Chapters 24+25 – Flashcards
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Central Pacific Railroad
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Pushed eastward from Sacramento, California. Financial backers comprised of the Big Four. Employed many Chinese laborers.
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Union and Pacific Railroads joined...
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...by a golden spike in Ogden, Utah, in 1869 by Lelan Stanford
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How could railroads help Americans?
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Americans would be connected across the country, which would help travel time, the ability to connect with different types of people, and allow people to get produce and meats from different parts of the country (due to the decreased travel time). People could also begin to move west. Trade with Asia increased.
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How could railroads hurt Americans?
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Railroad construction was laced with scandal and corruption, which hurt Americans financially (ex. Credit Mobilier). Also, the work was very dangerous, and many people were killed on the job. In addition, railroads created many millionaires who could control the public and place large taxes on farmers.
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How did railroads affect time zones?
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Because people across the nation would be riding the railroads, a precise time system had to be established, as separate towns ran on separate times. Therefore, national time zones were established to account for the position of the sun during the day, and to set an exact time for each part of the country to reduce confusion (ex. California is always exactly 5 hours ahead of Connecticut).
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What was the Interstate Commerce Commission?
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It prohibited rebates and pools and required for railroads to publish their rates openly. It forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than a ling one over the same line. Set up the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to administer and enforce this legislation.
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How did railroads affect America as a whole?
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Railroads created a huge domestic market for raw materials and manufactured goods. It also spurred industrialization. Stimulated mining and agriculture, took farmers to land and goods to people, started cities, made a steady stream of immigration, created millionaires, was the drive to make time zones, and gave people a new place to live.
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Alexander Graham Bell
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Invented the telephone
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Thomas Edison
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Invented the phonograph, the mimeograph, the dictaphone, the moving picture, and the light bulb
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What factors made industrial expansion possible?
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There are many natural resources in America, inlcuding coal, iron, and oil There was an increase in immigration and therefore an increase in cheap labor Railroads increased transportation of goods
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Andrew Carnegie
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The steel king Used vertical integration
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John D. Rockefeller
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The oil baron Used horizontal integration Created the Standard Oil Company
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J.P. Morgan
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The bankers' banker Bought many dying companies to bring them back to life and make millions off of them
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Vertical integration
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Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution
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Horizontal immigration
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Allying with other companies to make a product; a different company every step of the way
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What is a trust?
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A word used to describe any large-scale business combination
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How did businesses try to organize to maximize profits?
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Different types of integration (horizontal or vertical)
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Heavy Industry
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Concentrated on making capital goods rather than consumer goods
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Capital Goods
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Goods for industry/ companies
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Consumer Goods
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Goods for everyday consumers, like clothes and shoes
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Bessemer Process
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an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities
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Why was steel so important for industrialization?
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"New steel civilization," used in skyscrapers, coal scuttles, later used for railroads
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Social Darwinism
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Mindset of survival of the fittest; the rich were meant to be rich, and had worked hard to achieve it, so they deserve it
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Describe the positive effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans
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Gave Americans a source of income and a way to buy things for their families. Gave families more money for food
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Describe the negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans
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Child labor Strict schedules, unlike personal clocks on a farm Danger
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Scabs
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Stirkebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike
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Yellow-Dog Contracts
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A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company.
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Black List
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A list of people who had done some misdeed and were disliked by business. They were refused jobs and harassed by unions and businesses.
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Company Town
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A town or city in which most or all real estate, buildings (both residential and commercial), utilities, hospitals, small businesses such as grocery stores and gas stations, and other necessities or luxuries of life within its borders are owned by a single company.
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What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"?
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Job security was low, workers were easily replaced, so people were always searching for and trying to keep their jobs to support themselves and their families
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National Labor Union
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Skilled, unskilled, and farmers Excluded the Chinese Didn't try very hard to get women and blacks Wanted an 8 hour work day
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Knights of Labor
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Originated as a secret society Included everyone but nonproducers Campaigned for social and economic reform Safety and health codes
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Haymarket Square
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A demonstration of striking laborers and anarchists in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.
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What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor?
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Became involved in many failing strikes Accidentally involved with anarchists Haymarket Square Bomb when the Knights of Labor were striking, therefore associated with it Included both skilled and unskilled workers who were not equal
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American Federation of Labor
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A union for skilled laborers that fought for worker rights in a non-violent way. It provided skilled laborers with a union that was unified, large, and strong. Founded and run by Samuel Gompers.
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To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in Industrial America?
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It was very difficult- often in perpetual debt
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Lock out
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An action where management refuses to let workers who are making demands into the workplace
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Louis Sullivan
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Made/ created the first skyscraper
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Walking Cities
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The way cities used to be, where the size was confined to how far people could walk. Streetcars and subways made cities explode outward.
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Department Stores
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Provided urban working-class jobs and attracted urban middle-class shoppers
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Tenements
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Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.
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What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800s?
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Need for jobs, lure of the city (lights, nightlife, jobs, transportation, shopping, indoor plumbing, telephones, etc.)
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How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants?
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The New Immigrants were mainly Baltic and Slavic people of southeastern Europe, who were basically the opposite of the Old Immigrants (who were from the British Isles and western Europe, and they were literate and accostomed to representative government).
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Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers?
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There was not a lot of room in Europe, nor was there much employment, since industrialization had eliminated many jobs. America seemed like a dream, with food everyday, and having freedom as well as opportunity.
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Political Bosses
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Influential politicians who demanded payoffs from businesses and helped the poor to try to win votes.
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Social gospel
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The idea that churches should address social issues
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Jane Addams
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The founder of the Hull House (est. 1889) to teach children and adults the skills and knowledge they would need to survive and succeed in America.
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Hull House
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Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. to provide skills and knowledge necessary to survive in America.
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Settlement Houses
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Institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people (I think)
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How did political bosses help immigrants?
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Provided jobs/shelter/food in return for votes. Gave them a starting point, many didn't care about the votes, many were from unrepresentative governmental countries anyway
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Nativists
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U.S. citizens who opposed immigration because they were suspicious of immigrants, especially those who came from countries without a representative government, and feared losing jobs to them.
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American Protective Association
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An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration.
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Statue of Liberty
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A gift from the French to America in 1886 that had an inscription of a poem on it describing how America was the place that many immigrants from all over the world washed up.
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In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the Statue of Liberty?
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Just as the Statue of Liberty arrived describing how immigrants were always coming to America (washing up on the shores), the United States closed to all Chinese immigrants.
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Salvation Army
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a charitable and religious organization to evangelize and to care for the poor and homeless
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YMCA
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Young Men Christian's Association, Spiritual organization meant to provide healthy activities for young workers in the cities
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What role did religion play in helping the urban poor?
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Religion provided some help to the poor, especially the Salvation Army. Other than that (and in the beginning), they really did nothing.
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Charles Darwin
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English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
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Origin of Species
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Written by CHARLES DARWIN, 1859, and outlining his theory of evolution. Had huge impact on more than just the scientific community, but also the religious community
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Fundamentalists
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Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation.
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What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches?
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Churches said that this was not true, and that people should follow the ways of the Bible. Modernists believed that the Bible was not completely accurate and true.
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Normal schools
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State colleges established for the training of teachers (I think)
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What types of schools began to grow in America?
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Kindergardes, high schools, public schools, and colleges
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Morrill Act of 1862
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Provided a grant of public lands to states for support of education, This Act was to encourage more settlers into the Great Plains (passed along with the Homestead Act of 1862). The Act set aside land and provided money for agricultural college which allowed, eventually, for agricultural to become industrialized
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What advances took place in education in the years following the civil war?
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Medical schools, more public schools, more colleges, textbooks paid for by the local government, more kindergartens, Ivy leagues, help for adults who couldn't go to school
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Booker T. Washington
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Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. From the South.
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Tuskegee Institute
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Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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Disagreed with Washington, thought that Blacks immediately deserved social, political, and economic equality. From the North.
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NAACP
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People founded in 1910 by W.E.B. Du Bois.
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Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois
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Washington believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society. W.E.B. Du Bois disagreed with Washington, thought that Blacks immediately deserved social, political, and economic equality. From the North.
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Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hurst
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Helped to create yellow journalism (from the New York World and San Francisco Examiner, respectively)
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Yellow Journalism
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Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers
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Linotype
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Technology that allowed the mechanical rather than manual setting of print type. Led to cheaper newspapers.
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How did the ablity to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content?
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Now lower class citizens could afford newspapers, and buy them very often, so they did not care about the high class, boring government news. Instead, they were interested in sex, scandal, divorce, and other topics like that, which created yellow journalism.
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Victoria Woodhull
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Radical, publicly proclaimed free love, fought for women's rights, women's suffrage (vote), first female to run for presidency
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Anthony Comstock
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Persuaded Congress in 1873 to pass the "Comstock Law" which prohibited the mailing or transportation of obscene and lewd material and photographs., United States reformer who led moral crusades against art and literature that he considered obscene (1844-1915)
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Comstock Law
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A United States federal law which made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information.
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What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality?
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Comstock Law, women on bicycles, women wearing pantaloons, women wearing shorter skirts esp. to play croquet, yellow journalism, Gibson Girl
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Women's Christian Temperance Union
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This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.
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Carrie Nation
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Muscular and anti deranged woman; she destroyed saloons in her wild anti drinking crusade.
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Anti-Saloon League
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National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) to publicize the effects of drinking.
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What was the 18th Amendment?
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The 18th amendment prohibited the sale of alcohol (1919).
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Clara Barton
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Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross
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What social causes were women (and many men) involved in in the late 1800s?
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Women's rights and suffrage, the new morality, prevention of cruelty to animals, prohibition
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Vaudeville
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Stage entertainment made up of various acts, such as dancing, singing, comedy, and magic shows
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P.T. Barnum
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A nineteenth-century American showman known for his circus, "The Greatest Show on Earth."
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Buffalo Bill Cody
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United States showman famous for his Wild West Show (1846-1917)
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Annie Oakley
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United States sharpshooter who was featured in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show (1860-1926)
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James Naismith
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Invented basketball in 1891
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What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900?
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Baseball, circuses, wrestling, wild west shows, and basketball
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