Ch. 14, 15, 16 practice questions – Flashcards
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Miranda is a psychoanalytic theorist who uses this perspective to guide her therapeutic treatment of psychological disorders. As a result, she is most likely to improve her understanding of her client's
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symbolic dream imagery
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Justin is working on his psychology paper for class when he gets a phone call inviting him to a party. His decision to finish the paper before going to the party reflects the functioning of the
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ego
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Jamal has a very bad temper. He is notorious for lashing out at his friends when he doesn't get his way. What is dominating Jamal's actions?
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ID
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As you are preparing for your biology exam, you notice two of your classmates in the library. After going to talk with them, you discover they are planning to use a cheat sheet during tomorrow's exam. What part of your personality would cause you to feel ashamed or guilty if you also cheated on the exam?
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the superego
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Concerned with his own academic flaws and weaknesses, Preston often aggressively lashes out at his instructors via his evaluations of their teaching ability on RateMyProfessor.com and during class teaching evaluations. This is an example of which Freudian defense mechanism?
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projection
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Hiram just finished the most difficult statistics exam he has ever taken. When asked the next day by his mother how the exam went, Hiram tells her that he cannot remember a single thing from the previous two days. This experience is most similar to which Freudian defense mechanism?
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repression
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Eila is a 16-year-old girl. Her mom just got remarried to Brick, a strikingly handsome and very kind man. Recently, Eila has begun to taunt Brick about his physique and even tells her mom that she can't stand him. What defense mechanism is she exhibiting?
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Reaction-formation
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Whenever Olivia feels bad about an exam performance, she visits the professor and breaks down into tears. As the professor attempts to console her, she is reminded of her childhood. Sigmund Freud would say that Olivia is using ________ to alleviate her anxieties about her academic abilities.
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regression
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Shyteria is a toll-booth operator. At least once every hour she typically has an encounter with a motorist who berates and belittles her because they are upset about traffic, they don't have enough change, or they are just unhappy that day. As a result, when she gets home Shyteria often yells at her roommates and slams cabinet doors closed when she can't find what she wants. She is displaying classic symptoms of
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displacement
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Geoffrey is a clinical psychologist who is separated from his wife and is in the process of filing for divorce. Whenever his friends or colleagues ask Geoffrey to talk about it or attempt to cheer him up, he focuses on the statistical evidence about the likelihood of divorce, clinical experience he has had, and anything but his emotions and the pain of the marriage ending. Freud would say that Geoffrey is displaying a living, breathing example of
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intellectualization
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Which statement best fits the humanistic philosophy?
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I wanted to take psychology
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Sheila is taking a personality test for a waitress job at a new restaurant in town. Despite her shy nature, she wants to answer the questions in such a way that she appears outgoing. What aspect of this test will give her problems if it is low?
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face validity
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When Kate read her horoscope for the day, she was amazed to find that it described her very well. She is probably a victim of
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the P.T. Barnum effect
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Disorders such as taijin kuofushu, koro, and amok are considered __________.
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culture-bound syndromes
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Dikeshia is giving a presentation in her abnormal psychology class on the prevalence of psychological disorders. If you were a student in that class, what general category of disorders would you expect her to mention as one of the most prevalent psychological disorders?
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anxiety disorders
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Sierra is constantly worried that everyone whom she comes in contact with is full of germs, so she is constantly rushing off to wash her hands. Sierra suffers from which psychological disorder?
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Ned seeks therapy after having recurrent episodes of feeling "detached from himself" for several months, but he has not lost his self-awareness or memory. He notes that he feels like a robot, disconnected from his movements and actions. He is most likely suffering from ______.
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depersonalization disorder
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Shelby is concerned that she is spending too much of her day worrying about things that are out of her control. She often experiences disturbances in sleep and often feels tense, even in situations where there is nothing that is directly threatening her safety. If you were a clinical psychologist, you would be trying to determine if Shelby meets the criteria for
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generalized anxiety disorder
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After being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son, a man disappears. He shows up two weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He appears to be suffering from ______.
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a dissociative disorder
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Davis has such an intense, irrational fear of clowns that he cannot take his daughters to see the circus when it is in town. Davis would be most correctly diagnosed as suffering from
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a phobia
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During the day, Barb suffers from frequent, unwanted thoughts that she has left her front door unlocked and recurrent images that all her belongings have been taken. These thoughts and images are what psychologists refer to as a(n)
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obsession
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A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from___________.
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schizophrenia
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Leo worries all of the time. He worries about his money, his children, and his dog. His muscles are always tense and sore, he has trouble sleeping, and is constantly physically tense. Leo's symptoms sound most like ______.
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generalized anxiety disorder
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Feeling insects crawling on your skin (when none are really there) or hearing voices (when no one is around or no one is talking to you) would be examples of what symptom of schizophrenia?
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hallucinations
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Kelly has been in therapy with Dr. Williams for 2 months when she suddenly starts skipping appointments. Even when in session, she tends to blankly stare at the therapist. This is best explained by
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resistance
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Lionel has been in therapy for four weeks now. At the first meeting with his therapist, the therapist waited for Lionel to begin discussing why he was there and what he hoped to gain from the session. The therapist also reminds Lionel that he is responsible for solving his own problems. Lionel's therapist is making use of
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Roger's person-centered therapy
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Karen is a family therapist who has just arrived at her client family's home to have dinner with them and spend the evening. Her visit is not social, but rather will be an opportunity for her to see how the family interacts with one another. Karen is using which family therapy model?
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Structural family therapy
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After learning how to relax, Herman begins his systematic desensitization treatment for his claustrophobia by constructing an
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anxiety hierarchy
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Dawn is afraid of flying. Her therapist has begun a 10-week treatment involving talking about the fears of flying, rating her fear, talking about different types of planes, looking at pictures of planes, watching planes at the airport, using imagery, and eventually going on a trip. This therapy technique is known as
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systematic desensitization
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Ralph has been disruptive and misbehaving in 5th grade for the last 3 months. His therapist understands that this behavior stems from repeated teasing that Ralph has been subjected to. Ralph's therapist demonstrates how Ralph can cope with the teasing, and then he guides him through the steps of the situation until Ralph can cope unassisted. This is known as
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participant modeling
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Tim has ADHD. His teachers and parents reward him with stars for desirable behaviors. The more stars he receives, the greater the reward he can get. This is known as
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a token economy
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Suppose a friend asks you for advice about entering psychotherapy for his or her anxiety disorder. Which of the following recommendations should you make?
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Behavioral or cognitive-behavioral therapies are most effective for this category of disorders.
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our basic instincts; most primitive impulses and is entirely unconscious
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Id
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primitive decision maker
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ego
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sense of morality (right and wrong)
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superego
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________ Therapists are: • Warm and direct • Establish a positive working relationship • Tend not to contradict client • Selecting important topics to focus on in session • Match treatments to needs of clients
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Effective
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Psychotherapies where the goal is to expand awareness on insight; Encompasses psychodynamic, humanistic, and group approaches
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Insight therapies
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• Developed by Freud, one of the first forms of therapy • Goal is to decrease guilt and frustration and make the unconscious conscious • Try to bring to awareness previously repressed impulses, conflicts, and memories
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Psychoanalysis
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• Modern version derived from Freud's psychoanalysis o Causes of abnormal behaviors stem from traumatic or adverse childhood experiences o Analyze certain things, including avoided thoughts and feelings, wishes, and fantasies, and significant past events o When clients achieve insight into unconscious material, the causes and significance of symptoms become evident • This insight then often causes symptoms to disappear
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Psychodynamic therapy
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o Say whatever comes to mind
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Free association
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o Explanations of the unconscious bases of dreams, emotions, and behaviors
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interpretation
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o Interpret the relation of the dream to waking life and the dream's symbolic significance
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dream analysis
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o Client tries to avoid further confrontation as they become more aware of unconscious and often feared aspects of themselves
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resistance
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o Clients project intense, unrealistic feelings from their past onto the therapist
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transference
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o Process problems only after insight (awareness) has been gained
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working through
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o Integrating opposing aspects into a whole
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individuation
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o Emphasizes the relationship b/w client and therapist; observe and interact w the client (Sullivan)
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interpersonal therapy
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dissociative disorder involving extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of two or more distinct identities, or "personalites"
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Dissociative Identity disorder (DID)
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sudden, rapidly escalating emotional state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy, and rapid thougths and speech
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manic episode
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mood disorder involving periods of incapacitating depression alternating with periods of extreme euphoria and excitement
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bipolar disorder
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mood disorder in which episodes of depression typically occur during the fall and winter and subside during the spring and summer due to lack of sunlight meaning less melatonin segreation
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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
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significant and persistent disruptions in mood or emotions cause impaired cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning
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mood disorder
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repetitive behaviors of mental acts that are performed to prevent or reduce anxiety
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compulsions
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a strong or irrational fear of something, usually a specific object or situation, that does not necessarily interfere with the ability to function in daily life
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phobia
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anxiety disorder in which chronic and persistent symptoms of anxiety develop in response to an extreme physical or psychological trauma
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.
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somatoform disorder
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a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
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antisocial personality disorder
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condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centeredness, and risk-taking
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psychopathic personality
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condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control
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borderline personality disorder
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condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations, and lead to distress or impairment
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personality disorder
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The fact that a general statement can be seen by five different individuals as being an insightful analysis of their personality is most likely due to the
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P.T. Barnum effect
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After his sister was born, five-year-old Tommy began to suck his thumb, babble like an infant, and play with his baby sister's toys. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.
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regression
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Whenever Olivia feels bad about an exam performance, she visits the professor and breaks down into tears. As the professor attempts to console her, she is reminded of her childhood. Sigmund Freud would say that Olivia is using _____ to alleviate her anxieties about her academic abilities.
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regression
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The role of reciprocal determinism was highlighted by the:
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behaviorists
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A student who performed poorly on an exam and went home and yelled at the dog was using _____ as a psychological defense
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displacement
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Marilyn is unable to remember or discuss any part of what happened to her on the night she was assaulted. Her lack of memory is characteristic of the defense mechanism called _____.
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Repression
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In what way do Neo-Freudian theories differ from Freudian theories?
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optimistic concerning personality growth
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The behavioral theories tend to focus on
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learning
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Social learning theory differs from radical behaviorism by placing an emphasis on _____ as a cause of personality
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thinking
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Sally believes her grades don't depend on how she studies or how well she pays attention in class; instead, according to her, only the lucky students get good grades. Sally appears to have _____
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an external locus of control
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Which theory of personality is most concerned with understanding people's unconscious motivations?
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psychoanalytic
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______ theory proposes that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors.
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self-perception
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According to the authors, _____ is one of the most influential personality theorists in all of psychology.
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Sigmund Freud
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The _____ seeks to find a resolution between the competing demands of the _____.
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ego; id and superego
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The______ could be described as similar to a judgmental parent looking down on the_____
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superego; ego
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Compared to Freud himself, the neo-Freudians placed more importance on ____ and less on_____
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social drives; sexuality
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Adler suggested that the principal motive in human personality is
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striving for superiority
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Jung's theory suggests that the _____ is a collection of latent memories from people's ancestral past.
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collective unconscious
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The extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside of their control refers to
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locus of control
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What was the third, and some would say final, major force in the field of personality psychology?
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humanism
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A major difference between the humanists and both the behaviorists and psychodynamic theorists is the humanist's focus on
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free will
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According to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate and inappropriate behaviors are called
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conditions of worth
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A statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures is called
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factor analysis
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Research suggests that the Big Five personality traits are __________ across many cultures
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consistent
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The primary purpose of the DSM-IV-TR is to
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help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders
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The symptoms of _____ are often mistaken for those of a heart attack.
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panic attack
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Major changes in sleep patterns, weight level, and a loss of interest in pleasurable activities characterize
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major depressive disorder
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According to Aaron Beck, depression is often caused by
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negative beliefs and expectations
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Mr. Evans feels that no matter what he does, he will be unable to convince his boss that he deserves a promotion. He also feels that it doesn't matter who his boss is, he still would not receive a promotion. These feelings represent what Overnier and Seligman called
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learned helplessness
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Kayla has experienced a decrease in the need for sleep for the past three nights, is extremely talkative and creative, and has been very irresponsible with money during this time. Kayla is in the midst of a(N)
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manic episode
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What category of psychological disorders is characterized by inflexible and maladaptive behavioral patterns?
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personality disorders
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A person who has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder is most likely to exhibit _________ and __________ in his or her interactions with others
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impulsivity; unpredictability
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What general category of psychological disorders is characterized by a disruption in one's unified sense of identity?
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dissociative disorders
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Schizophrenia is a disorder that results form disturbances in ___ that spill into other areas of the person's life.
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thought
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False beliefs held by a person who has no evidence to support such beliefs are known as
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delusions
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Believing that the government or other people are out to get you is one way in which sufferers of schizophrenia experience their
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delusions
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Which of the following professionals is trained as a medical doctor and may be found working in either private practice or in a hospital setting?
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psychiatrist
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During the first month of treatment, many clients improve considerably. In fact, _____ to ____ percent of clients report improvement even before attending their first session.
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40-66
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What category of therapy is most concerned with improving a client's awareness of the underlying causes of his or her difficulties?
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insight
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in Freudian psychoanalysis, what person was responsible for obtaining the insight into the client's psychological problem?
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the therapist
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George begins to project his anxieties and unresolved feelings about his mother onto his therapist. This is what Sigmund Freud would have called
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transference
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Sullivan believed that the analyst's proper role is that of
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participant observer
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___________ ___________ is a short-term intervention designed to strengthen people's social skills and assist them in coping with interpersonal problems and conflicts. It typically lasts for _____ sessions
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Interpersonal therapy (IPT); 12-16
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Interpersonal therapy (IPT) has shown demonstrated success in
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substance abuse, eating disorders, and depression
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Humanistic psychotherapists would be most likely to work with their clients to focus their attention to the ____ rather than to the ___.
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present; past
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Humanistic psychotherapists stress the importance of
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assuming responsibility for actions
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The ultimate goal of ______ _______ is for a person to gain insight and move forward in their seeking of their ultimate potential
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humanistic psychotherapy
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Rogers' and Perls' _______ therapies share an emphasis on the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive.
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humanistic
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Psychologists find _______ therapy to be an effective approach to treatment because it allows participants to practice new skills in a safe environment
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practice new skills in a safe environment
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As many as ___ percent of participants drop out within 3 months of joining Alcoholics Anonymous.
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68
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In family therapy, a therapist seeks to understand how family member interactions lead to
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personal problems and difficulties
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A behavioral therapist is most likely to focus on
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the present and specific behaviors
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Systematic desensitization is specifically designed to help a person to deal with his or her
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phobia
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Flooding therapies are based on the idea that fears are maintained by
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avoidance
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A crucial component of flooding is_____, in which therapists prevent clients from performing their avoidance behaviors.
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response prevention
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In ______ therapists teach clients to avoid extreme reactions to others' unreasonable demands, such as submissiveness and aggressiveness
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assertion training
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In_______, the client engages in role-playing with a therapist to learn and practice new skills.
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behavioral rehearsal
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A key component of Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy is the psychotherapist's active _________ and ___________ of the client's assumptions
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disputing; challenging
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What is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the study of abnormal behaviour?
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psychopathology
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Maria is a retired factory worker who lives with anxiety. Due to the fear of having anxiety attacks, she does not leave her house. This makes her feel trapped in her home, which creates distress. Which criterion would be most appropriate in deciding whether Maria's case represents an example of abnormality?
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subjective distress
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One sign of abnormality is when a person engages in behaviour that creates a great deal of emotional distress or
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subjective distress
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The study of how people influence others' behavior, beliefs and attitudes
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social psychology
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biologically based need for interpersonal connections
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Need to Belong theory
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enhancement of easy tasks, or disruption of difficult ones, elicited by the presence of others
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social facilitation or disruption
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we evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing ourselves to others
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social comparison theory
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all psychological events have a cause
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psychic determinism
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tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate
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P.T. Barnum effect
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traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analysis of personality measures
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Big Five
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person responsible for determine personalities consist of three major components: organism, self, and conditions of worth
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Carl Rogers
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studied the characteristics of self-actualized people
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Abraham Maslow
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What method of personality assessment is considered the most controversial in psychology today?
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projective tests
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What neo-Freudian emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious in personality development?
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jung
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A focus on the self was of most direct interest to the ________ perspective on personality development.
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humanistic
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Which of the following is an important criticism of the Big Five model of personality?
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People may not be consciously aware of all aspects of personality.
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A common criticism of Adler, Freud, and Jung's theories of personality development is
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filled with falsifiable claims
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According to the humanists, a key motive in human personality development was
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personal fulfillment and growth
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What structure serves as the social component of one's personality?
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superego
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Freud's theory of personality is most interested in understanding the interaction among the three structures of personality within the ________ mind.
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unconscious
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A concern with personal goals and increased individual self-esteem is most characteristic of those from ________ cultures.
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individualistic
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Any behaviour that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life is considered
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impairing and maladaptive
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According to Maslow, a self-actualized person is someone who is
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creative and problem focused
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What perspective on personality development is most concerned with how one's learning history influences who they later become?
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behavioral
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The id is motivated by the desire for
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immediate gratification
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The first major force in the field of personality psychology was
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psychoanalytic/psychodynamic.
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Which early theory of personality development is most strongly entrenched in the scientific method?
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behaviorism
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What neo-Freudian introduced the concept of the inferiority complex into discussions of psychological adjustment?
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Adler
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An area of agreement between the psychodynamic and behaviorist perspectives is
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the belief that free will is an illusion
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What perspective on personality development is most concerned with how one's learning history influences who they later become?
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behavorial
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One path for achieving self-actualization was through attainment of
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peak experiences
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process of assigning causes to behavior
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attribution
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tendency of ppl to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities
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deindividuation
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When people's expectations lead them to experience some change even though they receive a fake treatment.
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placebo effects
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Transferring the treatment of mental illness from inpatient institutions to community based facilities that emphasize outpatient care.
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deinstitutionalization
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A fear of going out to public places.
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agoraphobia
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The percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives who exhibit the same disorder.
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concordance rate
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A sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting.
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dissociative amnesia
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Involves the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities.
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multiple-personality disorder
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The experience of one or more manic episodes as well as periods of depression.
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manic-depression disorder
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Physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders.
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biomedical therapies
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A recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment.
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spontaneous remission
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An insight therapy that emphasizes providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, who play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy.
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client-centered therapy
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Psychologists that specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems.
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counseling psychologists
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Psychologists that specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems.
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clinical psychologists
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The estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.
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availability heuristic
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When people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone.
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conjuction fallacy
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The coexistence of two or more disorders.
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comorbidity
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Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.
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representativeness heuristic
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Behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas.
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positive symptoms
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Behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech.
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negative symptoms
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Chronic but relatively mild symptoms of bipolar disturbance.
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cyclothymic disorder
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Chronic depression that is insufficient in severity to justify diagnosis of a major depressive episode.
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dysthymic disorder
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People lose their memory for their entire lives along with their sense of personal identity.
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dissociative fugue
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Excessive preoccupation with health concerns and incessant worry about developing physical illnesses.
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hypochondriasis (hypochondria)
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A disorder that is characterized by significant loss of physical function (with no apparent organic basis), usually in a single organ system.
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conversion disorder
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The percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period.
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prevalence
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The study of the distribution of mental or physical disorders in a population.
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epidemiology
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A forecast about the probable course of an illness.
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prognosis
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The apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.
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etiology
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Distinguishing one illness from another.
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diagnosis
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A model that proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease.
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medical model
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big 5 personality traits
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openness, consciousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
