question

As defined by the text, consciousness includes which of the following?

answer

All of these conditions; focused attention, sleeping, hypnosis

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The cluster of brain cells that control the circadian rhythm is the

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Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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Compared to their counterparts of 80 years ago, teenagers today average ______ sleep each night

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2 hours less

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Sleep spindles predominate during which stage of sleep?

answer

Stage 2

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During which stage of sleep does the body experience increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and genital arousal?

answer

REM sleep

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The sleep cycle is approximately

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90 minutes minutes

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The effects of chronic sleep deprivation include

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All of these effects; suppression of the immune system, altered metabolic and hormonal functioning, and impaired creativity

question

One effect of sleeping pills is to

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Decrease REM sleep

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Cocaine and crack cocaine produce a euphoric rush by

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Blocking the reuptake of dopamine in brain cells

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Which of the following is classified as a depressant?

answer

Alcohol

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Which of the following statements concerning hypnosis is true?

answer

Hypnosis is in part an extension of the division between conscious awareness and automatic behavior

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People who heard unusual phrases prior to sleep were awakened each time they began REM sleep. The fact that they remembered less the next morning provides support for the

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Information-processing theory of dreaming

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Which of the following preventive measures would have the greatest impact on average life expectancy?

answer

Eliminating smoking

question

According to Freud, dreams are

answer

A symbolic fulfillment of erotic wishes

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Psychoactive drugs affect behavior and perception through

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Alteration of neural activity in the brain

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All of the following address common misconceptions about addiction, EXCEPT the statement that

answer

Biological factors place some individuals at increased risk for addiction

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At the beginning, psychology focused on the study of

answer

Consciousness

question

Which of the following is NOT a theory of dreaming mentioned in the text?

answer

Dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation

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The sleep-waking cycles of young people who stay up too late typically are

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25 hours in duration

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The lowest rates of drug use among high school seniors is reported by:

answer

African-Americans

question

Surface meaning of dreams

answer

Manifest content

question

Deeper meaning of dreams

answer

Latent content

question

Stages of sleep associated with delta waves

answer

Stage 3 and 4 sleep

question

Stages of sleep associated with muscular relaxation

answer

REM sleep

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Sleep disorder in which breathing stops

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Sleep apnea

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Sleep disorder occurring in stage 4 sleep

answer

Night terrors

question

Depressant

answer

Alcohol

question

Hallucinogen

answer

Marijuana

question

Stimulant

answer

Cocaine

question

Simultaneous unconscious and conscious tracks

answer

Dual processing

question

Disorder in which sleep attacks occur

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Narcolepsy

question

Study of how brain activity is linked to mental activity

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Cognitive neuroscience

question

Twilight stage of sleep associated with imagery resembling hallucinations

answer

Stage 1 sleep

question

Which of the following statements regarding REM sleep is true?

answer

REM sleep deprivation results in a REM rebound

question

The perceptual error in which we fail to see an object when our attention is directed elsewhere is

answer

Inattentional blindness

question

Alcohol has the most profound effect on

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The transfer of experiences to long term

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A person whose EEG shows a high proportion of alpha waves is most likely

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Awake and relaxed

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Circadian rhythms are the

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Regular body cycles that occur on a 24 hour schedule

question

A person who requires increasing amounts of a drug in order to feel its effect is said to have developed

answer

Tolerance

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of a biological rhythm?

answer

Sudden sleep attacks during the day

question

Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep?

answer

Genital arousal

question

Which of the following is NOT a stimulant?

answer

Alcohol

question

Hypnotic responsiveness us

answer

Greater when people are led to expect it

question

According to Hilgard, hypnosis is

answer

A dissociation between different levels of consciousness

question

Which of the following was NOT cited in the text as evidence that heredity influences alcohol use?

answer

Children whose parents abuse alcohol have a lower tolerance for multiple alcoholic drinks taken over a short period of time.

question

As a form of therapy for relieving problems such as warts, hypnosis is

answer

No more effective than positive suggestions given without hypnosis

question

Which of the following is usually the most powerful determinant of whether teenaged begin using drugs?

answer

Peer influence

question

THC is the major active ingredient in

answer

Marijuana

question

Those who believe that hypnosis is a social phenomenon argue that "hypnotized" individuals are

answer

Merely acting out a role

question

Consciousness is defined in the text as

answer

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

question

I am a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen that produces euphoria and social intimacy by triggering the release of dopamine and serotonin. What am I?

answer

MDMA

question

According to the activation-synthesis theory, dreaming represents

answer

The brain's efforts to integrate inflated bursts of activity in visual brain areas with the emotional tone provided by limbic system activity

question

How a particular psychoactive drug affects a person depends on

answer

All of these conditions; the dosage and form in which the drug is taken, the user's expectations and personality and the situation in which the drug is taken

question

Drug that is both a stimulant and mild hallucinogen

answer

Ecstasy

question

Drugs that increase energy and stimulate neural activity

answer

Amphetamines

question

Brain wave of awake, relaxed person

answer

Alpha

question

Brain wave activity during stage 2 sleep

answer

Sleep spindle

question

Sleep stage associated with dreaming

answer

REM

question

Drugs that reduce anxiety and depress central nervous system activity

answer

Barbiturates

question

Natural painkillers produced by the brain

answer

Endorphins

question

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

answer

Selective attention

question

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

answer

Consciousness

question

theory that dreaming reflects our erotic drives

answer

Freud's theory

question

a split between different levels of consciousness

answer

dissociation

question

neurotransmitter that LSD resembles

answer

serotonin

question

A person who falls asleep in the midst of a heated argument probably suffers from

answer

narcolepsy

question

Which of the following was NOT suggested by the text as an important aspect of drug prevention and treatment programs?

answer

"scare tactics" that frighten prepubescent children into avoiding drug experimentation

question

REM sleep is referred to as paradoxical sleep because

answer

the body's muscles remain relaxed while brain and eyes are active.

question

An attorney wants to know if the details and accuracy of an eyewitness's memory for a crime would be improved under hypnosis. Given the results of relevant research, what should you tell the attorney?

answer

Most hypnotically retrieved memories are either false or contaminated

question

Dan has recently begun using an addictive, euphoria-producing drug. Which of the following will probably occur if he repeatedly uses this drug?

answer

the dosage needed to produce the desired effect will increase

question

Although her eyes are closed, Adele's brain is generating bursts of electrical activity. It is likely that Adele is

answer

in REM sleep

question

Concluding his presentation on levels of information processinng, Miguel states that:

answer

conscious processing is serial, while unconscious processing is parallel.

question

Roberto is moderately intoxicated by alcohol. Which of the following changes in his behavior is likely to occur?

answer

All of these changes are likely. If angered, he is more likely to become aggressive than when he is sober, he will be less self-conscious about his behavior, and if sexually aroused, he will be less inhibited about engaging in sexual activity.

question

Jill dreams that she trips and falls as she walks up the steps to the stage to receive her diploma. Her psychoanalyst suggests that the dream might symbolize her fear of moving on to the next stage of her life a career. The analyst is evidently attempting to interpret the _________ content of Jill's dream

answer

latent

question

Barry has participated in a sleep study for the last four nights. He was awakened each time he entered REM sleep. Now that the experiment is over, which of the following can be expected to occur?

answer

there will be an increase in Barry's REM sleep

question

Of the following individuals, who is likely to be the most hypnotically suggestible?

answer

Janice, an actress with a rich imagination

question

Which of the following statements concerning alcohol dependence is NOT true?

answer

Adopted individuals are most susceptible to alcohol dependence if they had an adoptive parent with alcohol dependence.

question

Research studies of the effectiveness of hypnosis as a form of therapy have demonstrated that

answer

all of these statements are true. for problems of addiction, such as smoking, hypnosis has not been especially effective. Postthypnotic suggestions have helped alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders. as a form of therapy, hypnosis is no more effective than positive suggestions given without hypnosis

question

a PET scan of a sleeping person's brain reveals increased activity in the amygdala of the limbic system. This most likely indicates that the sleeper

answer

is in REM sleep

question

Selective attention is most accurately defined as

answer

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

question

which of the following statements concerning marijuana is true?

answer

the by-products of marijuana are cleared from teh body more slowly than are the by-products of alcohol

question

which of the following statements concerning near-death experiences is true?

answer

they typically consist of fantastic, mystical imagery

question

those who consider hypnosis is a social phenomenan contend that

answer

hypnotized subjects become unresponsive when they are no longer motivated to act as instructed

question

which of the following statements concerning the roots of drug use is true?

answer

if an adolescent's friends use drugs, odds are that he or she will too

question

concluding her presentation on contemporary theories of why sleep is necessary, Marilynn makes all of the following points EXCEPT

answer

slow-wave sleep provides a "psychic safety valve" for stressful waking experiences

question

for most psychologists this is our awareness of ourselves and our environment

answer

consciousness

question

the interdisciplinary field that studies the links between brain activity and cognition

answer

cognitive neuroscience

question

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

answer

dual processing

question

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

answer

selective attention

question

a perceptual error in which we fail to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

answer

inattentional blindness

question

occurs when we fail to notice changes in the environment

answer

change blindness

question

any regular bodily rhythm, such as body temperature and sleep-wakefulness, that follows a 24-hour cycle

answer

circadian rhythm

question

the sleep stage in which the brain and eyes are active, the muscles are relaxed, and vivid dreaming occurs; also known as paradoxical sleep

answer

REM sleep

question

the relatively slow brain waves characteristic of an awake, relaxed state

answer

alpha waves

question

the natural, periodic, reversible loss of consciousness, on which the body and mind depend for healthy functioning

answer

sleep

question

false sensory experiences that occur without any sensory stimulus

answer

hallucinations

question

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

answer

delta waves

question

a sleep disorder in which the person regularly has difficulty in falling or staying asleep

answer

insomnia

question

a sleep disorder in which the victim suffers a sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks, often characterized by entry directly into REM

answer

narcolepsy

question

a sleep disorder in which the person ceases breathing while asleep, briefly arouses to gasp for air, falls back into sleep, and repeats this cycle throughout the night

answer

sleep apnea

question

a person suffering from this experiences episodes of high arousal with apparent terror. these usually occur during Stage 4 sleep

answer

night terrors

question

sequences of images, emotions, and thoughts, the most vivid of which occur during REM sleep

answer

dreams

question

in Freud's theory of dreaming this is the remembered story line

answer

manifest content

question

in Freud's theory of dreaming, this is the underlying but censored menaing of a dream

answer

latent content

question

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

answer

REM rebound

question

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

answer

Hypnosis

question

a suggestion made during a hypnosis session that is to be carried out when the subject is no longer hypnotized

answer

posthypnotic suggestion

question

a split between different levels of consciousness, allowing a person to divide attention between two or more thoughts or behaviors

answer

dissociation

question

includes stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens, are chemical substances that alter moods and perceptions. They work by affecting or mimicking the activity of neurotransmitters

answer

psychoactive drugs

question

the diminishing of a psychoactive drug's effect that occurs with repeated use, requiring progressively larger doses to produce the same effect

answer

tolerance

question

refers to the discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of addictive drugs

answer

withdrawal

question

a physiological need for a drug that is indicated by the presence of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is not taken

answer

physical dependence

question

the pyschological need to use a drug is referred to as

answer

psychological dependence

question

a compulsive craving for a drug despite adverse consequences and withdrawal symptoms

answer

addiction

question

psychoactive drugs such as alcohol, opiates, and barbiturates, that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

answer

depressants

question

are depressants sometimes used to induce sleep or reduce anxiety

answer

barbiturates

question

depressants derived from the opium popp, such as opium, morphine, and heroin; they reduce neural activity and temporarily lessen pain and anxiety

answer

opiates

question

are psychoactive drugs, such as caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine, that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

answer

stimulants

question

are a type of stimulant and as such as speed up body functions and neural activity

answer

amphetamines

question

a powerfully addictive stimulant that speeds up body functions and is associated with energy and mood changes

answer

methamphetamine

question

classified as both a synthetic stimulant and a mild hallucinogen this produces short-term euphoria by increasing serotonin levels in the brain. Repeated use may permanently damage serotonin neurons, suppress immunity, and impair memory and other cognitive functions

answer

Ecstasy (MDMA)

question

psychedelic drugs such as LSD and marijuana, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

answer

Hallucinogens

question

a powerful hallucinogen capable of producing vivid false perceptions and disorganization of thought processes. LSD produces its unpredictable effects partially because it blocks the action of a subtype of the neurotransmitter serotonin

answer

LSD

question

the major active ingredient in marijuana, this is classified as a mild hallucinogen

answer

THC

question

an altered state of consciousness that has been reported by some people who have had a close brush with death

answer

near-death experience

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