do symptoms of septicemia result from? |
answer
| Bacterial toxins or the body's own cytokine response. |
question
| What is the prominent symptom of septicemia? |
answer
| FEVER!!!!!!!! Very ill, altered mental state, shaking chills and GI symptoms. Respiratory alkalosis and low blood pressure. |
question
| What does toxic shock syndrome infect? |
answer
| The kidneys, blood and muscles, resulting in death in a matter of hours. |
question
| What is the initial symptom of TSS? |
answer
| High fever, dia, vomit, sore throat and muscle pain |
question
| What is the causative agent of TSS? |
answer
| Staph aureus or Staph pyrogenes |
question
| Who does TSS effect mostly? |
answer
| Post-pubescent women |
question
| What is the causative agent of the plague? |
answer
| Yersinia pestis |
question
| What are the virulence factors of Yersinia Pestis? |
answer
| 1.) Pla - protease destroys C3b and C5a 2.)Yops - proteins that interfere with phagocytosis 3.)PsaA - an adhesin that plays a role in attachment |
question
| How is the bubonic plague transmitted to humans from rats? |
answer
| Fleas. Enters the lymph and is filtered by node which becomes inflammed causing the creating of a bubo in the groin or axilla. |
question
| Is the bubonic plague also transmitted person-person? |
answer
| Yes. Pneumonic Plague. Results in severe lung infection that causes sepsis. |
question
| What is the mortality rate of untreated bubonic plague? |
answer
| 50-80% |
question
| What is the mortality rate of untreated pneumonic plague? |
answer
| 100% |
question
| What is tularemia? |
answer
| Rabbit fever. |
question
| What is the causative agent of Tularemia? |
answer
| Francisella Tularensis |
question
| How is tularemia transmitted to human's from rabbits? |
answer
| Exposure to the animals blood or by insects |
question
| What is the most common vector of tularemia? |
answer
| Ticks |
question
| What are the characteristic symptoms of tularemia? |
answer
| Ulcerative skin lesions, swollen lymph glands, conjunctival inflammation, sore throat, intestinal disruption, pulmonary involvement |
question
| What is the causative agent of Lyme Disease? |
answer
| Borrelia burgdorferi which is carried by ticks |
question
| What is the first stage of Lyme Disease? |
answer
| Bulls-eye skin rash develops with fever, head ache, stiff neck, dizziness |
question
| What is the 2nd stage of Lyme Disease? |
answer
| 2-8 weeks after initial symptoms. Heart disrhythmias leading to dizzy spells and fainting. Can lead to paralysis of the face, severe headache, emotional instability, fatigue, impairement of nerves of the limbs. |
question
| What is the 3rd stage of Lyme Disease? |
answer
| Arthritis occurs at 6 months after initial symptoms in 60% of cases. |
question
| Is lyme disease fatal? |
answer
| no |
question
| How is lyme disease treated? |
answer
| Ampicillin. Treated early = full recovery. Late stage treatment reduces symptoms through they may not go away completely. |
question
| What is the causative agent of Infectious Mononucleosis? |
answer
| Epstein Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus |
question
| Is Infectious Mononucelosis a DNA or RNA infection? |
answer
| DNA |
question
| What is the incubation period? What happens next? |
answer
| 30-50 days. Virus establishes an infection of the b-lymphocytes. |
question
| What are symptoms of Mono? |
answer
| Enlarged lymphnodes |
question
| Can certain strains of EBV cause cancer of the cells? IF so, what's the cancer called? |
answer
| Yes, Burkitt's Lymphoma |
question
| How does a hemorrhagic fever disease work? |
answer
| The virus enters the blood stream causing capillary fragility and disrupting blood-clotting systems leading to a localized bleeding and shock |
question
| What is the causative agent of yellow fever? |
answer
| Arbovirus |
question
| What are the symptoms of yellow fever? |
answer
| Jaundice, black vomit |
question
| What is the causative agent of Dengue Fever? |
answer
| Arbovirus |
question
| What can Dengue Fever progress to? |
answer
| Dengue Hemorrhagic Shock which is lethal and causes pain in muscles and joints. |
question
| What is the causative agent of Ebola and Marburg? |
answer
| Filovirus |
question
| What are the symptoms of ebola nd marburg? |
answer
| Bleeding from orifices, mucous membranes, and experience massive internal and external hemorrhaging. |
question
| What is the treatment for ebola and marburg? |
answer
| None. Mortality rate = 25-100% depending on strain |
question
| What is the causative agent of lassa fever? |
answer
| Arenavirus |
question
| In 20% of the cases, a severe hemorrhagic syndrome develops. T or F? |
answer
| T. |
question
| What is Brucellosis also called? |
answer
| Bang's Disease or Undulant Fever |
question
| What is Brucellosis caused by? |
answer
| Brucella melitensis |
question
| How is Brucellosis transmitted to humans? |
answer
| Via blood of infected animals or contaminated animal products. |
question
| Who are the common carriers of Brucellosis? |
answer
| Bison, elk, moose |
question
| How does Brucella Melitensis infect? |
answer
| Enters through damaged skin or mucus membranes of the digestive tract, conjunctiva, and respiratory tract and is then carried into the blood stream by phagocytic cells creating focal lesions in the liver, spleen, bone marrow and kidney. |
question
| What is the causative agent of cat scratch disease? |
answer
| Bartonella henselae |
question
| How is cat scratch disease transmitted to humans? |
answer
| Bites or scratches by cats and kittens |
question
| What are the symptoms of CSD? |
answer
| See a small cluster of papules at the site of inoculation followed by swelling of lymph nodes that can become pus filled. |
question
| Only ____ will experience a fever. |
answer
| 1/3 |
question
| Can the CSD be prevented? |
answer
| Yes by cleaning the bite. |
question
| What do rickettsial infections require and what do they target? |
answer
| Insect vectors and target small blood vessels in the body and symptoms include rash, edema and hypotension. |
question
| What is the causative agent of epidemic typhus? |
answer
| Rickettsia prowazekii |
question
| How is epidemic typhus transmitted? |
answer
| Contact with louse feces |
question
| What causes endemic typhus? |
answer
| Ricksettia typhi |
question
| How is endemic typhus transmitted? |
answer
| Rats and mice are carriers and it is passed to humans via fleas |
question
| Is endemic typhus the most severe and reported rickettsial illness in the southwest US? |
answer
| Yes |
question
| What is the cause of rocky mountain spotted fever? |
answer
| Rickettsia ricketsii |
question
| What is the treatment of Rickettsia infections? |
answer
| Tetracyclines |
question
| What is the world's most dominant protozoan disease? |
answer
| Malaria |
question
| What are the causative agents of malaria? |
answer
| P. malariae, P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale |
question
| How is malaria spread? |
answer
| Mosquitos |
question
| What is the 1st phase of parasite development? |
answer
| Asexual phase. In human host. Begins when infected mosquito bites human. Before drawing blood, mosquito injects saliva containing the parasite into the blood to prevent clotting. Then the parasite moves to the liver where it divides within the hepatocytes which eventually burst releasing the parasite into circulation. It then feeds on RBC and reproduces until its bursts. |
question
| What is the 2nd phase of parasite development? |
answer
| Sexual phase. In mosquito host. Draws infected blood into stomach. Parasite reprocuces and moves to salivary glands and waits to be passed onto humans. |
question
| What are complications from malaria? |
answer
| Hemolytic anemia, ruptured organs, and pulmonary failure. |
question
| What is the HIV virus? |
answer
| A retrovirus |
question
| What is a hybrid virus? |
answer
| Genetic sequences from two separate monkey SIV's |
question
| What are the symptoms of the HIV virus tied to? |
answer
| The level of virus in the blood and the level of CD4 helper cells in the blood |
question
| What are the symptoms of HIV? |
answer
| Initially, mono-like. Within days, 50% of helper T cells are destroyed. Symptoms are often followed by asymptomatic periods of 2-15 years. During this time, T cell numbers are falling and once they are low enough it becomes AIDS. |
question
| What is AIDS? |
answer
| The end stage of HIV |
question
| What are secondary symptoms of AIDS? |
answer
| Opportunistic infections, pronouncing wasting of body mass, protracted fever, fatigue, sore throat, and night sweats, lesions on brain meninges, spiral column and peripheral nerves and cancer. |
question
| What types of cancer are associated with AIDS? |
answer
| Kaposi sarcoma, non-hodgkins lymphoma. |
question
| Where is HIV carried? |
answer
| Blood, semen, vaginal secretions |
question
| What is the causative agent of elephantiasis? |
answer
| Wuchereria bancrofti. |
question
| How is elephantiasis spread? |
answer
| Mosquitos |
question
| How does elephantiasis work? |
answer
| Infection of lymph node causes lymph fluid to collect and cause edema in lower regions of body especially legs. Males can have it in balls. |
