Chemistry spec notes Essay Example

of the process, it is important to avoid using hazardous chemicals and consider using safer alternatives, such as a copper catalyst, to save on energy and costs for production.In order to improve energy efficiency, it is important to use heat energy wisely for processes such as drying, reactions, and purifying; preventing energy loss by installing efficient insulation in pipes and stopping steam from escaping from leaking valves; and utilizing exothermic reactions to generate electricity with no additional costs. Catalysts are beneficial because they speed up reactions for desired products and lower the required temperature, resulting in less waste, energy consumption, and environmental impact. Enzymes produced by microorganisms are used within limited temperature and pH ranges. Heat exchangers cool hot materials by circulating them with colder ones. Recycling waste materials can reduce waste by separating desired chemicals from waste gases and converting them into useful products. Closed loop waste management preserves product quality, whereas open loops are less valuable but require less fresh feedstock. New catalysts can be made by wrapping organic structures around metal ions.To make polyester, citrate ions must envelop titanium ions to produce a polymer. It is possible to replace toxic metals with titanium as an antimony seed. The size and shape of the molecules and their electrons' interaction must be considered. The new catalysts are more efficient, requiring less catalyst to create a fixed amount of polymer. The new catalyst metals are not poisonous, producing new polymers for sustainable development. Green chemistry ensures long-term sustainability while considering short-term health and environmental impacts. The Alaskan, a family of hydrocarbons, has physical properties such as being oily and insoluble, making them difficult to mix

with water. They exist in gas state with four carbon atoms and become liquid with four to seventeen carbon atoms and solid with 17+ carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons burn and create carbon dioxide and water, but when oxygen is lacking, they produce carbon monoxide and soot. Alaskans do not react with aqueous reagents such as acids or alkalis because they are saturated and have difficult-to-break C-H and C-C bonds, making them highly unreactive. The formula CNN (an+2), wherein n = the number of carbon atoms, can determine the formula for each alkaline compound, such as propane. Unsaturated alkenes are more reactive due to their C=C double bonds.Due to their double bond, alcohols are able to melt and transform into various forms such as plastic. The presence of OH at the end of alcohol molecules gives them similar properties, with the formula CNN(an+1)OH used to determine each alcohol's formula based on the number of carbon atoms. Alcohols, containing hydrocarbons, can be burned to produce carbon dioxide and water. They also possess good solvent properties and can dissolve compounds that water cannot, making them liquid at room temperature and evaporating easily. Intermolecular forces are strong with the -OH functional group, making it easy for other molecules to join with alcohols; whereas for Alaskan, the intermolecular forces are less strong since they exist as gases. As a highly pure substance, alcohol is flammable and can be used as fuel with a high boiling point. Replacing the -H atom in alcohols with a water molecule or an alkaline results in an entirely new substance. Alcohols exist as liquids while Alaskan exist as gases, revealing the stronger attractive forces between alcohol

molecules due to the -OH group that gives them a tendency to cling together like water. The C-O+O-H is more reactive than C-C+C-H in Alaskan but ethanol molecules have a greater mass than water molecules and weaker attraction between hydrocarbon parts which results in lower boiling points. Thus, ethanol has more tendencies to stick together than Alaskan but fewer tendencies compared to water.Alcohol and water can mix together because the -OH group allows them to cling together. However, if the hydrocarbon length is too long, the alcohol will become too oily and difficult to mix. Only the hydrogen atom in the -OH group is involved in the reaction, while the hydrogen atoms linked to carbon are inert or unreactive. A squeaky POP can be heard when sodium reacts with water to form an ionic bond with oxygen. To produce ethanol, principles of green chemistry must be applied along with necessary modifications. Fermentation has pros and cons. Pros include renewable feedstock such as waste plant material like maize and sugar cane, as well as using unfermented parts as animal food. Further developments in fermentation can allow for more parts to be fermented, including agricultural waste and sludge. However, cons include requiring lots of land which may be needed for human food, and some parts cannot be fermented. To break down cellulose polymers from feedstock into simple sugars for fermentation, they are heated with acid.