chapter 7&8 – Flashcards
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what transports oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs?
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red blood cells
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what enzyme does semen contain?
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enzyme p30
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what microscope is an instrument that links a microscope to a spectrophotometer?
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microspectrophotometer
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what microscope bombards a specimen with a beam of electrons to produce a magnified image?
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scanning electron microscope
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the clumping together of red blood cells by the action of an antibody
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agglutination
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what is light that illuminates the specimen from above to examine opaque specimens
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vertical illumination
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what is the eyepiece magnification is most forensic work?
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10x
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what microscope is two monocular compound microscopes spaced and aligned to present a 3D image?
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stereoscopic microscope
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color test for hemoglobin with phenolphthalein to produce a deep pink
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kastle-meyer
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antibodies and antigens diffuse towards one another on a gel plate
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gel diffusion
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what is best used for forensic microscopy requiring a side-by-side comparison
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comparison microscope
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what was the earliest and simplest microscope
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magnifying glass
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common blood test until identified as a carcinogen
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benzidine
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an antibody that reacts with its corresponding antigen to form a precipitate
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precipitin
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addition of chemicals to blood to form crystals containing hemoglobin derivatives
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microcrystalline test
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what is light that passes up from the condenser and through the specimen
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transmitted illumination
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what microscope is two compound microscopes combined into one unit
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comparison microscope
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how many antigens determines an individual's blood type in the A-B-O SYSTEM
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2
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which microscope is more likely to be used as a tool for determining whether a suspect has recently fired a gun
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scanning electron microscope
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sensitive chemical test presumptively detects bloodstains diluted up to 300,000x
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luminol
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in which phenotype pairing can the the genotypes of the individuals be directly known
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type AB and type O
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which microscope plots an absorption spectrum of the item under examination
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microspectrophotometer
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what microscope is used to study birefringent materials, that have double refraction
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polarizing light microscope
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what are present in all human blood that allows us to give blood types?
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A-B-O antigens
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what is the most frequently used and versatile microscope found in the crime laboratory?
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stereoscopic microscope
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when the SEM's primary electron beam bombards a specimen, it causes the emission of what 2 things?
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1) electrons from elements of the upper layer of the specimen and 2) x-rays from the target
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a comparison microscope designed to examine bullets and fibers is equipped with what kind of illumination?
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vertical illumination
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what is the advantage of monoclonal antibodies?
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an animal can produce antibodies that don't vary in composition over time
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a gene pair made up of 2 similar alleles is said to be...
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homozygous
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for how long can recent sexual activity be calculated using the semen marker p30
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up to 24 hours
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what altered the approach forensic scientists have taken toward the individualization of bloodstains and other biological evidence?
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DNA
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the polarizer and analyzer in a polarizing microscope are normally set...
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parallel to each other
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in the design of a polarizing microscope, the polarizer is placed between the...
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light source and sample stage
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in order to examine an opaque object with a compound microscope, one must use what kind of light?
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vertical illumination
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what microscope can a forensic analyst now view a particle while, at the same time, a beam of light is directed at the particle in order to obtain its absorption spectrum
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microspectrophotometer
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for every antigen, there exists a specific what?
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antibody
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when using a compound microscope, the areas above and below the depth of focus are best viewed by adjusting what?
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the fine or coarse adjustment
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what can palynology do?
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narrow location based on pollen
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which microscope provides a right-side-up image?
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stereoscopic microscope
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which blood components are directly pertinent to the forensic aspects of blood identification>
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blood serum and red blood cells
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what instrument can be used to view a single fiber found at a crime scene and identify its generic class?
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infrared microspectrophotometer, stereoscopic microscope, and polarizing microscope
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which microscope has the largest potential working distance?
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stereoscopic microscope
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what is the D antigen also known as?
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Rh
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which microscope is best suited to the study of birefringent minerals and fibers?
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polarizing microscope
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a microscope with which light source, when linked to a spectrophotometer, will provide a "fingerprint" spectrum of the object being viewed?
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infrared
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the microscope that provides the highest resolution and greatest depth of focus is the...
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scanning electron microscope
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all blood contain the what enzyme?
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peroxidase
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what is one of the major attractions of the scanning electron microscope image?
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high magnification, high resolution, and great depth of focus
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if crystals of unknown origin are view under a polarizing microscope and appear dark, what can be concluded about the crystals?
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they are non-polarizing
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evidence to substantiate that a rape occurred could include...
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hairs, fibers, blood, semen, and physical injuries
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the image produced by an SEM is initially displayed on...
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a cathode ray tube
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what type of crystals produce two planes of polarized light, each perpendicular to the other
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birefringent
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type AB blood contains
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both A and B antigens and neither antibodies
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what is palynology
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study of pollen and spores based on characteristics
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a transparent specimen is viewed through a microscope using what type of light?
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transmitted illumination
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in routine blood banking, which antigens must be determined in testing for compatibility
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A-B-O and Rh factors
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what type of microscopy most commonly used with palynology is...
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scanning electron microscope
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how many parts is the mechanical system of a microscope is composed of?
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6
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to determine whether a bloodstain is of human or animal origin, the serologist will perform...
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precipitin test
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the condenser of a compound microscope is located...
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beneath the stage
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what type of image cannot be viewed directly
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virtual image
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monoclonal antibodies...
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are produced by injecting a mouse with an antigen creating hybridomas, creating a limitless supply and it called a "magic bullet"
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the size of the specimen area in view is known as the...
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field of view
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what is a parfocal microscope
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allows for ease of focusing when switching from low to high power
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PSA (p30) is a...
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protein unique to seminal plasma
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what are used to focus the SEM
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magnets
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a microscope uses a combination of what to magnify an image?
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lenses
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an individual has what kind of antigens?
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neither A nor B antigens
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antibodies are found...
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in the blood serum
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an opaque object requires what type of illumination?
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vertical illumination
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if blood has both A and B antigens, the blood is type...
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AB
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for how long can spermatoza generally be found in the vagina of a living female?
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motile sperm is 4-6 hours and a non-motile sperm is up to 72 hours
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what is an image formed by the actual convergence of light rays on a screen
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real image
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for how long can the enzyme p30 be detected in the vaginal cavity after intercourse
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up to 24 hours
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what tests can identify if a stain is blood?
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phenolphthalein, bluestar, luminol, and the benzidine test
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what does the bonding of an antigen with its specific antibody cause
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agglutination
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what are some components of a compound microscope
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illuminator, adjustment knobs, condenser, and stage
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what test is frequently used to determine whether blood is of human origin>
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precipitin test
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which microscope can be linked to an x-ray analyzer
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scanning electron microscope
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what is an image that cannot be seen directly
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virtual image
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which microscope looks at gun shot residue
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scanning electron microscope
