Ch 16 and 17 test – Flashcards
122 test answers
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Still other psychotherapists tell their clients exactly what to do
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T
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Lying in a reclining chair and fantasizing can be an effective way of confronting fears
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T
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Smoking cigarettes can be an effective method for helping people stop smoking cigarettes
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T (aversive conditioning)
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You might be able to put an end to bad habits merely by keeping record of where and when you practice them
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T
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The same kind of drug issued to treat depression, panic disorder, OCD, even eating disorders
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T
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The originator of a surgical technique intended to reduce violence learned that it was not always successful when one of his patients shot him
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T
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People with psychological disorders should always say no to drugs
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F
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video game programs that mimic traumatic settings and events
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virtual therapy
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a systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that applies to psychological principles to affect the client's thoughts, feelings, and/or behavior to help that client overcome psychological disorders, adjust to problems in living, or develop as an individual
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psychotherapy
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psychotherapy is a systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that applies ___ principles to influence clients' thoughts, feelings, and/or behavior
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psychological
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Since the 1950s, the population of mental hospitals in the US as increased/decreased
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decreased
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originated in European monasteries, an institution for the care of the mentally ill, originally for warehousing, not treatment
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asylum
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Humanitarian reform began in the 18th century. 3 people
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Philippe Pinel in Paris, William Turke in England, Dorthea Dix in US
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Today, most people with chronic psychological disorders live in the community, not the hospital
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T
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a type of psychotherapy based on Freud's thinking and that assumes that psychological problems reflect early childhood experiences and internal conflicts
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psychodynamic therapy
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aims to modify the flow of energy among these structures, largely to bulwark the ego against the torrents of energy let loose by the id and superego, can extend for months, even years
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psychoanalysis
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in psychoanalysis, the expression of repressed feelings an d impulses to allow the release of the psychic energy associated with them
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catharsis
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in psychoanalysis, the uncensored uttering of all thoughts that come to mind
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free association
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the tendency to block the free expression of impulses and primitive idea, a reflection of the defense mechanism of repression
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resistance
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in psychoanalysis, an explanation of a client's utterance according to psychoanalytic theory
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interpretation
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responding to one person in a way that is similar to the way one responded to another person in childhood
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transference
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The chief psychoanalytic method is ______ association
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free
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Freud considered ________ to be the "royal road" to the unconscious
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dreams
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in dreams, the acting out of ideas and impulses that are repressed when one is conscious
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wish fulfillment
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the reported content of dreams
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manifest content
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the symbolized or underlying content of dreams
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latent content
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a psychodynamically oriented therapist who focuses on the conscious, coping behavior of the ego instead of the hypothesized, unconscious functioning of the id
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ego analyst (modern)
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Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson; believed that Freud placed too much emphasis on sexual and aggressive impulses and underestimated the role of the ego
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neoanalysts
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a form of psychotherapy that focuses o the client's subjective, conscious experience in the "here and now"
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humanistic therapy
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Carl Roger's method of therapy, which emphasizes the creation of warm, therapeutic atmosphere that frees clients to engage in self-exploration and self-expression
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client-centered therapy
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in client-centered therapy, the acceptance of the value of another person, although not necessarily acceptance of everything the person does
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unconditional positive regard
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in client centered therapy, one's unique patterning of perceptions and attitudes, according to which one evaluates events
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frame of reference
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in client-entered therapy, openness and honesty in responding to the client
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genuineness
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Fritz Perl's form of psychotherapy, which attempts to integrate conflicting parts of the personality through directive methods designed to help clients perceive their whole selves
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Gestalt therapy
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_______ focus on the client's subj, conscious experience
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humanistic
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client-centered therapy is a (directive/nondirective) method that provides clients with an accepting atmosphere that enables them to overcome roadblocks to self-actualization
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nondirective
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The client-centered therapist shows (conditional/unconditional) positive regard, emphatic understanding, and genuineness
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unconditional
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Gestalt therapy provides (directive/non directive) methods that are designed to help clients accept responsibility and integrate conflicting parts of the personality
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directive
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respect for clients as human beings with unique values and goals
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unconditional positive regard
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systematic application of the principles of learning to the direct modification of a client's problem
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behavior therapy
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Wolpe's method for reducing dears by associating a hierarchy of images of fear-evoking stimuli with deep muscle relaxation
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systematic desensitization
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a behavior-therapy technique in which a client observes and imitates a person who approaches and copes with feared objects or situations
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modeling
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a behavior-therapy technique in which undesired responses are inhibited by pairing repugnant or offensive stimuli with them
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aversive conditioning
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a controlled environment in which people are reinforced for desired behaviors with tokens that may be exchanged for priviledges
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token economy
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in operant conditioning, a series of behaviors that gradually become more similar to a target behavior
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successive approximations
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a behavior-therapy method for helping people in their interpersonal relations that uses self-monitoring, behavior rehearsal, and feedback
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social skills training
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the systematic feeding back to an organism of information about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function
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Biofeedback training (BFT)
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a systematic study of behavior in which one identifies the stimuli that trigger problem behavior and the reinfocrers that maintain it
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Functional analysis
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Behavioral therapy applies principles of ______ to bring about the desired behavioral changes
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learning
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Behavior-therapy methods or reducing fears include flooding; systematic _______, in which a client is gradually exposed to more fear-arousing stimuli; and modeling
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desensitization
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_______ conditioning associates undesired behavior with painful stimuli to derease the frequency of the behavior
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aversive
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_______-conditioning methods reinforce desired responses and extinguish undesired responses.
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operant
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Clients are then taught how to change the behavior by manipulating its antecedents and _____.
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consequences
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a form of therapy that focuses on how clients' cognition (expectations, attitudes, beliefs, etc.) lead to distress and may be modified to relieve distress and promote adaptive behavior
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cognitive
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Albert Ellis's form of therapy that encourages clients to challenge and correct irrational beliefs and maladaptive behaviors
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Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
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_______ therapist focs on the beliefs, attitudes, and automatic thougts that create and compund their client's problems
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cognitive
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Albert Ellis's REBT confronts clients with the ways in which _____ beliefs contribute to problems such as anxiety and depression
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irrational
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a form of therapy in which a couple is treated as the client and helped to improve communication skills and manage conflict
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couple therapy
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a form of therapy in which the family unit is treated as the client
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family therapy
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group therapy is more/less economical that individual therapy
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more
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In the _____ approach to family therapy, family interaction is modified to enhance the growth of family members and the family unit as a whole
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systems
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Most analyses of Alcoholics Anon find it less/more/about as effective as other forms of alcohol treatment
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as effective
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a method for combining and averaging the results of individual research studies
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meta-analysis
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method of therapy that has been shown effective in experiments in which participants are assigned at random to treatment under investigation or to another treatment or placebo and in which the methods being tested are clearly outlined
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evidence-based practices
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Smith and Glass used the method of _____=analysis to analyze the results of dozens of outcome studies of various types of therapies
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meta
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Current research shows that psychotherapy is/is not effective i the treatment of psychological disorders
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is not
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There may be conflict between the traditional Latino and Latina AMericanvalue of _____ in the family and the typical European American belief in independence
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interdependence
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anxiety that can occur when one discontinues the use of a tranquilizer
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rebound anxiety
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acting to relieve depression
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antidepressant
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antidepressant drugs that work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin by by presyanptic neurons
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selective serotonin-reuptke inhibitors (SSRIs)
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treatment of disorders like major depression by passing an electric current (that causes convulsion) through the head
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Electroconvulsive therapy
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a drug that relieves nervousness or agitation or puts one to sleep.
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sedative
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the severing or destruction of the frontal lobe of the brain
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prefrontal lobotomy
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Minor/Major tranquilizers are usually prescribed for people who complain of anxiety or tension
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minor
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Major/Minor tranquilizers are used to reduce agitation, delusions, and hallucinations
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major
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Major tranqulizers that belong to the chemical class of the phenothiazines are thought to work by blocking the action of the neurotransmitter
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dopamine
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______ have been used to treat panic disorder, OCD, depression, and eating disorders.
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antidepressants
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Antidepressants heighten the action of the neurotransmitters _______ and noradrenaline
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serotonin
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ECT is mainly used to treat severe cases of ____.
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depression
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The best-known psychosurgery technique is the _____ lobotomy.
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prefrontal
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-systematic interaction -psychological principles (areas-personality, learning, motivation, and emotion) -thoughts, feelings, and behavior -psychological disorders, adjustment problems, and personal growth
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Essentials of psychotherapy
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originated in European monasteries focus on warehousing, not treatment bedlam from St. Mary's of Bethlehem
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asylum
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more than 1 million in mid-1950s function is treatment many patients received little attn
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mental hospitals
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since 1960s, efforts have been made to maintain people wit serious disorders in their communities
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community mental health movement
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aims to provide insight into the conflicts that are presumed to lie at the roots of a person's problems
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psychoanalysis
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early incorporation of other people's values often leads clients to disown parts of their own personalities
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Gestalt
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we are free to make choies and control our destinies natural tendencies toward health, growth, and fulfillment psychological problems arise from roadblocks placed in the path of self-actualization inborn tendency to strive to realize one's potential
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Rogers
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provides insight into the parts of us that we have disowned so that we can feel whole
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client-centered therapy
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unconditional positive regard empathic understanding genuineness
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client-centered therapist
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practiced widely in colleges, help clients arrive at their own decision
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client-centered
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disown parts of themselves that might meet social disapproval social masks aims to help indiv integrate conflicting parts of their personality
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Gestalt
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wanted people to become aware of inner conflict and make productive choices
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Perls
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rely heavily on principles of conditioning and observational learning help clients acquire adaptive behavior problems
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behavioral
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efficacy derived from learning-based procedures
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behavioral
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the client is exposed to the fear-evoking stimulus until the fear response is extinguished
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flooding
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originated by Joseph Wolpe, anxiety behaviors are learned
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systematic desensitzation
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a response that is incompatible with anxiety is made to appear under conditions that usually elicit anxiety
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counterconditioning
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modeling works as well as systematic desensitization and faster
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Albert Bandura, 1969
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scizophrenia and lunch, operant-conditioning procedures
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Ayllon and Haughton, 1962
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measures muscle tension, biofeedback training
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emg
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Cognitive therapy founder, encourages people to see the irrationality of their ways of thinking
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Aaron Beck
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selectively perceive, overgeneralize, magnify, absolutist thinkin
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Beck, Cognitive
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In cognitive- we must have the ______ an ______ of people who are important to us and the belief that we must prove ourselves to be thoroughly _______, adequate, and achieving
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love, approval, competent, REBT (ellis)
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active and directive, urged clients to seek out irrational beliefs
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Ellis, Rebt
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Ellis straddled behavioral and cognitive therapy- called
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rational-emotive behavior therapy
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deal with client cognitions to change overt behavior
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behavioral
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see the value of tying treatment outcomes to observable behavior, but they believe that cognitive change, not jut behavioral change, is a key goal in itself
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cognitive
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founded in 1935, original members protestant
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AA
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wrote report saying psychotherapy didn't work
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Hans Eysenck, 1952
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features that are found in most therapies 1-empathy and support, 2-attatchment towards therapist, 3-working alliance
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nonspecific factors
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minor tranquilizers belong to the chemical class known as
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benzodiazepines
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valium and other antianxiety drugs depress the activity of
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the CNS
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antipsychotic drugs, reduce agitation, delusion, hallucination, phenothiazines, lozapine
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major tranquilizers
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block activity of an enzyme that breaks down nonadrenaline and serotinin
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MAO inhibitors
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prevent the reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin by the axon terminals of the transmitting neurons
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tricylic and tetracylic antidepressants
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proza, zoloft, and effexor
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selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors
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introdued by Ugo Cerleti in 1939
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ECT
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pioneered by Antonio Moniz and brought to the US in the 1930s
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prefrontal lobotomy
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