Chemistry Internship Study Questions Section 2 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| Why should GRAY top and PURPLE top tubes be AVOIDED when doing electrolyte testing? |
answer
| They interfere with Calcium and also Contain Potassium |
question
| Which electrolytes are most affected by hemolysis? |
answer
| Potassium & Phosphate |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: A [image] |
answer
| Extra |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: B [image] |
answer
| Intra |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: C [image] |
answer
| Extra |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: D [image] |
answer
| Cation |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: E [image] |
answer
| Cation |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: F [image] |
answer
| Anion |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: G [image] |
answer
| Dehydration, Cushing's, Diabetes insipidus |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: H [image] |
answer
| Hemolysis, Tissue trauma, Renal failure, Burns, Diabetes |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: I [image] |
answer
| Dehydration, Metabolic acidosis |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: J [image] |
answer
| Addison's Disease, Diuretics, Diarrhea, Kidney Disease, Heart Failure |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: K [image] |
answer
| Alkalosis, Insulin Excess |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: L [image] |
answer
| Vomiting, Renal Failure |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: M [image] |
answer
| 135-145 mEq/L |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: N [image] |
answer
| 3.5-5.0 mEq/L |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: O [image] |
answer
| 100-109 (Mayo Clinic >/= 18 years:98-107, <18 years: 102-112) |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: P [image] |
answer
| <120 >155 |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: Q [image] |
answer
| <3 >6 |
question
| Fill in the chart. For "highest" and "lowest" levels, list only the most common conditions: R (UAMS neonates) [image] |
answer
| <90 mmol/L >120 mmol/L |
question
| Define osmolality |
answer
| Number of particles present per unit of solution; Proportional to concentration |
question
| What are accepted normal ranges for osmolality for plasma? |
answer
| 280-300 m Osm/kg |
question
| What are accepted normal ranges for osmolality for urine? |
answer
| 300-900 m Osm/kg |
question
| How will an increased osmolality affect each of the following colligative properties: Freezing Point |
answer
| Decreased value |
question
| How will an increased osmolality affect each of the following colligative properties: Vapor Pressure |
answer
| Decreased value |
question
| How will an increased osmolality affect each of the following colligative properties: Boiling Point |
answer
| Increased value |
question
| How will an increased osmolality affect each of the following colligative properties: Osmotic Pressure |
answer
| Increased value |
question
| What is the formula from class that is used to calculate osmolality? |
answer
| 2(Na) + Glucose/20 + BUN/3 |
question
| Calculate an osmolality from the following data (use the formula from class): BUN 20 mg/dL Glucose 100 mg/dL Sodium 140 mEq/L |
answer
| 292 mOsm/kg |
question
| What are the most common conditions responsible for hyperosmolality of serum? |
answer
| Diabetes mellitus, Dehydration, Renal Failure, and Hyperproteinemia |
question
| What is the formula for delta osmolality? |
answer
| Measured-Calculated |
question
| What is the normal range for delta osmolality? |
answer
| 0-10 |
question
| What 3 major substances are most commonly associated with an elevated delta osmolality? |
answer
| Methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol. Increased lipids, protein, or glucose |
question
| What is the most common cause of a delta osmolality <0? |
answer
| Error |
question
| What is meant by "anion gap"? |
answer
| Estimate of unmeasured electrolyte |
question
| Why is an "anion gap" measured? |
answer
| Used to assess acid-base disorders and lab QC |
question
| Give the formula for the anion gap |
answer
| (Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3) |
question
| What is the normal range for the "anion gap"? |
answer
| 12-20 mmol/L |
question
| How will the "anion gap" be affected in the following conditions? (increased, decreased, or unaffected) Salicylate Poisoning |
answer
| Increased |
question
| How will the "anion gap" be affected in the following conditions? (increased, decreased, or unaffected) Ketosis |
answer
| Increased |
question
| How will the "anion gap" be affected in the following conditions? (increased, decreased, or unaffected) Dehydration |
answer
| Increased |
question
| How will the "anion gap" be affected in the following conditions? (increased, decreased, or unaffected) Ethylene Glycol Poisoning |
answer
| Increased |
question
| What is the most likely cause of an AG<5? |
answer
| Lab Error OR Significant Increase in Na, K, Cl, or HCO3 |
question
| What is the difference between a direct and indirect ISE analysis? |
answer
| Direct - NO Sample Dilution required Indirect - Requires Sample Dilution |
question
| What are the main sources of interference in the indirect ISE test? |
answer
| Increased Lipids & Proteins |
question
| What is the clinical significance of an elevated sweat chloride test? |
answer
| Cystic Fibrosis |
question
| What is the name of the procedure/technique used to collect sweat for analysis? |
answer
| Pilocarpine iontophoresis |
question
| Which 2 analytes, when markedly decreased in serum, can cause tetany? |
answer
| Calcium & Magnesium |
question
| Why are oxalate & EDTA unacceptable anticoagulants for calcium analysis? |
answer
| Both chelate Calcium, causing falsely Decreased results |
question
| Why is the determination of ionized Calcium important? |
answer
| This form is NOT bound to protein and is a better reflection of Calcium levels in patients that may have protein abnormalities or liver disease |
question
| What effect does each of the following have on serum Calcium levels: PTH |
answer
| Increased |
question
| What effect does each of the following have on serum Calcium levels: Calcitonin |
answer
| Decreased |
question
| What effect does each of the following have on serum Calcium levels: Vitamin D |
answer
| Increased |
question
| What is the most common cause of elevated plasma Calcium? |
answer
| Hyperparathyroidism |
question
| What common plasma cell disease is also associated with elevated Calcium? |
answer
| Multiple Myeloma (MM) |
question
| How does the Albumin concentration influence the level of Calcium? |
answer
| Most Calcium is Albumin bound so when there are Increased levels of Albumin there will likely be Increased levels of Calcium |
question
| Where is most body Iron found? |
answer
| Blood / RBCs (Hemoglobin) |
question
| What is the carrier protein for Iron? |
answer
| Transferrin |
question
| What is the storage form of Iron? |
answer
| Ferritin |
question
| Where is the storage form of Iron stored? |
answer
| Liver & Bone Marrow |
question
| What are the most common causes of Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)? |
answer
| Chronic Blood Loss, Pregnancy, Childhood, & Dietary Insufficiency |
question
| Describe the typical RBC morphology in Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) |
answer
| Microcytic, Hypochromic |
question
| What is the purpose of the TIBC test? |
answer
| Indirect measure of Transferrin. Used to differentiate causes of Iron deficiency. |
question
| How is TIBC calculated / What is the formula for TIBC? |
answer
| TIBC = Transferrin * 1.4 |
question
| What is %Tf Saturation? |
answer
| Measures the degree to which the binding sites are saturated with Iron |
question
| What is the formula for %Tf Saturation? |
answer
| (Fe/TIBC)x100 |
question
| Under what conditions (test results) can the TIBC & %Tf Saturation NOT be calculated? |
answer
| Fe <5 OR Transferrin <70 |
question
| Complete the chart below. Indicate whether the following conditions are typically associated with Increased, Normal, or Decreased test results: A [image] |
answer
| Decreased |
question
| Complete the chart below. Indicate whether the following conditions are typically associated with Increased, Normal, or Decreased test results: B [image] |
answer
| Increased |
question
| Complete the chart below. Indicate whether the following conditions are typically associated with Increased, Normal, or Decreased test results: C [image] |
answer
| Decreased |
question
| Complete the chart below. Indicate whether the following conditions are typically associated with Increased, Normal, or Decreased test results: D [image] |
answer
| Decreased |
question
| Complete the chart below. Indicate whether the following conditions are typically associated with Increased, Normal, or Decreased test results: E [image] |
answer
| Decreased |
question
| Complete the chart below. Indicate whether the following conditions are typically associated with Increased, Normal, or Decreased test results: F [image] |
answer
| Decreased |
question
| Complete the chart below. Indicate whether the following conditions are typically associated with Increased, Normal, or Decreased test results: G [image] |
answer
| Decreased |
question
| Complete the chart below. Indicate whether the following conditions are typically associated with Increased, Normal, or Decreased test results: H [image] |
answer
| Normal / Increased |
question
| Complete the chart below. Indicate whether the following conditions are typically associated with Increased, Normal, or Decreased test results: I [image] |
answer
| Increased |
question
| Complete the chart below. Indicate whether the following conditions are typically associated with Increased, Normal, or Decreased test results: J [image] |
answer
| Normal / Decreased |
question
| Complete the chart below. Indicate whether the following conditions are typically associated with Increased, Normal, or Decreased test results: K [image] |
answer
| Increased |
question
| Complete the chart below. Indicate whether the following conditions are typically associated with Increased, Normal, or Decreased test results: L [image] |
answer
| Increased |
