Chemistry Midterm Study Guide – Flashcards
200 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 200question
What is physical chemistry?
answer
The area of chemistry that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change
Unlock the answer
question
What is analytical chemistry?
answer
The area of study that focuses on the composition of matter
Unlock the answer
question
What is applied chemistry?
answer
Chemical research directed at a goal or discovery that will benefit the human race
Unlock the answer
question
What is pure chemistry?
answer
The pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake
Unlock the answer
question
What is matter?
answer
Anything that takes up space
Unlock the answer
question
What does matter make up?
answer
The universe
Unlock the answer
question
What is chemistry?
answer
The study of the composition and changes of matter
Unlock the answer
question
What is mass?
answer
The measure of the amount of matter an object contains
Unlock the answer
question
What is mass measured with?
answer
Grams
Unlock the answer
question
What is volume?
answer
The amount of space an object takes up
Unlock the answer
question
What is volume measured with?
answer
Liters
Unlock the answer
question
What is an extensive property?
answer
A property which depends on the amount of matter in a sample
Unlock the answer
question
What are examples of extensive properties?
answer
Mass and volume
Unlock the answer
question
What is an intensive property?
answer
A property that does not depend on the amount of matter in a sample
Unlock the answer
question
What are examples of intensive properties?
answer
Malleability, ductility, conductivity
Unlock the answer
question
What is a substance?
answer
Matter with a uniform and definite composition
Unlock the answer
question
What are examples of a substance?
answer
NaCl, He
Unlock the answer
question
What is a physical property?
answer
A property that does not depend on the amount of matter in a sample; same as intensive property
Unlock the answer
question
What are the three (four) states of matter?
answer
Solid, liquid, gas (and plasma)
Unlock the answer
question
What is a vapor?
answer
A gaseous state of a substance that is normally solid or liquid
Unlock the answer
question
What is a physical change?
answer
A change in which some properties of matter change, but the composition remains the same
Unlock the answer
question
What are the two types of physical changes?
answer
Reversible and irreversible
Unlock the answer
question
What is a reversible change?
answer
A change in state; can be changed back
Unlock the answer
question
What is a irreversible change?
answer
Crushing, splitting, or something else to a substance that cannot be undone
Unlock the answer
question
What is a mixture?
answer
A physical blend of two or more components
Unlock the answer
question
What is a phase?
answer
Any part of a mixture with uniform composition and properties
Unlock the answer
question
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
answer
Two or more phases, not uniform throughout (Salad)
Unlock the answer
question
What is a homogenous mixture?
answer
A mixture that has one phase and is uniform throughout (air)
Unlock the answer
question
Differences in _____ ______ can be used to separate mixtures
answer
Physical properties
Unlock the answer
question
Which method of separation separates a solid from a liquid?
answer
Filtration
Unlock the answer
question
Which method of separation separates two liquids by taking advantage of different boiling points?
answer
Distillation
Unlock the answer
question
What is an element?
answer
The simplest unit of matter that has a unique set of properties
Unlock the answer
question
What contains two or more elements combined in a fixed proportion?
answer
Compound
Unlock the answer
question
A _____ change produces matter of different composition from the original matter.
answer
Chemical
Unlock the answer
question
What is a reactant?
answer
The substance that goes through a change in a chemical reaction
Unlock the answer
question
What is a product?
answer
The substance formed in chemical reactions
Unlock the answer
question
What is the reactant in (Sugar --> Carbon+Water)
answer
Sugar
Unlock the answer
question
What is the product in (Sugar --> Carbon+Water)
answer
Carbon+Water
Unlock the answer
question
Each element has a one or two letter _____ _____
answer
Chemical symbol
Unlock the answer
question
What is the method which modern scientists use to organize the elements?
answer
The periodic table
Unlock the answer
question
What is a horizontal row the the periodic table?
answer
Period
Unlock the answer
question
What is a vertical column on the periodic table?
answer
Group
Unlock the answer
question
What is the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change?
answer
Chemical property
Unlock the answer
question
What happens during a chemical reaction?
answer
One or more substances change into one or more new substances
Unlock the answer
question
What are the four clues that indicate a chemical change?
answer
Transfer of energy, change in color, production of gas, and formation of a percipitate
Unlock the answer
question
What does the law of conversion of mass state?
answer
In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed, just rearranged
Unlock the answer
question
The mass of the reactants is always _____ to that of the products
answer
Equal
Unlock the answer
question
What kind of quantity includes both a number and a unit?
answer
A measurement
Unlock the answer
question
In scientific notation, the coefficient must be between ___ and ___
answer
1, 10
Unlock the answer
question
A way of doing metric conversions, which involves the canceling of units, is _____ ______
answer
Dimensional analysis
Unlock the answer
question
What is accuracy?
answer
The proximity of your measurements to the actual value
Unlock the answer
question
What is precision?
answer
The proximity of your measurements to one another
Unlock the answer
question
Which of the following is impossible? a) Good accuracy, good precision b) Poor accuracy, poor precision c) Poor accuracy, good precision d) Good accuracy, poor precision
answer
D) Good accuracy, poor precision
Unlock the answer
question
What is accepted value?
answer
A value that is widely agreed upon in the scientific community
Unlock the answer
question
What is experimental value?
answer
The value that you recorded in your own measurements
Unlock the answer
question
All of the digits that can be known precisely in a number make up its _____ _____
answer
Significant digits
Unlock the answer
question
In multiplication/division you round to the number with the least _____ _____
answer
Significant digits
Unlock the answer
question
In addition/subtraction you round to the number with the least amount of _____ _____
answer
Decimal places
Unlock the answer
question
10⁻¹²
answer
Pico- (pm)
Unlock the answer
question
10⁻⁹
answer
Nano- (nm)
Unlock the answer
question
10⁻⁶
answer
Micro- (µm)
Unlock the answer
question
10⁻³
answer
Milli- (mm)
Unlock the answer
question
10⁻²
answer
Centi- (cm)
Unlock the answer
question
10⁻¹
answer
Deci- (dm)
Unlock the answer
question
10⁰
answer
Unit (m)
Unlock the answer
question
10¹
answer
Deka- (dKm)
Unlock the answer
question
10²
answer
Hecto- (hm)
Unlock the answer
question
10³
answer
Kilo- (km)
Unlock the answer
question
10⁶
answer
Mega- (Mm)
Unlock the answer
question
10⁹
answer
Giga- (Gm)
Unlock the answer
question
10¹²
answer
Tera- (Tm)
Unlock the answer
question
What is the SI unit for mass?
answer
Grams
Unlock the answer
question
What is the SI unit for length?
answer
Meters
Unlock the answer
question
What is the SI unit for volume?
answer
Liters
Unlock the answer
question
1 Liter is equivalent to ______
answer
1 m³
Unlock the answer
question
What is weight?
answer
The measure of the pull of gravity on a given mass
Unlock the answer
question
What is temperature?
answer
The measure of kinetic energy
Unlock the answer
question
The Celsius scale is (higher/lower) than the Kelvin scale
answer
273° lower
Unlock the answer
question
0 K is known as _____ ______
answer
Absolute zero
Unlock the answer
question
What is 273 K?
answer
Water's freezing point (32° F, 0°C)
Unlock the answer
question
What is 373 K?
answer
Water's boiling point (212°F, 100°C)
Unlock the answer
question
Mass/Volume=
answer
Density
Unlock the answer
question
When liquids of different densities mix, what happens?
answer
The least dense rise, while the most dense sink
Unlock the answer
question
What is absolute zero?
answer
The point where nothing moves, not even electrons
Unlock the answer
question
Has absolute zero ever been achieved?
answer
No
Unlock the answer
question
What is the SI measure of energy?
answer
Joule
Unlock the answer
question
What is the SI unit of temperature?
answer
Kelvins
Unlock the answer
question
True or false: you put a degree symbol (°) by a Kelvin measurement
answer
False
Unlock the answer
question
What is SI an abbreviation for?
answer
International System of Units
Unlock the answer
question
What is an atom?
answer
The smallest unit of an element that maintains its identity in a chemical reaction
Unlock the answer
question
Who was the first person to suggest the existence of an atom?
answer
Democritus
Unlock the answer
question
How was Democritus wrong about the atom?
answer
He said it was indivisible; but there are actually subatomic particles
Unlock the answer
question
What are all four aspects of Dalton's Atomic Theory?
answer
1. All elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms 2. Atoms in a given element are identical, but differ from other elements 3. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction 4. A given compound always has the same formation and types of atoms
Unlock the answer
question
Most atoms have a radii between _____
answer
50 and 200 nanomenters
Unlock the answer
question
What are the three subatomic particles?
answer
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
Unlock the answer
question
What is the charge or a proton?
answer
Positive
Unlock the answer
question
What is the charge of an electron?
answer
Negative
Unlock the answer
question
What is the charge of a neutron?
answer
No charge, neutral
Unlock the answer
question
Who discovered electrons?
answer
J.J. Thompson
Unlock the answer
question
How did J.J. Thompson discover electrons?
answer
He used the Cathode Ray
Unlock the answer
question
Describe the Cathode Ray experiment.
answer
Thompson sealed low pressure gases within glass tubes fitted with metal electrodes. The result was a glowing beam flowing from the cathode to the anode. He knew that like charges repel and opposite attract, so he hypothesized that the glowing beam was full of tiny, fast moving, negatively charged particles
Unlock the answer
question
What charge does a Cathode have?
answer
Negative
Unlock the answer
question
What charge does an anode have?
answer
Positive
Unlock the answer
question
What model of an atom did J.J. Thompson propose?
answer
Plum-pudding model
Unlock the answer
question
Describe the Plum-pudding model.
answer
Electrons were stuck in positively charged material, like raisins in dough
Unlock the answer
question
What is the mass of an electron?
answer
1/1840 amu
Unlock the answer
question
Who discovered the proton?
answer
Eugene Goldstein
Unlock the answer
question
Who discovered the neutron?
answer
James Chadwick
Unlock the answer
question
Who performed the Gold-Foil experiment?
answer
Ernest Rutherford
Unlock the answer
question
Describe the Gold Foil experiment.
answer
Rutherford aimed a beam of alpha particles at a piece of gold foil surrounded by a fluorescent screen. He expected the particles to be absorbed, since the accepted atom model at the time was the plum pudding model. However, none of the particles absorbed. Most of the alpha particles went clean through the foil, some were deflected a bit, and some were drastically deflected.
Unlock the answer
question
Describe Rutherford's atomic model.
answer
The atom is mostly empty space. There is a tiny central core composed of protons and neutrons, while electrons are distributed around the nucleus and occupy most of the volume.
Unlock the answer
question
True/False: Rutherford's atomic model is the modern belief.
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
What is Rutherford's atomic model also called?
answer
The nuclear atom
Unlock the answer
question
What are alpha particles?
answer
Helium atoms with no electrons (He²+
Unlock the answer
question
What makes one element differ from another?
answer
The number of protons
Unlock the answer
question
What is the atomic number?
answer
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (H=1, Hg= 79)
Unlock the answer
question
What is the mass number?
answer
The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom (C-12=6p,6n)
Unlock the answer
question
What is an isotope?
answer
An atom that has a regular number of protons but an irregular number of neutrons
Unlock the answer
question
What is the atomic mass of an element?
answer
The weighted average mass number of all the isotopes of a certain element
Unlock the answer
question
Example of the atomic mass.
answer
Cl - 35 x 75.77% (.7577) = 26.5195 AMU Cl - 37 x 24.23% (.2423) = +8.9651 AMU ANSWER= 35.4846 AMU
Unlock the answer
question
What is an atomic mass unit?
answer
A single unit which describes the relative mass of a proton or neutron. 1/12 the mass of a Carbon-12 atom
Unlock the answer
question
What is the standard reference isotope?
answer
Carbon-12
Unlock the answer
question
What did Bohr propose concerning electrons in an atom?
answer
Electrons could only be found in specific paths around the nucleus.
Unlock the answer
question
What is an energy level?
answer
The specific energies an electron can have
Unlock the answer
question
What is a quantum?
answer
The amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy level to the next
Unlock the answer
question
The higher the energy level occupied by an electron, the ____ energy it takes to move to the next energy level.
answer
Less
Unlock the answer
question
What is the atomic model in use today?
answer
The Quantum Mechanical Model
Unlock the answer
question
What does the Quantum Mechanical Model describe?
answer
The mathematical probability of finding an electron at a certain point around the nucleus and the behavior of electrons in an atom
Unlock the answer
question
Describe electron density.
answer
Higher electron density is close to the nucleus. Lower electron density is farther away from the nucleus. This is represented by an electron cloud.
Unlock the answer
question
What is an atomic orbital?
answer
A region of space where there is a higher probability of finding an electron
Unlock the answer
question
Each sublevel corresponds to an ______ shape.
answer
Orbital
Unlock the answer
question
What is the shape of the S sublevel?
answer
Spherical
Unlock the answer
question
What is the shape of the P sublevel?
answer
Dumbell
Unlock the answer
question
What is the shape of the D sublevel?
answer
Flower
Unlock the answer
question
What is the shape of the F sublevel?
answer
Undefined, too hard to explain
Unlock the answer
question
What is an electron configuration?
answer
The way that electrons are arranged in the various orbitals around the atom
Unlock the answer
question
What is the order of the sublevels?
answer
1s,2s,2p,3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,6p,7s,5f,6p,7p
Unlock the answer
question
What is the maximum amount of electrons in the S sublevel?
answer
2 (1 orbital)
Unlock the answer
question
What is maximum amount of electrons in the P sublevel?
answer
6 (3 sublevels)
Unlock the answer
question
What is the maximum amount of electrons in the D sublevel?
answer
10 (5 sublevels)
Unlock the answer
question
What is the maximum amount of electrons in the F sublevel?
answer
14 (7 orbitals)
Unlock the answer
question
What are the three major rules regarding electron configuration?
answer
The Aufbau Principle, The Pauli Exclusion Principle, and Hund's Rule (Filling the Bus rule)
Unlock the answer
question
What is the Aufbau Principle?
answer
Electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first
Unlock the answer
question
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
answer
Up to two electrons can occupy an orbital, and they each spin opposite directions
Unlock the answer
question
What is Hund's Rule?
answer
Electrons occupy orbitals in a way so that the number of electrons with the same spin is as large as possible (Filling the Bus Rule)
Unlock the answer
question
What is the basis for Exceptional Electron Configurations?
answer
Since the most stable electron configurations are half-filled or completely filled (3d⁵ or 3d¹⁰) an electron may be given to another level or sublevel in order to reach this configuration. (4s²,3d⁹→4s¹,3d¹⁰)
Unlock the answer
question
What is wavelength?
answer
The distance between any two corresponding points on a lave
Unlock the answer
question
What sign represents wavelength?
answer
Lambda (λ)
Unlock the answer
question
What is amplitude?
answer
A waves' height from zero to crest
Unlock the answer
question
What is crest?
answer
The highest point on a wave
Unlock the answer
question
What is frequency?
answer
The number of complete waves cycles per a unit of time
Unlock the answer
question
What sign represents frequency?
answer
Nu (v)
Unlock the answer
question
What is a full wave cycle?
answer
A wave starts at the zero, reaches its highest point, goes past zero to its lowest point, and reaches back to zero
Unlock the answer
question
What is a hertz?
answer
A unit used to represent frequency (a reciprocal second (/s or s⁻¹))
Unlock the answer
question
What does λ * v always equal? (Wavelength * Frequency)
answer
(C) The Constant
Unlock the answer
question
What is the constant?
answer
The Speed of Light
Unlock the answer
question
What is the speed of light?
answer
3.0*10⁸m/s (Therefore, λ * v always equals 3.0*10⁸m/s)
Unlock the answer
question
What is electromagnetic radiation?
answer
Energy waves that travel at a constant; includes all light and rays (gamma, x, ect.)
Unlock the answer
question
When frequency increases, wavelength ______.
answer
Decreases
Unlock the answer
question
Frequency and wavelength are ______ _______ to each other
answer
Inversely proportional
Unlock the answer
question
List the electromagnetic waves from smallest to largest frequency.
answer
Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays
Unlock the answer
question
Mnemonic device to memorize electromagnetic waves from smallest to largest frequency
answer
(R)otten (M)en (I)nevitably (V)isit (U)gly (X)-(G)irlfriends
Unlock the answer
question
List the visible colors from smallest to largest frequency.
answer
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
Unlock the answer
question
What do electrons do when atoms absorb energy?
answer
Jump a quantum
Unlock the answer
question
What is the atomic emission spectrum?
answer
The pattern formed when light passes through a prism or diffraction grating to separate it into the different frequencies of light it contains
Unlock the answer
question
What is a photon?
answer
A quantum of light
Unlock the answer
question
What is Planck's constant?
answer
6.63*10⁻³⁴ Js
Unlock the answer
question
What does Planck's constant describe?
answer
It is used in an equation to describe photon energy (E=hv)
Unlock the answer
question
What is photoelectric effect?
answer
The ejection of electrons by certain metals when it absorbs light above a threshold frequency. It basically states why light reflects off of metal.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the difference between ground state and excited state?
answer
In ground state, electrons are on the lowest possible energy levels. In excited state, electrons have already jumped a quantum or higher.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the light emitted by an electron changing energy levels directly proportional to?
answer
The energy change of an electron
Unlock the answer
question
What does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle state?
answer
it is impossible to know both the velocity and the exact position of a particle at the same time because by finding one, you tamper with the other
Unlock the answer
question
Louis be Broglie discovered that matter behaves like _____ because....
answer
Matter behaves like light because it moves like waves
Unlock the answer
question
The smaller the particle, the _____ the wavelength.
answer
Bigger
Unlock the answer
question
What did early chemists use to group the elements?
answer
Properties
Unlock the answer
question
How did Dobereiner group the elements?
answer
He grouped them into triads based on properties, such as Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine
Unlock the answer
question
How did Dmitri Mendeleev organize the elements?
answer
By increasing atomic mass
Unlock the answer
question
What astonishing feat did Mendeleev accomplish with his table?
answer
He predicted the properties of undiscovered elements
Unlock the answer
question
With what two elements did Mendeleev break the order of his table?
answer
Tellurium and Iodine
Unlock the answer
question
Why did Mendeleev break the order of his table?
answer
He knew iodine should be adjacent to Bromine and Chlorine on the table based upon properties
Unlock the answer
question
How are elements arranged on the modern periodic table?
answer
By increasing atomic number
Unlock the answer
question
What is a group on the periodic table?
answer
Columns
Unlock the answer
question
What is a period on the periodic table?
answer
Row
Unlock the answer
question
What is a family on the periodic table?
answer
Another name for groups
Unlock the answer
question
How many periods are on the periodic table?
answer
7
Unlock the answer
question
How many groups are on the periodic table?
answer
18
Unlock the answer
question
What does the number of elements per period pertain to?
answer
The possible number of electrons in the highest principle energy level.
Unlock the answer
question
Explain periodic law.
answer
When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their chemical and physical properties. Therefore elements with similar properties end up in the same groups
Unlock the answer
question
What are the three classes of elements?
answer
Metals, metalloids, and nonmetals
Unlock the answer
question
Why are some elements in periods 6 and 7 placed below the table?
answer
To make the table more compact
Unlock the answer
question
What happens as you go from left to right on a period in terms of class?
answer
Elements become less metal and more nonmetal
Unlock the answer
question
What is special about the electron configurations of representative elements?
answer
The number of valence electrons indicates the group number
Unlock the answer
question
Describe the properties of metals.
answer
Good conductors, shiny, mostly solid, no gases, malleable, ductile, not brittle
Unlock the answer
question
Describe the properties of nonmetals.
answer
Poor conductors, not shiny, few solids, mostly gases, not malleable, not ductile, brittle
Unlock the answer
question
Describe the properties of metalloids.
answer
Sometimes good conductors, sometimes shiny, all solids, sometimes malleable, sometimes ductile, sometimes brittle
Unlock the answer
question
What are the alkaline earth metals known for?
answer
They are so reactive that they are never found unbonded in nature
Unlock the answer
