Coms 100 Final – Flashcards
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In the midst of a speech about tsunamis, a speaker notices quizzical expressions on the faces of her listeners. In response, she says, "Let me explain that point again to make sure it's clear." When this happens, the speaker is
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Adapting to feedback
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Which of the following is one of the four major causes of poor listening discussed in your textbook?
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Focusing on a speaker's appearance or delivery
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Tanya went to the beach instead of working on her speech. When she realized how soon the speech was due, she asked a friend who had already taken public speaking to loan her an old outline, which she used verbatim for her class speech. Which of the following statements best describes Tanya's actions?
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Tanya is guilty of global plagiarism
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True or False? A commemorative speech honoring a person is essentially a biography of that person.
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False
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"We must put an end to war—or war will put an end to us" is an example of
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Antithesis
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To inform my audience what steps to take if they become victims of identity theft" is a specific purpose statement for an informative speech about a(n)
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Process
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What, if anything, is wrong with this specific purpose statement; "To inform my audience about climate change"?
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It is too general
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When conducting research for your speech, if you can't identify the author of a document on the Internet, you should
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Try to determine the sponsoring organization for the document
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How does the following excerpt from a classroom speech violate the guidelines for the use of statistics presented in your textbook? I read that each year, for every 100,000 students living in college dormitories, there are 4 cases of bacterial meningitis.
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It doesn't state a qualified source for the statistics
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Sheila had been making pottery for several years. In her informative speech, she gave a presentation with the following main points. I. The first step in making pottery is preparing the clay. II. The second step in making pottery is shaping the clay. III. The third step in making pottery is decorating and glazing the clay. IV. The fourth step in making pottery is firing the finished product. Sheila's points were arranged in __________ order.
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Chronological
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True or False? The preview statement in a speech introduction identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.
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True
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An example of a correctly worded main point for a speech preparation outline
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Many movie special effects are created with computer-generated graphics
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What type of tone does extemporaneous delivery have?
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Conversational
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Which of the following would probably be the best kind of visual aid to illustrate the rising cost of a college degree?
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Line Graphs
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"To persuade my audience to take a class that will teach them CPR" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of
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Policy
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What kind of reasoning is used in the following statement? A sexual encounter with someone who does not consent to it is rape. A person who is incapacitated by alcohol cannot consent to sex. Therefore, a sexual encounter with a person incapacitated by alcohol is rape
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Reasoning from principle
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What error in reasoning is exemplified by the following statement? Both of my roommates drink at least three cans of soda every day and neither of them is overweight, so all those studies that link soda consumption to obesity must be wrong.
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Hasty generalization
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Speaker
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The person who is presenting the speech
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Message
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whatever the speaker is trying to communicate
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Channel
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How the message is being communicated
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Listener
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the person who is receiving the message/listening
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Frame of Reference
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no two people have the same, sum of person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, attitudes
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Feedback
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A message, usually nonverbal sent from a listener to a speaker (nodding, leaning forward, quizzical looks)
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Interference
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Anything that impedes the communication of a message
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External Interference
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Room temp, traffic noise, people in the hall
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Internal Interference
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Listener has toothache, test, or fighting with boyfriend
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Situation
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Time and place in which the speech communications occurs
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How is public speaking different then conversation?
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Public speaking requires -a more highly structured piece, Requires more formal language, and has a different method of delivery
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Ethnocentrism
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the belief that ones own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
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Name calling
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The use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individual or groups
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Ethics
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standing up for your beliefs or doing something because you think they are right or wrong
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Using Ethics
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Goals are ethically sound, be fully prepared for each speech, be honest, put ethical principles into practice
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Global plagiarism
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Stealing a speech entirely from a single source
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Patchwork Plagiarism
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Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources
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Incremental Plagiarism
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Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
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Paraphrase
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To restate or summarize an author's ideas in ones own words
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Appreciative Listening
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Listening for pleasure or enjoyment (music/comedy)
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Empathetic Listening
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Listening to provided emotional support for a speaker (friends in distress/psychiatric listening to patient)
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Comprehensive Listening
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Listening to evaluate a message for purpose of accepting or rejecting in (sales pitch/campaign speech)
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Causes of poor listening
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Not concentrating, listening too hard, jumping to conclusions, focusing on delivering and personal appearance
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How to become a better listener
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Take it seriously, be an active listener (feedback), resist distractions, don't be diverted by appearance or delivery, suspend judgement, focus, take notes
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General Purpose
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The broad goal of a speech, convey information clearly
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Specific purpose
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A single infinitive phrase that state precisely what a speaker how to accomplish in his or her speech
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Central Idea
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A one sentence statement that sums up the major ideas of a speech-make effective
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Audience Centeredness
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Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
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Identification
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a process in which speaker seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences
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Demographics
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Factors that focus on age, gender religion, sexual orientation, group membership, racial, ethnic or cultural background
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Situational Audience Analysis
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Audience analysis that focus on situational factors (size of audience, physical setting, speaker, occasion)
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Examples (supporting material)
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A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences
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Statistics (supporting material)
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Numerical Datat
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Testimony
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Questions or paraphrases used to support a point
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Orally Crediting Sources
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Identify the sources you used by citing them in your speech, use "According to" or "As stated by"
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Chronological Order
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main points follow a time and pattern
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Spatial Order
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main points follow a directional pattern (starting with northern Italy, central Italy, and southern Italy)
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Causal Order
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main points show a cause and effect relationship
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Problem Solution Order
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first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
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Topical Order
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main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
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Preparation Outline
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A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes that title, specific purpose, central idea, intro, main points, conclusion
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Guidelines of outline
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i. State the specific purpose ii. Identify central idea iii. Label the intro, body, and conclusion iv. Use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation v. State main points and sub points in full sentences vi. Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews vii. Attach bibliography viii. Give your speech a title
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Speaking Outlines
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A brief outline used to jog a speakers memory during the presentation of a speech
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Guidelines for speaking outline
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i. Follow visual framework used in prep outline ii. Make sure the outline is legible iii. Keep the outline as brief as possible iv. Give yourself cues for delivering the speech
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Transition
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a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving to another
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Signpost
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a very brief statement that indicated where a speaker is in the speck or that focuses attention on key ideas (first second, final, in conclusion)
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Internal Summary
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statement in body that summarizes the preceding main points of points
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Internal Preview
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a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
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Goodwill
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audience perception of whether the speaker has the best interest of the audience in mind
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Four Objectives of Introduction
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i. Get the attention and interest of the audience ii. Reveal the topic of your speech iii. Establish your credibility and goodwill iv. Preview the body of the speech
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Two Major Functions of Conclusion
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i. Let the audience know it's the end of the speech ii. To reinforce the audience understanding have, or commitment to, the central idea
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Crescendo Ending
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A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity
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Dissolve Ending
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A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement
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Simile
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comparison with like or as
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Antithesis
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the juxtaposition contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure (ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country)
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Alliteration
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repetition of the initial consonant sounds or close or adjoining words (cooperation, compromise, and common cause)
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Repetition
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using the same word or set of words a the beginning or end of a successive clauses or sentences (we do not give up... we do not give up... we do not give up)
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Parallelism
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similar arrangement of a pair or series or related words, phrases, or sentences (rich and poor, young and old, man and woman)
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Metaphor
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Comparison WITHOUT like or as
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Rhythm
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pattern of sound in a speech created by choice of words and arrangement of words
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Speech of Introduction
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a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience d. Commemorative speech: a speech that pays tribute to a person, group of people, an institution, or an idea
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Speech of presentation
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a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
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Acceptance Speech
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a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
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Commemorative Speech
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a speech that pays tribute to a person, group of people, an institution, or an idea
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Speech about objects
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anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form
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Speech about process
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systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product
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Speech about events
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anything that happens or is regarded as happening
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Speech about concepts
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a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like
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Question of Fact
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a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
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Question of Value
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a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
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Question of Policy
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a question whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
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Problem-Solution Order:
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main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution
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Problem-Cause-Solution Order:
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first main point is a problem, next talks about the cause of the problem, last point is the solution
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Comparative Advantages Order
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each main point explains why a speakers solution to a problem is preferable over other solutions
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Ethos
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Speaker credibility
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Pathos
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Emotional appeals
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Logos
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Evidence/reasoning
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Fallacies
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an error in reasoning
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Hasty Generalization
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a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence (throughout history military leaders have ALWAYS made excellent presidents)
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False Cause
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a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
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Invalid Analogy
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an analogy in which two cases being compared are not essentially alike
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Bandwagon
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a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
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Red Herring
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A fallacy that includes an irrelevant issue to divert attention form the subject under discussion (how dare my opponents accuse me of political corruption at a time when we are working to improve the quality of like for all people in the US)
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Ad Hominem
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fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
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Either Or
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fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more that two exist
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Slippery Slope
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a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
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Appeal to Tradition
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a fallacy which assumes that something is old is automatically better than something new
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Appeal to Novelty
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fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better that something old
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Volume
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loudness or softness
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Pitch
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Highness or lowness
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Inflections
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Changes in pitch or tone
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Monotone
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constant pitch or tone
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Rate
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speech to which person is talking
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pause
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momentary break in vocal delivery of a speech
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vocalized pause
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a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence with uh uhm
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vocal variety
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changes in a speakers rate pitch and volume that gives voice variety and expressiveness
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pronunciation
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accepted standard of sound and rhythm given for words
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articulation
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physical production of particular speech sounds
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Dialect
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variety of language distinguished by vartations of accents, grammar or vocab
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nonverbal communication
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personal appearance, movement, gestures, eye contact
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reading from manuscript
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speech that is written out word for word and read to audience
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speaking impromptu
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speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
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extemporaneous speech
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carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
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Guidelines for visual aids
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i. Prepare visual aids in advance ii. Keep visual aid simple iii. Make sure visual aids are large enough iv. Use limited amount of text v. Use fonts effectively vi. Use color effectively vii. Use images strategically
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Guidelines for presenting visual aids
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i. Display visual aid where listeners can see them ii. Avoid passing visual aids among the audience iii. Display visual aids only while discussing them iv. Explain visual aids clearly and concisely v. Talk to your audience, not to your visual aid vi. Practice with your visual aid vii. Check the room and equipment
