Chapters 15 & 16 - Flashcards

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____________ a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body's cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and malignancy.

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AIDS

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__________ _________ is the combination of several antiretroviral medicines used to slow the rate at which HIV makes copies of itself (multiplies) in the body. It typically uses _____ or more drugs.

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antiretroviral therapy, three

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__________ ___________ is an infectious disease that has recently increased in incidence or that threatens to increase in the immediate future.

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emerging infection

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________ infection is a retrovirus that causes immunosuppression.

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HIV

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___________ is an enzyme produced by a retrovirus (such as HIV) that enables its genetic material to be integrated into the DNA of the infected cell.

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integrase

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__________ _________ is a disease that will most often make you sick because of a damaged or weakened immune system (weakened because of AIDS, various forms of cancer or other causes).

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opportunistic diseases

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______________ ___________ is any preventive medical treatment started immediately after exposure to a pathogen (such as a disease-causing virus), in order to prevent infection by the pathogen and the development of disease.

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postexposure prophylaxis

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________________ an enzyme that breaks down proteins and peptides.

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protease

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______________ any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate, e.g., HIV.

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retroviruses

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__________ ___________ is an enzyme made by retroviruses.

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reverse transcriptase

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_____________ is when the HIV antibodies develop.

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seroconversion

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_____________ ________ is the quantity of viral particles in a biologic sample.

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viral load

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___________ is large amounts of a virus in the blood, resulting from initial infection with a virus.

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viremia

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________ _________ is a time period of 2 months after HIV infection during which an infected individual will not test positive for HIV-antibody.

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window period

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_________ ________ is a treatment using biologic agents such as interferons, interleukins, monoclonal antibodies, and growth factors to modify the relationship between the host and tumor.

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biologic therapy

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_____________ _____________ _______________ is a procedure to replace damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy bone marrow stem cells.

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bone marrow transplantation (BMT)

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_______________ is the radiation delivery system that means "closed" treatment and consists of the implantation or insertion of radioactive materials directly into the tumor or in close proximity to the tumor.

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brachytherapy

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_____________ is characterized by uncontrolled and unregulated growth of cells.

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cancer

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___________ are agents capable of producing cellular alterations leading to the development or increasing the incidence of neoplastic growth.

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carcinogens

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________ ______ _______ is a lesion with all the histologic features of cancer except invasion.

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carcinoma in situ

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______________ is treatment of disease with chemical agents.

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chemotherapy

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___________ __________ ________ _____________ is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood.

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hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)

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__________ _________ is a categorization of tumors in which the appearance of cells and the degree of differentiation are evaluated pathologically.

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histologic grading

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_________ _________ is a systems response to tumor-associated antigens.

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immunologic surveillance

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__________ __________ is a tumor that tends to grow, invade, and metastasize; usually has an irregular shape and is composed of poorly differentiated cells.

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malignant neoplasms

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___________ is the spread of the cancer from the initial or primary site to a distant site.

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metastasis

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_________ is the lowest point, such as the blood cell count after it has been depressed by chemotherapy.

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nadir

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____________ is the potentially cancer-inducing genes.

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oncogenes

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________ _________ ________ ________ (______) is the transplantation of stem cells obtained from the peripheral blood in an outpatient procedure; often takes more than one procedure to obtain enough stem cells.

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peripheral stem cell transplantation (PSCT)

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A ________________ is normal gene which, when altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer.

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protooncogene

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_______________ the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles that cause ionization.

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radiation

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DELETE

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staging

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___________ ________ is a cancer treatment that uses drugs that help stop cancer from growing and spreading. They work by targeting specific genes or proteins.

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targeted therapy

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_____________ is radiation therapy administered by a machine positioned at some distance from the patients; the most common form of radiation therapy treatment.

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teletherapy

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_________ __________ is the process of the formation of blood vessels within the tumor itself.

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tumor angiogenesis

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________-________ _______ (_____) is the altered cell surface antigens found on cancer cells.

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tumor-associated antigens (TAAs)

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____________ are agents that when accidentally infiltrated into the skin cause severe local tissue breakdown and necrosis.

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vesicants

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A __________ infection is when the infection is limited to a small area.

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localized

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A _________ infection is when the infection spreads to areas of the body beyond the initial site of infection.

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disseminated

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A ___________ infection is when the infection is spread throughout the body, often via the blood.

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systemic

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In the types of pathogens, ___________ are one-celled organisms, that can exist as normal flora.

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bacteria

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In the types of pathogens, ___________ don't have a cell structure, can't reproduce, and have DNA or RNA in a protein envelope.

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viruses

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In the types of pathogens, ___________ is similar to plants, but doesn't have chlorophyll. It can be normal flora.

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fungi

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In the types of pathogens, ___________ is a single-celled, animal-like organism.

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protozoa

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In the types of pathogens, ___________ is an infectious particles that contain abnormally shaped proteins.

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prions

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_________ ________ is an infectious disease that has recently increased in incidence or that threatens to increase in the immediate future.

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emerging infection

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__________ is the science of transmission of diseases from animals to humans.

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zoonosis

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____________ is when pathogenic organisms change in ways that decrease the ability of the drug to treat disease.

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resistance

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_________ ______-_______ ________ are infections that are acquired as a result of exposure to a microorganism in a health care setting.

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health care-associated infections

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_________ precautions are used against all blood, body fluids, nonintact skin, and mucous membranes.

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standard

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_________ precautions are used to protect against an organism that can cause infection when in the air.

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airborne

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_________ precautions are used to protect against pathogens that spread through the air and affect respiratory or mucous membranes.

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droplet

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__________ precautions are used to protect against pathogens that spread through direct or indirect contact.

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contact

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HIV-infected individuals can transmit HIV to others within a few __________ after becoming infected.

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days

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HIV is transferred through ___________, ________, or ________ secretions.

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blood, semen, vaginal

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_________ ________ are the most common means of work-related HIV transmission.

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puncture wounds

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HIV is an _________ virus.

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RNA

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Initial infection with HIV results in __________, which is an increase of the virus in the blood.

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viremia

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Normal lifespan of CD4+ T-cells is about _______ days. HIV-infected CD4+ T-cells die after _____ days.

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100, 2

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The average adult has about ______-_______ CD4+ T-cells per microunits of blood.

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800-1200

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Immune problems begin to arise when CD4+ T-cells drop below _______ cells/microunits of blood.

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500

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Severe immune problems begin to arise when CD4+ T-cells drop below ________ cells/microunits of blood.

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200

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___________ ____________ are the main cause of disability and disease in patients with HIV.

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opportunistic diseases

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The interval between untreated HIV and the diagnosis of AIDS is about ______ years.

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10

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In antiretroviral therapy (ART), _____ or more drugs should be used to prevent drug resistance.

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3

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___________ is a drug used to decrease risk of HIV in uninfected individuals.

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truvada

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Cancer incidence is highest in: 1. ________/______ cancer. 2. ________ cancer. 3. ______/______ cancer.

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breast/prostate, lung, colon/rectum

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Cancer mortality is the highest in: 1. ________ cancer. 2. _______/________ cancer. 3. ______/_______ cancer. 4. ________ cancer

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lung, breast/prostate, colon/rectum, pancreatic

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_________ ________ of the cell is the time from when a cell enters the cell cycle to when the cell divides into two identical cells.

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generation time

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____________ __________ is the regulatory mechanism to keep cells growing only one cell layer thick.

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contact inhibition

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Cancers cells are characterized by the loss of ________ ________.

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contact inhibition

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The _________ ________ is the continuous growth of a tumor mass through mitosis. 1 cancer cells turns to 2 then 4 then 8 then 16... etc.

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pyramid effect

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_________ ________ is the time required for a tumor mass to double in size.

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doubling time

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________ __________ is the process in which a cell becomes specialized in order to perform a specific function; how a cell matures.

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cell differentation

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At a state of immaturity, all body cells have the potential to perform all _________ ______.

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body functions

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___________ are normal cells genes that are important regulators of normal cells processes. They help to promote growth.

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protooncogenes

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Mutations that alter the expression of protooncogenes can activate them to function as __________, which as ______-inducing genes.

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oncogenes, tumor

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____________ are described as a genetic lock to keep the cells in a mature functioning state.

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protooncogenes

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Protooncogenes are described as a _______ ______ to keep the cells in a mature functioning state.

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genetic lock

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_________ _______ genes regulate cell growth by preventing cells from going through the cell cycle.

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tumor suppressor

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In the development of cancer, ___________ involves a mutation in the cell's genetic structure.

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initiation

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A _____________ is any change in the usual DNA sequence.

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mutation

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___________ are cancer-causing agents capable of producing cell alterations; can be chemical, radiation, or viral.

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carcinogens

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During the initiation stage in cancer development, if the cell death or repair doesn't occur before cell division, the cancer cell will _________ and the daughter cells will have the ________ _______.

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replicate, genetic alteration

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__________ ________ is associated with the use of alkylating agents alone or with radiation therapy; resistant to chemotherapy.

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secondary leukemia

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In the development of cancer, _______________ is characterized by the reversible proliferation of altered cells.

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promotion

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In the promotion stage of cancer, an increase in the _________ cell population causes an increase in the likelihood of additional __________.

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altered, mutations

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_________ _________ are the initial cancer-causing agents and promote the development of cancer.

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complete carcinogens

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A ____ cm tumor is palpable and contains a _______ cancer cells.

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1.0, billion

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A ______ cm tumor is the smallest to be detected and is detected by _______.

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0.5, MRI

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A 1 cm tumor is palpable, true or false?

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true

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A 0.5 cm tumor is palpable, true or false?

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false

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A 0.5 cm tumor is the smallest to be detected and is detected with a MRI. True or false?

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true

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A 1 cm tumor is the smallest to be detected and is detected with a MRI. True or false?

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false (0.5 cm)

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___________ is the spread of cancer to a distant site.

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metastasis

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_______ ___________ is the process of the formation of blood vessels within the tumor itself.

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tumor angiogenesis

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_________ ________ is the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms or cancerous cells from an original site to one or more sites elsewhere in the body, usually by way of the blood vessels or lymphatics.

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hematogenous metastasis

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___________ ____________ is a discontinuous spread of a malignant tumor in the body in which uninvolved contiguous regions are interspersed with foci of involvement.

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skip metastasis

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Metastatic tumor cells travel via the __________ routes, and the __________ system.

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hematogenous, lymphatic

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________-__________ __________ are altered cell-surface antigens develop in cancer cells as a result of malignant transformation.

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tumor-associated antigens

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________ ____ ______ play a dominant role in resisting tumor growth and is important in the production of cytokines.

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cytotoxic T cells

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_______ _______ (____) cells are able to directly lyse tumor cells spontaneously without any prior sensitization.

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natural killer

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______ cells produced specific antibodies that bind to tumor cells and are detectable in a patient's ________ & ______.

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B, serum, saliva

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______ ________ is the process by which cancer cells evade immune system.

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immunologic escape

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____________ ________ are an expression of the shift of cancerous cells to a more immature metabolic pathway, usually associated with embryonic or fetal periods of life.

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oncofetal antigens

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Oncofetal antigens can be used as ________ ________ that monitor the effect of therapy and indicate tumor recurrence.

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tumor markers

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_______ _______ can be used as tumor markers that monitor the effect of therapy and indicate tumor recurrence.

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oncofetal antigens

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___________ neoplasms are well differentiated.

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benign

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__________ neoplasms range from well differentiated to undifferentiated, and can invade & metastasize.

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malignant

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______________ classification is when the tumor is identified by the tissue of origin, anatomic site, and behaviour of tumor.

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anatomic

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_____________ (specific form of cancer) originate from embryonal ectoderm (skin & glands), and endoderm (mucous membranes in the GI, GU, and respiratory tracts).

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carcinomas

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Carcinomas originate from embryonal ___________ (skin & glands), and _________ (mucous membranes in the GI, GU, and respiratory tracts).

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ectoderm, endoderm

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_______________ originate from embryonal mesoderm (connective tissue, muscle, bone, and fat).

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sarcomas

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Sarcomas originate from embyronal ___________ (connective tissue, muscle, bone, and fat).

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mesoderm

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___________ and ___________ originate from hematopoietic system.

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lymphoma, leukemia

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________ ________ is the appearance of cells and degree of differentiation are evaluated differently.

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histologic grading

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In histologic grading, _________ ________ is when the cells differ slightly from normal cells (mild dysplasia) and are well differentiated (low grade).

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grade 1

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In histologic grading, _________ ________ is when the cells are more abnormal (moderate dysplasia) and moderately differentiated (intermediate grade).

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grade 2

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In histologic grading, _________ ________ are when cells are very abnormal (severe dysplasia_) and are poorly differentiated (high grade).

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grade 3

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In histologic grading, _________ ________ are when cells are immature and primative (anaplasia) and undifferentiated; cell of origin is difficult to determine (high grade).

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grade 4

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In histologic grading, _________ ________ is when the grade can't be assessed.

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grade X

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_______________ is classifying the extent & spread of disease, and is based on the anatomic extent of disease rather than on cell appearance.

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staging

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In clinical staging of cancer, _______ _______ is when the cancer is in situ.

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stage 0

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In clinical staging of cancer, _______ _______ is when the tumor is limited to the tissue of growth.

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stage 1

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In clinical staging of cancer, _______ _______ is when the tumor is limited to local spread.

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stage 2

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In clinical staging of cancer, _______ _______ is when the tumor is extensive to local and regional spread.

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stage 3

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In clinical staging of cancer, _______ _______ is when the tumor is in metastasis.

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stage 4

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What does TNM classification system stand for?

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(T) tumor size & invasivness, (N) presence or absence of regional spread to lymphnodes, (M) metastasis to distant organ sites

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__________ ______ _______ is a neoplasm whose cells are localized and show no tendency to invade or metastasize to other tissues.

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carcinoma in situ

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____________ __________ is the extent of the disease as determined by surgical excision, exploration, or lymph note sampling.

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surgical staging

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A diagnostic plan for a person suspected of having cancer includes the health _________, identification of _________ ________, ________ exam, and specific _________ studies.

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history, risk factors, physical, diagnostic

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__________ is the removal of a tissue sample for pathologic analysis.

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biopsy

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A ___________ biopsy is performed by tissue that can be safely reached through the skin.

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percutaneous

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A ___________ biopsy occurs in the lung, esophagus, colon, and bladder (the intraluminal lesions).

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endoscopic

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A __________ biopsy is the surgical removal of the entire lesion, lymph nodes, module, or mass.

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excisional

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A _________ biopsy is the partial excision of a lesion, lymph nodes, module, or mass that is usually performed with a scalpel or dermal punch.

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incisional

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The goals of cancer treatment are _____, _______, or ________.

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cure, cancer, pallitation

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__________ is the term used when there is no response by the tumor to treatment.

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pallitation

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The goal of chemotherapy is to ________ or ____________ the number of malignant cells in the primary tumor and metastatic tumor site(s).

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eliminate, decrease

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Cell cycle _____-______ chemotherapy drugs have their effect on the cells during all phases of the cell cycle.

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phase-nonspecific

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Cell cycle _____-_______ drugs exert their most significant effects during specific phases of the cell cycle.

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phase-specific

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The CDC estimates that approximately ___________ persons in the US become infected with HIV each year.

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40,000

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___________ ________ are the only group of people in the US must be tested for HIV, they do not have a choice.

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pregnant women

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What ethnicity of persons were diagnosed as having the highest rate of HIV/AIDS?

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black

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_______________ is a protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen.

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antibody

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In the pathology of HIV, the HIV virus binds to ________ _____ _______, therefore the uninfected cells _________ the infected cells.

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CD4 T cells, attack

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Initially the B cells make _________ to keep down the viral levels and activated T cells begin the cellular ____________. But as the virus progresses the immune response _________.

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antibodies, response, declines

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Initially the B cells make antibodies to keep down the _________ levels, and activated _____ cells begin the cellular response. But as the _______ progresses, the immune response _______.

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viral, T, virus, declines

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The ___________ __________ and ________ are responsible for the production of new CD4 T cells.

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bone marrow, thymus

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The bone marrow produces new CD4 cells to replace the ones infected with HIV, however, they are so ______ produced that they are too _________ to effectively fight the HIV infected cells.

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rapidly, immature

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There are different strands of HIV. True or false?

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true

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CD4 T cell count is used to evaluate the status of the _________ _________.

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immune system

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The viral load test is used to measure the amount of _______ in the blood.

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HIV

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The _______ _______ test is used to measure the amount of HIV in the blood.

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viral load

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During HIV infection, one ____________ CD4+ cells are destroyed everyday.

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billion

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In CD4 cell and HIV virus binding, ____________ leaves small holes in the CD4+ cell.

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budding

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In CD4 cell and HIV virus binding, ____________ is when the HIV fuses with healthy cells, so that the healthy cells are destroyed.

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fusion

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In CD4 cell and HIV virus binding, ____________ is when the infected cell binds to CD4+ cell and immune system antibodies destroy the cell.

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binding

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A(n) ____________ in CD4+ levels = a(n) __________ in viral load.

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increase, decrease

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________ ___________ is when an immunocompromised patient is protected from the nurse.

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reverse isolation

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When the CD4+ cells are less than 200 cells per microliter, the CD4 (helper) to CD8 (suppressor) ratio is ____:_____.

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2:1

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What is the order of HIV tests? ________ -> ________ -> __________ -> __________

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oraquick, ELISA, ELISA, western blot

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OraQuick Rapid test is the __________ test in the order of tests that uses ________ to test antibodies.

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first, saliva

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If the OraQuick Rapid test is positive, then the ELISA test is used ________ months later.

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3

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If the first ELISA test is positive, then a second ELISA test occurs 2 _______ later.

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weeks

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HIV may have early symptoms ______-_____ weeks after being infected. They present flu-like symptoms.

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6-8

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It may take _____-_____ years or longer before HIV person develops symptoms.

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8-10

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_____________ ___________ are diseases that the body would typically fight off with a fully healthy immune system.

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opportunistic infection

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Before starting a HIV patient on medications, assess patient __________ taking medications.

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compliance

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__________ cancer cells are smooth, encapsulated, and well differentiated.

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benign

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_________ cancer cells possibly have an irregular shape, aren't well differentiate, and can spread throughout the body.

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malignant

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________ is the examination of the cell.

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cytology

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When screening tumor cell markers, is measures certain ________ against certain types of cancer.

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antigens

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Women should receive an annual mammogram at ____ years of age .

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40

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To test for colon and rectal cancer, a colonoscopy should begin after ____ years of age.

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50

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If there is a family history of cancer in the family then the patient should begin being tested for that cancer _______ years before the normal testing age.

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5

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Chemotherapy is given through a central IV in the ________ or ___________, or through a ________ with a ninety degree needle.

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jugular, subclavian, portacath

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_________________ is when the radiation device is implanted within the centre of the tumour.

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brachytherapy

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If the patient has brachytherapy, the nurse should limit exposure to the patient. True or false?

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true

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Written material presented to the patient should be at a _____ or ____ grade reading level.

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5th, 6th

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______________ a protein released by animal cells, usually in response to the entry of a virus, that has the property of inhibiting virus replication.

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interferon

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____________ any of a class of glycoproteins produced by leukocytes for regulating immune responses.

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interleukins

Chapters 15 & 16 – Flashcards

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