Both William Blake's 'London' from approximately 1794 and William Wordsworth's 'Composed Upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802' are centered around London, but the two poets hold divergent perspectives on the city. A thorough examination and juxtaposition of these two works reveals the varying employment of techniques in the Shakespearian sonnet 'London' and the Italian sonnet 'Westminster Bridge', which serve to convey contrasting opinions of London.
Both poets center on landscape as a significant theme in their respective poems; it is the most prevalent focus. Westminster, by Wordsworth, is particularly notable for its observations on London's magnificence and visual appeal. Through the use of personification, among other techniques, he draws a connection between the cityscape and nature. This assertion is most evident in lines 6-7.
Wordsworth observes that the urban landscape is dominated by human-made structures such as ships, towers, domes
..., theatres and temples. These constructions are exposed to the fields and sky, indicating heavy industrialization. However, Wordsworth also highlights the contrast between city and countryside environments which were once intertwined. He personifies London as grand and sophisticated, conveying its majesty through vivid imagery that portrays it as a sight so magnificent that it touches the heart. Yet he suggests change may be imminent by using the metaphor of a garment covering up this positive image.
In contrast to Wordsworth's perspective on London's architecture, William Blake expresses his personal views in 'London'.
Blake utilizes negative similes and dreary imagery to illustrate a melancholic image of London. The initial stanza conveys Blake's discontent with the city's architecture by utilizing phrases like 'chartered street' and 'chartered Thames'. This emphasizes the commercial ownership of the metropolis, indicating a lack of liberty. Blake implies
that London is governed excessively, resulting in it having an empty and desolate disposition. This opposes Wordsworth's perception that London is abundant with disguises and changes. In the third stanza, Blake employs literal imagery to strengthen his dismal depiction of the urban environment depicted in 'London'.
'Every blackening church appalls,' not only indicates the physical dirtiness of the buildings, but also highlights the corrupt nature of the church and lack of faith in the city. In London, a highly religious city during this period, having an influential institute in such a state of disrepair and corruption gives an even more negative tone to the poem.
Both poems highlight the significance of People and Society. However, 'Westminster' places less emphasis on this theme. Towards the end, Wordsworth expresses his surprise at how little the people appreciate the city: "Dear God, the very houses seem asleep, and all that might heart is lying still!" The use of the word 'asleep' suggests that Wordsworth observes a shift occurring.
The quote 'in the smokeless air' illustrates the understanding that the city will soon be filled with smoke. This signifies the awakening and liveliness of the city. Additionally, the line 'Mighty heart is lying still' indicates that the industrial parts of London are not yet in action, but this will soon change. The use of 'mighty heart' emphasizes the significance of people and industry in London, while 'lying still' conveys the idea that it shouldn't be taken for granted and that it will soon transform into a bustling metropolis.
Contrasting with his previous statements, Blake clearly expresses his view on the people in 'London' by highlighting their weakness and depression in the first
stanza. These individuals are the common residents of the city, as mentioned earlier when he described wandering the streets and observing "marks of weakness, marks of woe" on every face he meets. Therefore, Blake portrays a negative portrayal of the people as he emphasizes their unfavorable characteristics without singling out specific individuals.
In the following stanza, Blake speaks of people being mentally trapped and restricted. This is highlighted by the line, "The mind-forg'd manacles I hear." By using the word "every," Blake generalizes that all individuals are unhappy and disappointed. It is evident that he believes everyone he encounters is trapped and miserable due to their mental state. This could potentially be attributed to the government's actions, as portrayed in the rest of the poem. In contrast, "Westminster" takes a completely different perspective on this theme.
Wordsworth frequently employs natural metaphors in his poetry and explores nature as a key theme, resulting in the city of London taking on an elegant and pure quality. His references to "valley, rock, hill" directly compare nature to industrial and man-made areas, with "valley" hinting at the lows London experiences and "hill" representing its highs. Upon closer inspection of the poem, other elements of nature are apparent in Wordsworth's inclusion of words and phrases that are subtly or wholly linked to nature, perfectly balancing them with London. These references suggest that nature and the city work harmoniously together, occasionally intertwining to their mutual benefit.
This illustrates that money and power do not solely control the city, unlike in Blake's poem. Although Wordsworth's and Blake's poems are on opposite ends of a spectrum, they both refer to the same topic. Wordsworth
closely links London with nature, creating a balance between the two. He portrays London as a carefree and calm place where people are the heart of the city and make it beautiful, with breathtaking architecture and an effective society. The city has soul and character that is pure, fresh, and clean. In contrast, Blake's poem expresses disgust with everything in London, including weak and ill people, a negative view of the city's future, dreary architecture, corruption in major institutions, and societal helplessness. Society is surrounded by the city walls and plagued with disaster and sorrow. Both poets wrote pieces about London, which are influential when looked at together. Comparing the two poems allows for valuable judgments to be made.
The poems differ significantly for various reasons, but fundamentally their concepts are at odds and incapable of evolving.
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