question

What's anthropology

answer

the study of human nature, human society and human past

question

What are the major subfields of anthro

answer

Biological, cultural, linguistic, archaeology, applied anthro

question

Biological anthro studies

answer

human beings as biological organisms, history and concept of race, adaptation in different ecological settings, human growth and development,

question

Cultural Anthro studies

answer

variations in beliefs and behaviors of members of different human groups is shaped in culture

question

Linguistic anthro studies

answer

the way language differences correlate with difference in gender, race, class or ethnic identity

question

applied anthro

answer

subfeild in which anthros use info gathers from other specialties to propose solutions to practical problems

question

concept of culture

answer

set of behaviors and idead humans acquire as members of society

question

main characteristics of culture

answer

learned, shared, symbolic, integrated, dynamic, etc.

question

Holistic

answer

humans are biocultural organizms, the biological processes and symbolic cultural processes do determine and coevolve with eachother

question

ethnocentrism

answer

the view that ones own way of life is natural or correct and the only way of being fully human

question

cultural relativism

answer

understand another culture in its own terms sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living

question

anthropological fieldwork involves

answer

preparation, enter community, stay prd of time, collect data using multiple methods, write up findings

question

why participant observation

answer

in depth understanding of another culture, achieve a better understanding of ones own culture by detour of learning another culture

question

positivist approach

answer

there is one truth of reality that is knowable to use through our senses, uses scientific method to obtain truth, seeks knowledge absolute and true

question

reflexive approach

answer

social environment, facts require interpretation, knowledge is partial and situated, fieldwork as a dialectic process, acknoledge ethical and political dimensions of fieldwork

question

multisited approach

answer

intensification of globalization, de-territorialization of culture (ppl and things move)

question

Colonialism

answer

cultural domination with enforced social change

question

colonialism and anthro

answer

european colonialism and growth of anthro; still cultural differences in the world, all expressions of culture in the contemporary world are equally modern

question

Unilineal Evolutionism

answer

society evolves through stages of progressive change; inherent problems: ethnocentric, at times even racist, ethnographically inaccurate; attempt to explain cultural differences by fitting into evolutionary schema

question

Structural functionalism

answer

classifications but no universal laws, society functions like living organism, concern w the function of society due to colonial enterprise; criticism: ethnography present, culture as isolates, not reflexive enough

question

Lanugage

answer

system of arbitrary vocal symbols we use to encode our experience of the world

question

design features of language

answer

openness, displacement, arbitrariness, prevarication

question

linguistic competence

answer

mastery of grammer

question

communicative competence

answer

mastery of socially and culturally appropriate speech

question

linguistic inequality

answer

making value judgments about other ppls speech in context of domination and subordination

question

play

answer

a framing that is consciously adopted by the players, somehow pleasurable, systematically related to what is nonplay by alluding to the nonplay world, transforing the objects, roles, actions and relations of end and eans characteristic of the nonplay world

question

Art

answer

play w form (style or media) producing some aesthetically successful transformation representation (the process in which experience transformed as it is represented symbolically in a different medium)

question

Myth

answer

Stories whose truth value is taken to be self-evident, stories that explain why things are the way they are, stories that explain the past and/or predict the future

question

Ritual

answer

repetitive social practice set off from everyday life, composed of a sequence of symbolic activities, adhering to a culturally define ritual schema, closely connected to specidic set of idead that are often encoded in myth

question

rites of passage

answer

the structure if changes in social status through ritual (rites of passage); birth, marriage etc.

question

liminality

answer

the experience of being betwixt and between neither here nor there

question

worldview

answer

encompassing picture of reality created by members of society, comprehensive ideas of order, cosmologies, often expressed in form of metaphor

question

metaphor

answer

a form of though and language that asserts a meaningful link between two expressions from different semantic domains, consists of a subject and predicate, frequently links the unfamiliar to the familiar

question

key metaphors for constructing worldviews

answer

societal metaphors, organic metaphors, structural functional theory, technological metaphors

question

mangu (witchcraft)

answer

the performance of evil by human beings believed to possess an innate, nonhuman power to do evil, whether or not it is intentional or self-aware

question

azande and witchcraft

answer

no azande thinks of himself or herself as a witch; they address the witch within them to become cool if it is believed they are causing someones illness.

question

Religion

answer

a powerful worldview, ideas and practices that postualate relaity beyond that which is immediately available to the senses, frequently modeled on society (societal metaphors)

question

Secularism

answer

a worldview that believes in the separation of religion and state, including a notion of secular citizenship that owes much to the notion of individual agency developed in protestant theology

question

Power

answer

the ability to transform, to choose, transformative capacity; ability to transform a given situation

question

social power

answer

the transformative capacity of ppl in organized social groups

question

individual agency

answer

the tranformative capacity of individual human beings

question

Wolf: 3 types of power

answer

interpersonal, organizational, structural

question

interpersonal power

answer

power relations between individuals

question

organizational power

answer

how individuals or social units can limit the actions of other individuals

question

structural power

answer

how local settings are organized into larger social structures, how social labor is allocated across social setting (ex. international division of labor)

question

which of the following terms is used by Eric Wolf to refer to the form of social power that organized social settings and controls the allocation of social labor?

answer

structural power

question

Power of state

answer

domination, ideology (worldview that justifies the social arrangements under which ppl live), hegemony (persuasive power), governmentality and bio power

question

Biopower

answer

a form of power preoccupied with bodies--- the bodies of citizens and the social body itself

question

Governmentality

answer

art of governing appropriate to promoting the welfare of populations within a state

question

Power in stateless societies

answer

witchcraft in the Azande, belief system as a hegemonic power; Dani big men: prestige/influence/persuasion rather than coercive power; leveling mechanism- ways to limit the accumulation of wealth and power

question

power of weak

answer

hidden transcript (everyday forms of peasant resistance); means of central symbols of any cultural tradition are essentially negotiable; imagination- investing the world with meaning (agency), thus not alienated even though exploited

question

power of imagination

answer

individual agency, imagined communities (ex. modern nation states)

question

free agency

answer

the freedom of self-contained individuals to pursue their own interest above everything else and to challenge one another for dominance

question

ideology

answer

a worldview that justifies the social arrangements under which ppl live

question

hegemony

answer

persuading subordinates to accept the ideology of the dominant group by mutual accommodations that nevertheless preserve the rulers' privileged position

question

alienation

answer

a term used by Karl Marx to describe the deep separation that workers seemed to experience between their innermost sense of identity and the labor they were forced to perform in order to earn enough money to live

question

according to Gransci, rulers ho provide some genuine benefits to their subjects, spread ideology that justifies their rule and nevertheless succeed in protecting their privileges are exercising

answer

hegemony

question

Formalist: The goal of economic anthropology is to

answer

study the different priorities set by different societies, and examine how those priorities affect the maximizing decisions of individuals

question

Substantivist: The goal of economic anthropology is to

answer

study the institutions which result in the variations in human economic activities and describe the ways in which economic activities are embedded in particular societies

question

substinence strategies

answer

Hunters and gatherers (foragers); Pastoralist (herders); Horticulturalist (extensive agri.); Agriculturalist (intensive agri.); Industrialist

question

modes of exchange

answer

reciprocity (gift), redistribution (tax), market exchange (commodity)

question

modes of production: how many and what are they?

answer

10; Karl Marx: Primitive society—slavery—feudalism—capitalism—socialism—communism Eric Wolf: Kin-ordered mode; Tributary mode; Capitalist mode

question

According to the textbook, the division between food collectors and food producers illustrates a distinction between different kinds of:

answer

subsistence strategies

question

mode of production

answer

a specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge

question

means of production

answer

the tools, skills, organization and knowledge used to extract energy from nature

question

relations of production

answer

the social relations linking the ppl who use a given means of production within a particular mode of production

question

consumption

answer

the using up of material good necessary for human survival

question

The particular mix of plant and animal species occupying any particular region of the earth is known as:

answer

ecozone

question

From the perspective of production theory, the tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature are called:

answer

means of production

question

what the role of kinship in society?

answer

To provide for legitimate reproduction of group members; To decide where group members will live; To establish links between the generations; To determine how to pass on: positions in society (succession), material goods (inheritance)

question

kinship

answer

social relationships that prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth and nurturance

question

relatedness

answer

the socially recognized ties that connect ppl in a variety of differnt ways

question

descent

answer

the principle based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define the social categories to which ppl belong

question

adoption

answer

kinship relationships based on nurturance, often in the absence of other connections based on mating and birth

question

sex

answer

observable physical characteristics that distinguish two kinds of humans, females and males, needed for biological reproducation

question

gender

answer

the cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for each sex

question

bilateral descent

answer

the principle that a descent group is formed by ppl who believe they are related to each other by connections made through their mothers and fathers equally

question

unilineal descent

answer

the principle that a descent group is formed by ppl who believe they are related to each other by links made through a father or mother only

question

bilateral kindred

answer

a kinship group that consists of the relatives of one person or group of siblings

question

partilineage

answer

a social group formed by ppl connected by the father-cild links

question

martrilineage

answer

a social group formed by ppl connected by mother-child links

question

clan

answer

descent group formed by members who believe they have a common ancestor, even if they cannot specify the genealogical links

question

secret societies

answer

a form of social organization that initiates young men and women into social adulthood

question

marriage

answer

an institution the prototypically transforms the status of a man and a woman, carries implications about permitted sexual access, gives the offspring a positing in society, and establishes connections between the kin of the husband and kin of the wife

question

monogamy

answer

a marriage pattern in which a person may be married to only one spouse at a time

question

polygamy

answer

a marriage pattern in which a person may be married to more than one spouse at a time

question

polygyny

answer

a marriage pattern in which a man may be married to more than one wife at a time

question

polyandry

answer

a marriage pattern in which a woman may be married to more than one husband at a time

question

bridewealth

answer

a transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage, represents compensation to the wife's lineage for the loss of her labor and her childbearing capacities

question

dowry

answer

transfer of wealth, usually from parents to their daughter, at the time of her marriage

question

secondary marriage

answer

woman marries one or more secondary husbands while remaining married to all previous husbands

question

nuclear family

answer

a family made up of two generations: the parents and their unmarried children

question

extended family

answer

a family pattern made up of 3 generations living together: parents, married children and grandchildren

question

joint family

answer

a family pattern made up of brothers and their wives or sisters and their husbands (along with children) living together

question

T/F Gender is a concept that illustrates the natural distinctions between men and women.

answer

False

question

class

answer

a ranked group within a heirarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation or other econmic criteria

question

caste

answer

a ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society that is closed, prohibiting individuals from moving from one caste to another

question

stratified societies

answer

societies in which there is a permanent hierarchy that accords some members privileged access to wealth, power and prestige

question

race

answer

a human population category whose boundaries allegedly correspond to to distinct set of biological attributes

question

racism

answer

the systematic oppression of one or more socially defines races by another socially defined race that is justified in terms of supposedly inherent biological superiority of the rulers and the supposed inherent biological inferiority of those they rule

question

ethnicity

answer

a principle of social classification used to create groups based on selected cultural features such as language, religion or dress

question

nation

answer

a group of ppl believed to share the same history, culture, language and even the same physical substance

question

nation-state

answer

an ideal political unit in which national identity and political territory coincide

question

nationality

answer

a sense of identification with and loyalty to a nation-state

question

class consciousness

answer

the sense of solidarity members of the same class (based on their shared relationship to the means of production) develop among themselves

question

clientage

answer

the institution linking individuals from upper and lower levels in a stratified society

question

T/F According to the text the notion of class in american society is the same as its counterpart in europe

answer

False

question

caste in india

answer

hierarchical system of social organization based on cultural beliefs about purity and pollution, hegemonic system

question

caste v. class

answer

ascribed v. achieved statue= both ascribed but class can be achieved esp in american society

question

Hierarchically arranged social groups defined on economic grounds are called

answer

classes

question

racialism

answer

a belief in the existence of biologically distinct races

question

colorism

answer

a system of social identities negotiated situationally along a continuum of skin colors between black and white

question

the traditional concept of race in western society is

answer

grounded in human biology not genetics

question

ethnic groups

answer

social groups that are distinguished from one another on the basis of ethnicity

question

Ethnicity under colonial domination

answer

process of colonialization can produce ethnic groups not continuous with any single earlier group

question

many anthropologists accept that ethnicity is created by

answer

historical processes

question

nation-building

answer

the attempt made by government officials to instill into the citizens of a state a sense of nationality

question

transformist hegemony

answer

a nationalist program to define nationality in a way that preserves the cultural domination of the ruling group while including enough cultural features from subordinated groups to ensure their loyaly

question

nationalism and its dangers

answer

ethnic cleansing, ethnocide or genocide, civil ware

question

when nationalist leaders define nationality in a way that preserves the cultural domination for the ruiling group but also includes enough cultural features from subordinated groups to insure their loyalty, they are engaging in a process called

answer

transformist hegemony

question

naturalizing disclosures

answer

the deliberate representation of particular identities as if they were rooted in biology or nature rather than culture and history

question

strategic essentialism

answer

using essentialist rhetoric as a conscious political strategy; risks repeating the smae logic that justifies repression

question

medical anthropology

answer

studies how wellness or sickness is shaped by cultural, social and political experiences and expectations

question

biomedicine

answer

western forms of medical knowledge and practice based on biological science

question

disease

answer

forms of biological impairment identified and explained within the discourse of biomedicine

question

suffering

answer

the forms of physical, mental and emotional distress recognized by members of a particular cultural community

question

sickness

answer

classifications of physical, mental and emotional distress recognized by members of a particular cultural community

question

illness

answer

a suffering person's own understand of his or her distress

question

biocultural adaptations

answer

human cultural practices influenced by natural selection on genes that affect human health

question

syndemic

answer

the combined effects on a population of more than one disease, the effects of which are exacerbated by poor nutrition, social instability, violence or other stressful environmental factors

question

SAVA

answer

substance abuse, violence, and AIDS

question

culture-bound syndromes

answer

when sicknesses appear to be unique to a given cultural group

question

biological evolution

answer

change in gene frequencies used to measure this

question

adaptation

answer

entail adjustment by organism to environmental challenges that helps them to cope

question

According to the textbook, one way we might distinguish between the understandings of \"disease\" and \"illness\" by medical anthropologists is:

answer

that disease refers to biological processes recognized and described within biomedicine, while illness is described as a individual's own interpretation of their suffering

question

trauma

answer

sever suffering is cause by forces and agents beyond individual and/or collective control

question

social exclusion

answer

refers to the process through which individuals or groups are excluded from material resources and societal belongings

question

structural violence

answer

violence that results from the way that political and economic forces structure risk for various forms of suffering within population

question

embodied inequality

answer

what some anthropologists call processes such as social exclusion may produce in a stressed, neglected individual body

question

cosmopolitan medicine

answer

a more accurate way to refer to western biomedical systems as adopted by ppl in a non-western societies around the world

question

ethnomedical systems

answer

alternative medical systems based on practices of local sociocultural groups

question

medical pluralism

answer

the coexsistence of ethnomedical systems alongside cosmopolitan medicine

question

biosociality

answer

social identities based on shared medical diagnosis

question

health activism

answer

political organization around a biosocial identity in order to demand health related interventions by the state or other organizations

question

biological citizenship

answer

government recognition of citizens health needs and to intervene on their behalf

question

self

answer

the result of the process of socialization/enculturation for an individual

question

subjectivity

answer

the felt interior experience of the person that includes his or her positions in a field of relational power

question

Globalization (G)

answer

reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an ever-intensifying scale

question

Where is research for labor and legality primarily based

answer

US

question

cultural imperialism

answer

the idea that some cultures dominate other cultures and that cultural domination by one culture leads inevitably to the destruction of subordinated cultures and their replacement by the culture of those in power

question

cultural hybridity

answer

cultural mixing

question

modernization theory of G

answer

growth metaphor, stages of development, colonization of non-western societies as inevitable and necessary, foundation of US foreign policy (1960s)

question

dependency theory of G

answer

focuses on colonial and post colonial relations, development of underdevelopment thesis, expropriation of resources and wealth, metaphor or rape called for political actions

question

world-system theory

answer

capitalist system, consisting the core, the periphery and semi-periphery; focuses on economic rather than political, social or cultural forces, organic metaphor, missing ppls agency and local perspective

question

Modernization theory assumes which of the following

answer

young states, like young men develop according to an innate time table

question

how do anthropologist study G?

answer

investigate the complex ways in which global processes articulate with features of local communities; study global glows of ppl, tech, wealth, images, and ideologies

question

diaspora

answer

migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world, a form or transborder identity that does not focus on nation building

question

long-distance nationalist

answer

members of a diaspora organized in support of nationalist struggles in their homeland or to agitate for a state of their own

question

transborder state

answer

a form of state in which it is claimed that those ppl who left the country and their descendants remain part of their ancestral state, even if they are citizens of another state

question

transborder citizenry

answer

a group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in the homeland plus the ppl who have emigrated from the country and their descendants, regardless of their current citizenship

question

flexible citizenship

answer

the strategies and effects employed by managers technocrats, and professionals who move regularly across state boundaries, seeking both to circumvent and benefit from different nation-state regimes

question

Post-national ethos

answer

an attitude toward the world in which ppl submit to the governmentality of the capitalist market while trying to evade the governmentality of nation-states

question

Migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world are called:

answer

diasporas

question

human rights

answer

set of rights that should be accorded to all human beings everywhere in the world

question

rights v. culture

answer

If \"cultures\" are homogeneous, bounded, and unchanging, and if each society has only one \"culture,\" then international interference with customs said to violate human rights would seem itself to constitute a human rights violation. Thus, cultures should be allowed to enjoy absolute, inviolable protection from interference from outsiders.

question

Ex. rights v. culture

answer

the CEDAW declaration that violence against women violate women's human right; indonesia and singapore have positioned themselves as defenders of \"Asian values\" but have also welcomed western capitalism

question

Rights to culture

answer

Like other cultures, the culture of human rights is based on ideas about human beings, their needs, and their ability to exercise agency, as well as the kinds of social connections between human beings that are considered legitimate and illegitimate.

question

In discussions of the right to culture in international treaties, responsibility for defending the culture of the rights-bearing person is

answer

nations-state

question

Ex. Rights of Culture

answer

child prostitution in Thailand

question

As anthropologists have begun to study \"the culture of human rights\" they have come to see the central role played by

answer

law

question

multiculturalism

answer

how various nation states deal with the issue of immigration and multiculturalism

question

cosmopolitanism

answer

being at ease in more than one cultural setting

question

In Chapter 2, Lavenda and Schultz use the example of female genital cutting in East Africa in order to demonstrate:

answer

how adopting a perspective of cultural relativism might help ppl better understand unfamiliar cultural traditions

question

The view that one's own way of life is the best and only correct way while others' are not is called:

answer

Ethnocentrism

question

an ethnography is

answer

a written description of a particular culture by an anthropologist

question

10. Which of the following theories views society as a living organism? Historical Particularism Uni-lineal Evolutionism Structural Functionalism Interpretive theory

answer

structural

question

11. Nonhuman primates cannot communicate vocally about absent or nonexistent objects or past or future events. Thus, their call systems lack the linguistic design feature of:

answer

displacement

question

Which of the following observations about play is false? a. Play is a source of creativity. b. Play is always good. c. Play is practice for the real world. d. Play can be a source for changing ordinary life.

answer

B

question

An informant is

answer

A person in a particular culture who provides anthropologists with insights about their way of life.

question

Stories whose truth seems self-evident because they integrate personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about the way the world works are called

answer

myths

question

The phrase \"My soul is an eagle\" is an example of:

answer

metaphor

question

what type of metaphor is \"the brain is our CPU\"?

answer

technological metaphor

question

When the President of the United States says, \"Americans are waging a war on poverty,\" what is the underlying metaphor?

answer

Poverty is the enemy, the citizens of the US are the army

question

Kinship relationships derived from mating are called

answer

descent

question

following a marriage, the kin of the husband and the kin of the wide are linked by:

answer

affinity

question

Which spousal patterns control women's sexuality more closely than they control men's sexuality

answer

monogamy and polygyny

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