Chapter 21 Imperialism 2 – Flashcards
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Where did Europeans began to move into for industrial raw materials and markets?
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Asian and African territories
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Imperialism
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Extension of a nation's power over other lands
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What was "new Imperialism"?
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Late 19th centrues - Countries wanted direct control over vast tracks of land and not just the trading posts... before this countries set up trading posts where they could carry out trade and missionary work/
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What were capitalists states looking for?
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New markets and raw materials - There was a strong economic incentive for European nations to search for new nations.
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Besides economic reasons, why did European nations want colonization of Asia and Africa?
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European nations were rival andthey also wanted to get colonies to gain advantage over their rivals - plus it was a sign of prestige and power
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social darwinism
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The application of Darwin's philosophy of natural selection to human society - only the strongest nations survive - the weaker fall apart
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racism
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belif that race determines trait and capabilities so racists believe that certain races are superior to others
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humanitarian approach to imperialism
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Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize the primitive people - this was called "The white man's burden"
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Europeans believed it was their duty to do what?
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1. civilize the masses 2. bring Christian values 3.bring democracy and capitalism to the terrories they claim
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Singapore
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Became a new stopping point for traffic going or coming from China
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Process of imperialism in SE asia began with what?
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Great Britain
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Who founded a new colony on the island of Singapore "Cite of the lion"?
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Thomas Stamford Raffles
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Why did Britain want control over Burma?
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It wanted to make sure it control India - Britain's presence led to the fall of the Burmese monarchy and then Britain had control over the entire country
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What country did France have missionaries in?
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Vietnam - France also needed the British to stop taking over trade routes in SE asia - so they forced Vitnam to accept protection
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What did France force the Vietnamese ruler to give up?
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Territories in the McKong River Delta and eventually the entire country - it made the empire a protectorate
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Protectorate
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a political unit that depended on another goverment for its protection
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What countries did France control in the 1880's?
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Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, Laos
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What was the only remaining country in SE Asia that was a free state?
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Thailand
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Who were the two great rulers who were able to keep Thailand out of the hands of European power?
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King Mongkut and King Chulalongkorn - both kings promoted learning and maintained friendly relations with major European powers.
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What happened to the Phillipines when McKinley was president?
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He made it into an American colony (It was currently under Spanish rule).
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Why were the Phillipines beneficial to the United States?
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They gave the US close proximity to China - which was good for trade.
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During the Spanish American War the US naval forces defeated a spanish fleet where?
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Manilla Bay - They were led by Commodore George Dewey
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What kind of rule did the western powers govern their new colonial empires (2 kinds)?
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direct and indirect
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What were the colonial empires main goals for these newly acquired colonies?
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to exploit the natural resources and open up new markets to sell their manufactured goods. They claimed they were bringing the"blessings" of western civilization to these colonies (propoganda).
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What kind of control did the Dutch East Indies Company have?
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indirect - this was better since fewer govt employees needed to be hired
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indirect control
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when colonial power could achieve their goals through cooperation with local polotical elites - easier than direct
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direct control
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when local elites resisted the foreign conquest, they needed to use direct control - they would remove the local elites from power and replace with people from the mother country
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Did all westerners want the native people to have understanding of their political rights?
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no - they told the public that this was the wish, but they really did not want them to understnad the democratic process that much -
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Colonial powers did not want the colonies to develop their own industries - so what kind of industries did they want them to have?
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peasants worked in agriculture - many times they were wage labor on a plantation owned by foreign investors
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What kind of wages did the workers receive on plantations?
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the wages were at poverty level, so the owners could increase profts plus they were heavily taxed and the working conditions were very unhealthy
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What were some benefits that colonial rule brought to SE Asia?
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infrastructure was built - railways, highways and entrepreneurial system
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Did the native people of SE Asia like colonial rule?
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They were against it. The former ruling class, the monarch and the peasants did not like it.
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What kind of resistance movement came in the 20th century?
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It was a Nationalism movement that was led by western intellectuals in the SE Asian cities
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With the Nationalism movement, the people who were trying to change things were educated where?
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The people were the modern urban middle class and many times were educated in Western style schools - they were merchants, clerks, and students
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When did the Nationalism groups ask for independence or freedom from the western powers?
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1930's - originally they protested against western ignorance of the cultural and religious traditions
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Who competed for European rule of Africa from 1880 to 1900?
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Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and Portugal -
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By the 1890's almost all nations in the world had declared this illegal?
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slavery - before this West Africa was greatly affected by the slave trade (1800)
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IN 1874, Great Britain established a protectorate where?
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Algeria - they establsihed the first British colony of the Gold Coast
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Besides Britain, France also added ____ to its colonial empire.
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West Africa
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Who did Germany control in Africa?
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Togo and Cameron and Southwest and East Africa
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Egypt wanted to be free from what empire?
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Ottoman empire - they wanted to establish a separate Egyptian state
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Who was Muhammed Ali and what did he do?
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He was an officer of the Ottoman army and he took power over Egypt in 1805 and established a separate Eqyptian state
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What two seas are connected by the Suez canal?
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Mediterranean and Red
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What were some reforms that Muhammed Ali established?
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- Modernized the army -created small industries -set up a public school system
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This area became an important economic center in Egypt...
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Nile Valley - the Suez Canal was eventuallty built here
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What did Ferdinand de Lesseps complete in 1869?
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Suez Canal - waterway to connect the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea
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After the Canal was built, who wanted control of it?
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Britain - They believed this would give them easy access to India. They took control and also controlled Sudan.
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Where did the French set up colonies in North Africa?
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Algeria and they also set up a protectorate in Tunishia and Morocco in 1879-1881
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Italy did not colonize Africa, but they seized _____ and renamed it _____.
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Seized Turkish Tripoli and renamed it Libya
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Who was David Livingstone?
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He explored the jungles of Central Africa for 30 years
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Who was Henry Stanley?
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Took over exploring after Livingstone died - Explored the Congo river and wanted Engliand to send settlers there - they said no. King Leopold of Belgium did though.
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What did King Leopold II of Belgium begin?
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Colonization of the Congo River - headed by Henry Stanley - the French also established territories
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By 1885 the chief rivals in East India were whom?
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Britain and Germany
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What happened at the Berlin Conference in 1884 and 1885?
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Germany, Britain, Portugal and Belgium met to determine which country would get which colonies - No African delegates were present.
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Did Chancellor Otto vonBismarck of Germany endorse imperialism?
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No - he did not see the importance of it, but eventually the Germans demanded a German empire in Africa so he gave in
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What territory did Portugal get at the Berlin conference?
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Mozambique
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Who were the Boers?
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They were also called Afrikaners - they were the descendants of the original Dutch settlers
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During the Napoleonic Wars the British took the Dutch colonies and called them what?
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CapeTown (Originally the Boers had occupied it)
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The Great Trek was about what?
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The Boers did not like the British rule and went north to the Vaal river - They then made 2 independet republics - The Orange free state and the transvaal
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When the Boers made the Great Trek ,what happened to the native people that they displaced?
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many of the native people ended up on reservations
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Who did the Boers many times fight against?
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The Zulu tribe - Shaka Zula was the leader
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After Shaka Zulu died the British began fighting with the Zulu again.. what happened?
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The Zulu were defeated.
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What did Cecil Rhodas do?
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Founded a diamon and gold companies and then named Rhodesia after himself
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Rhodes believed God wanted him to do something. What?
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God wanted him to makea series of British colonies all the way form the Cape to Cairo - they should be linked by railroads.
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What was Rhodes downfall?
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He secretly planned to overthrow the Boer govt. without Britain's permission. This led to the Boer War between Britain and the Boers
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How long did the Boer War last?
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3 years - Britain eventually won - but they also burned many Boer crops and took 120,000 Boer women and children into detnetion camps - 20,000 eventually died
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Union of South Africa
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British created this independent state that ws selfgoverning within the British Empire - a comination of the old Cape Colony and the Boer republic
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By 1914 only 2 in Africa remained free states - they were...
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Liberia and Ethiopia
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Most European countries rules their territories by what kind of rule?
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indirect
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the first generation of Africans to understand the west were educated how?
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colonial schools
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Were the new class of Africans happy about old traditions etc...
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not really - they sometimes disliked the ways of their own countries and were eager to introduce western ideas and institutions int their own countries
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Some new class people of African decent were angered about the European influence - why?
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They were mad that democracy, equality and political freedom were not incorporated into African colonization
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What kindof jobs did middle class Africans qualify for?
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menial govt jobs - their wages were lower than Europeans with the same positions
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When Europeans moved to the area, what happened in schools, club, and churches?
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segregation
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Did educated Africans like colonial rule?
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no - they wanted to establish their own nationality and cultural identity - they felt confusion about their colonial rulers
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When British power increased in India whose power declined?
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Mogal rulers
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Who did the British govt give power to in India when it came to political and military affairs?
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British East India Company
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What were sepoys?
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indina soldiers hired by the British East India Company to protect the company's interest
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Waht was the Great Rebellion or the Sepoy mutings?
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indians called it the 1st War of Independence - this is where the Indians revolted - the Indians got word tht the british were going to usse new bullets that wee greased in cow and pig fat - the cow is sacred to Hindus and the pig was taboo to Muslims
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What did the sepoys refuse to do?
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use the new bullets - they went on a rampage and killed 50 Europeans
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The Indians were never united since what kept them apart?
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Hindu and Muslim rivalries - but the revolt did get stopped by the British and loyal sepoys within a year
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What was the "house of the ladies"?
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Indians massacred 200 women and children at Kanpur
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In 1876 Queen Elizabeth officially became what?
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The Empress of India and they were now colonial subject of Britain - East India Company gave powers to Britain
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Viceroy
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a gov. who ruled as a representative of a monarch - the staff of 3500 ruled 300 million indian people
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What were the benefits of British rule?
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They brought order and stability to India that had been divided by civil war and led an efficient govt.
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The british introduced what to India?
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-railroads -telegraph -postal service
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Thomas Macaulay
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New school system in India - goal was to trainthe Indian children to serve the British govt and military - it only educated children of elite families
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What did the British textile industry do to the Indian textile industry
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It put 1000's of women out of work and damaged the indian textile industry
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When the British ruled, what happened to the majority of the Indians?
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It brought economic hardship to teh majority of Indians
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Who did the British greatly tax in India?
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The peasant population - Zaminders came to collect the taxes on the peasants
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Why did millions of Indians starve from 1800 to 1900?
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British govt had them stop growing crops and instead starting to grow cotton. food shortages occurred
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The British had the best houses and the best jobs and were paid the most - they also did not consider the Indians equal which led many indians to not have much what?
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pride - this was destroyed by the British
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What did the British disrespect?
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Indian culture - The Taj Mahal was the tomb of the wife of a ruler and the British turned it into a place for weddings and parties
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Who were the first Indian Nationalists?
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upper class and well educated - many were from cities like Mumbai, Chennai and Raletta. Many were members of the British civil service and knew British law.
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INC Indina National Commons
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in 1885 a group of Indinas met to form this - it called for a partnership in the governing process
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Why did the INC have difficulties?
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They were divided by religious beliefs - Hindus and Muslims
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Mohandas Gandhi
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a young Hindu who brought new life to India's struggle - he had studied law in Ondon and became aware of the racial exploitation of Indians living in India - he was born in western India
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Gandhi's movement wanted what?
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independence and he set up a strategy based on nonviolent resisitance
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Cultural revival of India began in the 1900's - what happened?
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-British college in calcutta was formed -books were published in all subject in Indian language -Indian novelists and poets began writing historical romances and epic
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Coomar Tagore
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he was a writer, social reformer, spiritual leader, educator, philosopher. singer and painter
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What was Tagore's mission?
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To promote indian pride - he wrote a novel about the love hate relationship between India and Britain - it focused on how india admired Britain but could not establish an indentity apart from British rule
