Chapter 6-10 Exam – Flashcards
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Which one of the following statements best describes Piaget's view of how children acquire knowledge about the world? ? A. Children repeatedly parrot their parents' and teachers' beliefs, eventually internalizing these beliefs as their own "knowledge." B. Initially, children unconsciously develop a rather complex and confused view of the world, but this view becomes simpler and more straightforward as time goes on. C. Children are naturally disposed to think about their environment in particular ways; in a sense, some basic knowledge about the world is "pre-wired." D. Children actively construct their own view of the world from their experiences with the environment.
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D
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Which one of the following best illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation? ? A. Betsy is given 10 more addition problems when she does the first 10 carelessly. ? B. Donna copies her biology textbook's definitions of various classes of invertebrates (sponges, flatworms, mollusks, etc.) word for word in her notebook. ? C. Anne copies down what her teacher writes on the blackboard.? D. Carol revises her understanding of what clouds are made of when she studies them in science.
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D
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Which one of the following examples best illustrates Piaget's concept of object permanence? ? A. Two-year-old Jasmine looks for a favorite toy her father has just hidden in a box. ? B. Ten-year-old Margaret glues the pieces of a vase she has just broken, claiming that she'll make it look "good as new." C. Fifteen-year-old Kenneth finally understands his geometry teacher's statement that two parallel lines might go on forever without ever touching. D. Six-year-old Lucas thinks that if you pour water into a taller, thinner glass, that glass will have more water.
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A
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Piaget spoke of egocentrism as a characteristic of preoperational thought. Three of the following are examples of egocentrism as Piaget defined it. Which one is NOT? ? A. Justin is constantly grabbing objects and pulling them toward himself. ? B. Lois tells a story as if her listeners already know many details they can't possibly know. C. Kate cannot relate to the question, "How do you think Molly feels?" D. Frank and Isabel are playing checkers without realizing that each of them is playing by different rules ?
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A
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James is talking about how much better the world would be if everyone just agreed to love everyone else. In Piaget's view, James is most likely to be ? ? A. 10 years old B. 8 years old C. 4 years old D. 14 years old
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D
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In describing the cognitive abilities of elementary school students, Piaget appears to have: ? A. Underestimated what they know and can do B. Overestimated what they know and can do ? C. Assessed their abilities quite accurately ? D. Overestimated the importance of language in their early thinking
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A
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As Valerie grows older, she becomes increasingly proficient in a variety of tasks involving spatial reasoning, including drawing three-dimensional figures, solving geometry problems, and predicting where balls are apt to go when she hits them in a tennis game. From a neo-Piagetian perspective, Valerie's simultaneous progress in these diverse areas suggests that she A. is in a state of equilibrium B. is developing her central conceptual structure for spatial relationships ? C. can assimilate diverse spatial tasks into a single mega-scheme D. is in her zone of proximal development for spatial tasks
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B
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Three of the following teaching practices are consistent with Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Which one is NOT? ? A. A ninth-grade science teacher uses a three-dimensional model of the solar system to illustrate her explanation of why it's warmer in summer than in winter. B. When Martin says that two nickels are worth more than one dime because there are two of them and they're bigger, his teacher asks, "How can that be? Two nickels are worth ten cents, and one dime is also worth ten cents." C. A second-grade teacher encourages students to speculate about possible explanations as to why kites of different shapes fly differently and then test each explanation systematically. D. When a high school student claims that people should "Make love, not war," his teacher urges him to consider whether such an approach would have been advisable when the Fascist movement was gaining ground in Europe in the late 1930s and early 1940s.
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B
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In line with Vygotsky's thoery, which one of the following is the best example of a cognitive tool? ? A. The concept of pi (?) in a geometry class ? B. Scales to measure compounds in a chemistry class C. Use of natural lighting in a studio art class D. A jigsaw in a woodworking class ?
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A
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From Vygotsky's perspective, what important role does inner speech play? ? A. By giving themselves directions about what to do next, children guide themselves through complex tasks. B. By using words mentally as well as orally, children develop more abstract representations of the world. C. By practicing various grammatical structures mentally, children acquire more complex language capabilities. D. By talking to themselves about what they should have done or said in a particular situation, children remember the situation more vividly.
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A
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Xavier loves to write poetry. Often he uses techniques that his favorite poets use, but typically he modifies these techniques to better suit his own style. This situation illustrates which one of the following concepts in Vygotsky's theory? A. Appropriation B. Mediated learning C. Level of potential development D. Actual developmental level
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A
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In Vygotsky's view, opportunities to engage in pretend play (e.g., playing "house" or "doctor") have which one of the following effects? A. They can help children shed their egocentric views of the world. B. They allow children to practice adult behaviors. C. They foster traditional gender stereotypes. D. They are highly enjoyable but have little impact on cognitive development.
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B
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From a Vygotskian perspective, what is the primary purpose of scaffolding in instruction? A. It supports children as they perform difficult tasks. B. It lets children learn by watching one another. C. It keeps school tasks within children's actual developmental levels. D. It gives children an idea of what they need to do to get good grades.
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A
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Which one of the following teachers is using reciprocal teaching? A. Before a test, Ms. Dievers has each student describe the strategies he or she plans to use while studying. B. When students ask questions about things they don't understand, Ms. Cromwell asks if others can answer those questions before answering them herself. C. Working with a small group, Mr. Bromley gives each student a chance to ask questions of his or her classmates regarding a section of text they are all reading. D. Mr. Armando has students work in pairs to test one another's knowledge about a topic
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C
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If you were interested in how a child's culture influences cognitive development, you would be most likely to consider _______ approach to cognitive development. ? A. Piaget's B. neo-Piagetian theorists' C. Vygotsky's D. information processing theorists'
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C
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Information processing theorists often emphasize the importance of attention in the learning process. Why is attention so important? A. It gets information into the sensory register. B. It moves information from the sensory register into working memory. C. It moves information from the sensory register into long-term memory. D. It moves information from working memory into long-term memory.
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B
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Which one of the following examples best illustrates involvement of a central executive in information processing? A. Claudia has trouble keeping her mind on her classwork. B. David is frightened the first time he hears the loud noises at a fireworks display. C. Adam absentmindedly cracks his knuckles every minute or two. D. Brigette thinks about how she can best prepare for a history test.
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D
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As three-month-old Isabella lies in a comfortable infant seat, a researcher shows her a variety of pictures on a video screen. If Isabella is typical of children her age, which one of the following pictures is apt to hold her attention the longest? A. a fuzzy kitten B. a moving car C. a bowl of fruit D. a smiling face
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D
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When children practice basic skills over and over again, they can eventually perform them quickly and with little thought or effort. An advantage of such automatization is that the skills ? A. Require less working memory capacity B. Enable children to bypass working memory C. Enable children to bypass the sensory register? D. Make the use of long-term memory unnecessary for simple tasks
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A
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Which one of the following best illustrates the phenomenon of infantile amnesia as developmental theorists typically use the term? A. Three-week-old Ronald doesn't yet recognize the sound of his mother's voice. B. Five-month-old Quincy seems surprised each time he wakes up and sees the mobile hanging over his crib, even though the mobile has been there for several weeks. C. Three-year-old Sasha often forgets to wash her hands after using the restroom. D. Ten-year-old Paulette can't remember the party her parents had for her on her second birthday.
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D
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From the perspective of contemporary developmental theorists, a script can best be described as: A. A particular way of talking oneself through a difficult situation B. Knowledge about the typical sequence of events in an activity C. The strategy that a teacher tells students to use to remember classroom material D. The things (e.g., "small talk") that someone typically says when initiating a conversation with someone else
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B
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Marco is taking an elective class on world religions. As he studies, he thinks about how certain tenets of Islam are in some ways similar to his own Christian beliefs. What learning strategy is Marco using? ? A. comprehension monitoring B. rehearsal C. intersubjectivity D. elaboration ?
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D
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Which one of the following statements best describes children's acquisition of new learning and problem-solving strategies? A. When children acquire a new strategy, they almost immediately abandon their earlier, less mature strategies. B. When children first acquire a new strategy, they use it infrequently and sometimes ineffectively. C. Children's new strategies are usually simple modifications of previous strategies. D. Children acquire new, more effective strategies only when adults encourage them to do so.
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B
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How do young children's estimates of their memory capacity relate to reality? A. They are usually fairly accurate in their estimates of how much they can recall B. They usually underestimate how much they can remember. C. They usually overestimate how much they can remember. D. They don't even try to guess how much they can recall.
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C
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Which of the following can teachers do that will be most likely to encourage self-regulated learning? A. Give children regular opportunities to set goals B. Give children frequent homework assignments. C. Give children praise for work that is done well. D. Give children frequent feedback.
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A
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Three of the following statements about epistemic beliefs are true. Which one is FALSE? ? A. Young children may be more motivated to learn about a topic when they know that some things are definitely true or false. B. Children's beliefs about the nature of knowledge influence how they study. C. Children with more advanced epistemic beliefs are more likely to struggle with academic subject matter. D. As students progress through the grade levels they usually discover that learning involves acquiring a cohesive set of ideas.
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C
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Two-year-old Tim and his Mom are approached by a large dog on a leash. Unsure, Tim looks towards his mom, who smiles and reaches out to pet it. Then Tim also smiles and approaches the dog. Tim is using A. automatization. B. social referencing. C. metacognitive awareness. D. comprehension monitoring.
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B
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Each of the teachers below has students with misconceptions about the material they are studying. Three of the teachers are using strategies that should help their students correct these misconceptions. Which teacher is NOT using a recommended strategy for changing misconceptions? ? A. Mr. Caro shows students how the true explanation of something is different from, and more plausible than, their existing beliefs. ? B. Ms. Andersen gives students opportunities to do hands-on experients about the topic. C. Mr. Bissette presents a situation that students cannot adequately explain using their current beliefs about the topic. ? D. Ms. Darren reminds her students that she will be testing them on the material they are studying.
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D
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Which one of the following statements best describes a nativist perspective of child development? A. Initially, children unconsciously develop a rather complex and confused view of the world, but this view becomes simpler and more straightforward as time goes on. B. Children repeatedly parrot their parents' and teachers' beliefs, eventually adopting these beliefs as their own "knowledge." C. Children are naturally disposed to think about their environment in particular ways; in a sense, some basic knowledge about the world is "pre-wired." D. Children actively construct their own view of the world from their experiences with the environment.
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C
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Which one of the following children is most likely to be classified as having a learning disability? A. Marcus, who has trouble learning abstract information and cannot easily adapt to new situations B. Justine, who performs well on academic tasks but has a poor self-image and has difficulty behaving appropriately in the classroom C. George, who gets average scores on intelligence tests but has difficulty with certain kinds of memory tasks and is well below average in reading and writing D. Melissa, who has no problem with reading and writing but refuses to answer questions in class
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C
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Charles Spearman's conception of the g factor is that ? A. we have a general ability that is used in a wide vareity of situations. B. intelligence is only weakly related. C. intelligence is accumulated knowledge. D. there are several different types of intelligence.
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A
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Which task that is most likely to require fluid intelligence rather than his crystallized intelligence? ? A. solving a new kind of puzzle B. finding Egypt on the map C. applying a formula to solve a math word problem. D. Writing a persuasive essay on a current issue in the news ?
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A
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Only one of the following statements reflects an accurate comparison of Gardner's and Sternberg's theories of intelligence. Which one? A. Both theorists view the development of intelligence as being almost exclusively the result of nurture rather than nature. B. Gardner believes that intelligence is comprised of multiple abilities, whereas Sternberg views it as being comprised of a single entity. C. Both theorists characterize intelligence as a multifaceted ability, such that children may behave intelligently in one situation but not in another. D. Sternberg restricts his view of intelligence to the cognitive abilities and processing skills related to academic success, whereas Gardner takes a broader perspective.
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C
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Which one of the following statements most accurately reflects the concept of distributed intelligence? ? A. Children almost invariably perform at higher levels in some academic subject areas than they do in others. B. Children will behave more intelligently when they can use outside resources as well as their minds. C. How "intelligent" children are is, to some extent, a function of class size; children achieve at lower levels when they are in larger classes. D. How "intelligent" children become is, to some extent, a function of the number of siblings they have; children from larger families tend to have slightly lower IQ scores.
answer
B
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The original purpose of intelligence tests is still their main purpose today—that is, to: A. Measure people's innate ability to adapt to a complex environment B. Identify children who may require special services or interventions C. Assess youngsters' ability to solve abstract problems D. Predict how well youngsters are likely to perform in various professional careers
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B
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Which one of the following is a true statement about modern IQ scores? A. They are calculated from this formula: (MA/CA) x 100 B. They are calculated from this formula: (CA/MA) x 100 C. Scores near 150 indicate average performance. D. They are derived from comparisons with the test performance of others.
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D
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If you are concerned about the reliability of an intelligence test, which one of the following questions would you be most likely to ask? ? A. Does this test really measure intellectual ability? B. Does this test rely heavily on language skills? ? C. Do children tend to get similar scores on the test from one time to the next? ? D. How much training do I need to administer and interpret this test?
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C
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Which one of the following is the best example of dynamic assessment? A. Mr. Thiessen asks Macy to show him how to use a microscope properly. B. Ms. Ursinas asks her students to work in groups of three to write a paper describing the effects of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. C. Ms. Vincenti gives her students 20 multiple-choice questions; she then gives 20 additional, more difficult questions to students who've done very well on the first set, as a way of assessing the upper limits of their knowledge. D. Mr. Warren observes and records how Minnie's logical thinking changes over time as she gets assistance and experience in scientific reasoning tasks.
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D
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Which one of the following statements is most accurate about assessing cognitive abilities in infants and toddlers? A. Assessment instruments exist only for infants and toddlers within the normal range of functioning, not for those with significant disabilities. B. Assessment instruments appropriate for infants and toddlers exist and are just as reliable as assessments created for older children. C. Because infants and toddlers have limited ability to focus their attention and follow directions, meaningful estimates of their cognitive abilities cannot be obtained. D. Appropriate assessment instruments exist, but they are less reliable than assessments created for older children.
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D
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Three of the following statements about the effects of heredity and/or environment on intelligence are accurate. Which one is NOT accurate? A. Biologists working in the Human Genome Project have recently identified the chromosome that carries the "intelligence" gene. B. On average, children's performance on intelligence tests has risen around the world, suggesting that improvements in environmental conditions enhance IQ. C. Children tend to get higher IQ scores when they attend school regularly. D. Some toxic substances in children's homes or neighborhoods can adversely affect their cognitive development.
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A
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Researchers have discovered that gender differences in various cognitive abilities are due to three of the following. Which one is not a likely source of gender differences? ? A. Differences in the volume of the brain in boys versus girls B. Differences in levels of certain hormones ? C. Differences in typical "boy" toys versus "girl" toys ? D. Subtle anatomical differences in the brain
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A
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Karin and her mother live on welfare in a poor, inner-city neighborhood in Detroit. Karin is quite bright and highly motivated, and she really wants to get a college education. However, she knows that, on average, students from low-income homes perform more poorly on a college aptitude than students from wealthier homes. When she takes the test, she is so nervous that she has trouble concentrating on the test items, and so her scores are disappointingly low. Which of the following concepts best explains what has happened to Karin? ? A. stereotype threat B. niche-picking C. crystalized intelligence D. the Flynn effect
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A
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How do the majority of children who are gifted compare to their peers in social and emotional development? ? A. They tend to be loners, preferring such solitary activities as reading or computer games. B. They tend to be less mature than their peers and more prone to emotional problems. C. They tend to be above average in social development, and most are emotionally well adjusted. D. They tend to be quite self-centered, with little regard for other people's needs or feelings.
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C
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Within the context of Vygotsky's perspective of cognitive development, why do students who are gifted often not benefit from regular classroom instruction? ? A. Because they're too preoccupied by their own self-talk ? B. Because they are typically more distractible than their nongifted peers C. Because they're too busy thinking about things they learned from their outside reading to want to learn material presented in the classroom D. Because they aren't working within their zone of proximal development
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D
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Which one of the following is the best example of an adaptive behavior, as the term is used in the identification of intellectual disabilities? A. Ability to understand simple analogies (e.g., cat is to meow as dog is to bow-wow) ? B. Ability to solve simple word problems in mathematics C. Ability to answer simple questions about a textbook passage D. Ability to remember and follow normal classroom routines
answer
D
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Which one of the following statements is consistent with a sociocultural view of language development? A. "Children initially use language primarily in their interactions with other people, but increasingly they also use it to help them think more effectively." ? B. "Although children can learn the specific vocabulary and syntax of their native language only by hearing the people around them speak it, they seem to have some built-in knowledge of the form that any language should take." C. "From a very early age, children are motivated to learn how to speak, because speech enables them to interact with other people and, ultimately, to get what they want." D. "To foster children's language development, parents and other adults praise them first for making speechlike sounds ('Da-da'), later for saying recognizable words ('More!'), and still later for forming understandable sentences ('Can I have candy?')."
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A
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Three-year-old Robert is visiting the local zoo with his preschool class. When his teacher exclaims, "Look at the giraffe!" Robert first looks at the teacher's face and then follows her gaze to the strange creature she is looking at. Robert's behavior in this situation reflects: ? A. intersubjectivity B. pragmatics ? C. functionalism D. semantic bootstrapping
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A
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Which one of the following situations illustrates the phenomenon of overextension in semantic development? In each case, the word in question is in quotes. A. Calvin denies that a palm tree is a "tree." B. Alvin doesn't understand why he can't build an "igloo" in the summer C. Brady thinks that all "igloos" are made out of Styrofoam D. Daniel calls a tall sunflower a "tree."
answer
D
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Which one of the following statements best illustrates telegraphic speech? A. "You're being silly." B. "No!" C. "I love you Mommy!" D. "Want cookie."
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D
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Even though he teaches history rather than English, Mr. Stahl wants to support his seventh-grade students in their syntactic development. Which one of the following strategies, although possibly beneficial in other respects, is LEAST likely to promote his students' syntactic development? A. Teach students how to take notes more efficiently by capturing ideas in short phrases rather than complete sentences. B. Teach students the differences between similar words (e.g., that vs. which, lie vs. lay) and when to use each one. C. Engage students in many formal writing activities, and give them regular feedback about grammar. D. Teach students a wide variety of sentence structures that they might use.
answer
A
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Seven-year-old Emma thinks that "Too many cooks spoil the broth" is only about cooking soup. Her inability to recognize the more general meaning of the expression: A. Reflects delayed pragmatic development B. Reveals preoperational reasoning C. Indicates that instruction in such expressions would definitely be in her zone of proximal development D. Is typical for her age-group.
answer
D
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Which one of the following is the best example of pragmatics in language? ? A. Sheena knows that the plural of man is men, not mans. B. Morris understands the underlying meaning of "A stitch in time saves nine." ? C. Isaiah recognizes the double meanings in many of the puns he hears. D. Julie waits until her friend has finished talking before she begins to speak.
answer
D
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In North America, which approach appears to be most effective for teaching English speakers a second language? A. Wait until they reach adolescence so that they can better grasp the subtleties of the new language. B. Teach it to them before kindergarten if possible, because they quickly lose their ability to learn a second language fluently after that. C. Immerse them in the second language, having them hear and speak it exclusively in all classroom activities. ? D. Provide intensive English instruction but teach other subjects in the students' native language.
answer
D
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Four-year-old Rosemary picks up a picture book and pretends to read it to one of her preschool classmates. "Once upon a time," she says, "there was a fairy princess. She was very beautiful. A handsome prince asked her to marry him. They lived happily ever after. The end." Which one of the following is the most reasonable interpretation of Rosemary's behavior? ? A. She has acquired a story schema for fairytales. B. She is engaging in knowledge transforming. C. Her lack of attention to the words on the page suggests possible dyslexia. D. She has a good working sight vocabulary.
answer
A
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Young children sometimes pretend to write "grocery lists," restaurant "menus," and doctors' "prescriptions" in their sociodramatic play. Parents and preschool teachers are apt to see three of the following characteristics in such pseudowriting. Which one are they LEAST likely to see? A. Small spaces between individual letters B. Periods or commas at the ends of "sentences" C. A few alphabet letters mixed in with other letterlike shapes D. Left-to-right orientation of letters on the page
answer
B
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Three of the following teachers are using recommended strategies for promoting youngsters' writing development. Which teacher is NOT using a recommended strategy? ? A. Mr. MacAfee doesn't worry about how well students write in his science class; students shouldn't have to worry about both science and writing at the same time. B. Ms. Pratt gives her students numerous opportunities to write for real audiences other than herself. C. Mr. Hendrix occasionally has students work together in pairs to write short stories. D. Ms. Tharp gives her students instruction on how to use a word processing program and encourages them to use a computer whenever they write.
answer
A
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The one-to-one principle states A. that there must be one and only one number name for each object that is counted. B. that the last number name differs from the previous ones in a counting sequence by denoting the number of objects. C. the conventional sequence of the number names. D. that number names must be counted in the same order.
answer
A
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Which one of the following alternatives best characterizes a central conceptual structure view of children's mathematical development? A. Children have a biologically built-in mechanism that enables them to recognize quantity even in infancy; at around puberty, the rise in certain hormones activates new mathematical capabilities in this mechanism. B. Children acquire a multidimensional understanding of numbers that integrates earlier, separate understandings of quantity, numerals, and counting. C. Children don't acquire a true understanding of the nature of numbers until they learn how to add and subtract. D. Even in infancy, children's understanding of quantity has a somewhat abstract quality to it.
answer
B
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In a middle school science lab activity, students are looking at how much water objects of varying sizes and weights displace. Lab partners Jack and Jennifer have just put two equal-size balls—one made of plastic and one made of lead—into separate beakers of water and measured how high the water rose in each one. They've observed that the water rose the same amount in the two beakers. Jack says, "That can't be right. The lead ball should push the water up more because it's heavier." Jennifer responds, "We must have measured wrong. Let's try the experiment again." The two students' reasoning reflects A. a confirmation bias. B. poor visual-spatial ability. C. a substance schema. D. a nativist view of science development.
answer
A
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When do most youngsters begin to understand historical time and attach meaning to historical dates? A. about ninth grade B. about fifth grade C. Usually by kindergarten or first grade D. about second grade
answer
B
