Cell structures and their function Essay Example

function of phagocytes, a type of white blood cells, involves using lysosomes to eliminate foreign substances like bacteria.

Mitochondria, an essential organelle in cells, is responsible for releasing energy from stored food. It exists in the cytoplasm of every eukaryotic cell and is enclosed by two membranes, one called cristae. Mitochondrion breaks down glucose completely to release energy and also captures this released energy to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which powers the metabolic functions within the cell.

The Golgi apparatus, commonly known as the Golgi body, consists of stacked flattened sacs and its main role is to collect proteins and molecules for exportation to other cells.

It consists of a sequence of flattened stacks stacked on top of each other, which are connected to the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) where protein synthesis occurs. Additionally, it facilitates the combination of sugar molecules to create glycoproteins.

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying proteins and producing vesicles to transport them to the cell membrane for release. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules, vesicles, and sacs that are interconnected and involved in the export of materials. It provides a large surface area for the organization of biochemical reactions and synthesis. Ribosomes, which are made up of RNA and proteins, play a crucial role in maintaining body functions, development, and growth. They are primarily known as the builders of proteins, constructing long chains. Ribosomes are also found in other locations and contribute to the formation of where mRNA sits. Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules and proteins and contain genetic information.

The chromosome comprises numerous genes and is composed of DNA. Our body contains 46 chromosomes, with 23 inherited from each parent. Each

inherited chromosome contains multiple genes. DNA is made up of nucleotide units that consist of a base, phosphate grouping, and sugar. It is comprised of two strands twisted together in a spiral shape known as double helix.

The DNA must unwind and split at the hydrogen bond in order for each strand to create new strands using cytoplasmic raw materials. It contains a section that provides instructions and does not leave any proteins made in ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum cell or nucleus. The DNA carries codes to the DNA base. Secretary granules are membranous organelles that come in elongated, rounded, flattened, or tubular vesicle forms. Different-sized spherical organelles store concentrated substances like nucleotides and digestive enzymes and release them when needed after neural or hormonal messages. T-RNA is a portion of RNA that carries amino acids to protein-made ribosomes. When T-RNA molecules attach to ribosomes, they roll on M-RNA and attach the remaining amino acids.

This text explains the process and function of mRNA in the body. mRNA is a chain formed on DNA to produce proteins as needed. It travels through nuclear pores to reach ribosomes. This creation process, called transcription, involves copying regulatory proteins that meet cell requirements.

The text also introduces epithelial cells, which are a type of tissue consisting of one or more layers of cells with small spaces between them. They cover inner and outer surfaces of the body and organs. Epithelial cells have various functions including absorption and excretion. In the small intestine, specific epithelial cells absorb nutrients during digestion. Excretion takes place through epithelial tissues in the kidneys where waste products are reabsorbed from urine and expelled through sweat glands.

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simple epithelium serves as a facilitator for diffusion, making it suitable for exchanging gases and liquids, such as nutrients. It also provides protection against harmful chemicals, pathogens, excessive water loss, and reflex injury. Epithelial tissue in glands allows for the secretion of chemical substances like hormones, enzymes, and lubricating fluids. Sensory epithelial cells detect stimuli and are present in various body parts like the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin. Nerve cells transmit messages between the body and brain by carrying important information about external sensory experiences to the brain. These cells communicate using electrical signals that are converted into chemical signals when received by another cell. The receiving cell then converts these chemical signals back into electricity.

The connective tissue is primarily responsible for the components exiting unlike other components. Many of the tissues are similar to each other. The connective tissue is derived from mesoderm usually and is characterized by the traits of non-living tissues. It helps in structuring and supporting cells. In the human body, cartilage, bone, and blood are recognized as connective tissues, but they differ from other tissues.
Muscle cells have contractile filaments that assist in cell movement and changing size. The contractile organs consist of special tissue that facilitates movement from the bone to other parts of the body. Muscle cells include cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle. Their role is to generate motion and force.

Low motion can occur due to muscle movement of the internal organs. The smooth contraction and cardiac rhythm are necessary for survival. The muscle tissues consist of fibres that impact bodily movement.