Biology exam 3 ch.22 – Flashcards

Which of the following animals would be most likely to be able to effectively exchange gases when placed in a dry desert environment? A) an earthworm B) a dolphin C) a sea snail D) a tuna fish

The reason animals need a continuous supply of oxygen is to A) make carbon dioxide. B) dispose of carbon dioxide. C) carry out glycolysis. D) obtain energy from their food.

A waste product of respiration is A) electrons. B) hydrogen peroxide. C) carbon dioxide. D) glucose.

When you exhale, you A) exchange CO2 for O2. B) take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide to the blood. C) take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen. D) remove CO2 from the body.

During gas exchange, body cells A) take up CO2 from red blood cells. B) release O2 to red blood cells. C) increase in size to accommodate the reuptake of O2. D) release CO2 and take up O2.

The body structure where gas exchange occurs is called the A) integumentary surface. B) respiratory surface. C) exchange network. D) capillary network.

Animals that effectively use their body surface for gas exchange must A) be terrestrial. B) have a high ratio of body surface area to volume. C) have a low ratio of body surface area to volume. D) have a special kind of hemoglobin.

Which of the following organisms has a respiratory system that does not require assistance from a circulatory system for gas exchange? A) grasshopper B) mouse C) carp D) crayfish

Which of the following is likely to have the lowest concentration of O2? A) warm salt water B) cool salt water C) cool fresh water D) air

The organization of blood and water flow in a fish's gills increases the fish's ability to A) extract oxygen from the water. B) extract carbon dioxide from the water. C) detect toxic materials in the water. D) transport blood throughout the fish's body.

Which of the following statements about fish gills is true? A) They have a large surface area. B) Because of their efficiency, they only need a small surface area. C) They have a poor blood supply. D) Like lungs, they have an exhale/inhale function.

One advantage of gas exchange in water is that A) water can contain more oxygen than air. B) carbon dioxide is easier to eliminate in water than in air. C) it is easy to keep the exchange surface wet. D) ventilating gills in water requires very little energy.

Gills are unsuitable for animals living on land because A) the large surface area of gills would allow dehydration of the animal. B) air cannot diffuse across the gill surface. C) there is no way to get air into the gills. D) gills require high blood pressure.

In the countercurrent exchange system of fish gills, A) blood and water flow in the same direction. B) blood and water flow in opposite directions. C) blood and water are separated by a thick polysaccharide barrier. D) blood flow in the gills reverses direction with every heartbeat.

Which of the following statements regarding breathing and circulation in insects is false? A) Insects lose very little water by using a tracheal system to breathe. B) The tracheal system of insects consists of a series of branching air tubes that extend from the surface to deep inside the body. C) Terrestrial animals such as insects spend much more energy than aquatic animals to ventilate their respiratory surfaces. D) The circulatory system of insects is not involved in transporting oxygen.

The tracheal system of an insect is most like which of the following? A) the exhaust system of an automobile B) the electrical wiring in a home C) the air duct system in a building D) leaves on a tree

Evolutionary movement of aquatic vertebrates to land involved an intermediate individual that A) could fly. B) had a single lung. C) had a tracheal system of branching internal tubes. D) had both gills and lungs.

Evolutionary adaptations for survival on land produced tetrapods, which later evolved into A) only amphibians. B) amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. C) only reptiles. D) only birds.

Which of the following animals requires the largest and most complex lungs proportional to its overall body size? A) frog B) turtle C) bear D) newt

Which of the following options correctly lists the direction of carbon dioxide travel as it leaves the body? A) alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, pharynx, larynx B) alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, larynx, pharynx C) alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx D) alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, larynx

Which of the following is a function of the nasal cavities in humans? A) secreting enzymes for digestion B) warming inhaled air C) secreting excess carbon dioxide into exhaled air D) determining O2 content in inhaled air

What name is given to the sheet of muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs? A) trachea B) alveolus C) diaphragm D) bronchus

Within the lungs, gas exchange occurs across A) alveoli. B) bronchioles. C) diaphragms. D) bronchi.

The ________ is a passageway shared by both food and air. A) trachea B) pharynx C) larynx D) nasal cavity

Labored breathing, coughing, lung infections, and respiratory failure are characteristics defining A) asthma. B) meningitis. C) chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. D) myasthenia gravis

Cigarette smoke can affect the white blood cells that reside in our lungs, whose function is to A) prevent emphysema. B) engulf foreign particles. C) enhance oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. D) maintain appropriate pH and moisture levels within the lungs.

Why do cigarette smokers cough more than nonsmokers? A) The tar in cigarette smoke tends to make alveoli stick together, and coughing separates them. B) Cigarette smoke harms the cilia that normally move debris out of the lungs, and coughing is the remaining way to clean the lungs. C) Cigarette smoking partially paralyzes the muscles in the lungs, resulting in an increased residual volume, and coughing exchanges this "dead air." D) By raising the pressure in the lungs, coughing forces more oxygen into the blood.

Cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke cause cancer due to the A) effects they have on our breathing mechanisms. B) chemical compounds in the smoke. C) fact that the chemical compounds are resistant to human immune systems. D) immunosuppressive effects they display.

The maximum amount of air that a human can inhale and exhale is called the A) tidal volume. B) vital capacity. C) residual volume. D) inhalation capacity.

Inhalation in humans is achieved by A) contraction of muscles in the lungs. B) relaxation of muscles in the lungs. C) relaxation of the diaphragm and chest muscles. D) contraction of the diaphragm and chest muscles.

When you are breathing normally, exhalation results mainly from A) the contraction of muscles in the chest. B) the contraction of the diaphragm. C) the relaxation of the chest muscles and diaphragm. D) low pressure in the lungs.

Compared to the vital capacity, how much air can lungs actually hold? A) always less B) sometimes less C) always more D) sometimes more

Consider an animal that exchanges gases through its skin. Which of the following body shapes would provide the most surface area for gas exchange? A) a flat rectangle with sides measuring 3 inches and 4 inches B) a flat square with sides measuring 2 inches each C) a flat rectangle with sides measuring 2 inches and 9 inches D) a flat square with sides measuring 4 inches each

Air leaving human lungs during exhalation contains A) no oxygen. B) no carbon dioxide. C) mostly carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. D) carbon dioxide and unused oxygen.

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the urge to breathe again? A) rising oxygen concentration B) rising carbon dioxide concentration C) falling oxygen concentration D) falling carbon dioxide concentration

What part of the human brain contains the primary breathing control center? A) neocortex B) cerebellum C) medulla oblongata D) thalamus

Medullary breathing centers directly sense and respond to A) blood pH and CO2 concentration. B) blood O2 concentration. C) alveolar O2 concentration. D) blood pH and O2 concentration.

In a mammal, blood leaving the lungs goes to A) the heart. B) the limbs. C) the liver. D) the brain.

Oxygen moves from blood into the interstitial fluid and then to body cells because A) it diffuses from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure. B) it diffuses from a region of lower partial pressure to a region of higher partial pressure. C) it descends down an osmotic gradient, following the movement of water. D) it diffuses from a higher to a lower pH.

Oxygen is mostly transported through the body in which of the following forms? A) dissolved in the blood B) dissolved in red blood cells C) bound to hemoglobin D) bound to dissolved iron

The oxygen-carrying component in red blood cells is A) hemoglobin. B) bicarbonate ions. C) iron. D) the cell membrane.

Most CO2 is transported to the lungs in which of the following ways? A) dissolved in the plasma B) as carbonic anhydrase C) as carboxyl D) attached to hemoglobin or as bicarbonate ions

Which of the following contributes to gas exchange in the human fetus? A) the lower blood pH of the embryo B) the lack of turbulence in fetal blood C) the high oxygen levels maintained in the amniotic fluid by the placenta D) the stronger attraction that fetal hemoglobin has for oxygen when compared to adult hemoglobin

What prompts a newborn baby to start to breathe? A) an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the baby's blood B) a decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the baby's blood C) a change in the temperature on the surface of the skin D) exposure to air

When bar-headed geese fly at very high altitudes (possibly over Mount Everest!), they breathe very thin air where the partial pressure of oxygen is very low compared to that at sea level. Which of the following adaptions would help the geese efficiently exchange gases when flying at high altitudes? A) hemoglobin that has a high affinity for oxygen B) hemoglobin that has a low affinity for oxygen C) hemoglobin that has a high affinity for carbon dioxide D) hemoglobin that has a low affinity for carbon dioxide

When bar-headed geese fly at very high altitudes (possibly over Mount Everest!), they breathe very thin air where the partial pressure of oxygen is very low compared to that at sea level. They are able to do this because they have a modified version of the hemoglobin protein. Which of the following is their hemoglobin protein most likely similar to in terms of its ability to bind oxygen? A) an adult human B) a human fetus C) a bird that lives at sea level D) an earthworm

Some crocodiles and turtles have an exceptional ability to divert blood flow through the heart when they are diving and no longer breathing and exchanging gases. Which of the following most likely occurs when these animals dive? A) Instead of flowing to the lungs, blood travels to the rest of the body to support bodily functions. B) Instead of flowing to the body, blood travels to the lungs to exchange gases. C) Instead of flowing to the capillaries, blood travels alveoli to exchange gases. D) Blood flow ceases altogether since gases cannot be exchanged while diving.

When you hyperventilate (breathe too fast), respiratory alkalosis (elevated blood pH) can occur, which can cause you to faint. A common but potentially dangerous method to reverse respiratory alkalosis is to hold a paper bag over your mouth and take normal breaths, thereby rebreathing the exhaled air. How might this method reverse respiratory alkalosis? A) Inhaling oxygen exhaled into the bag will cause oxygen to diffuse back into the blood and react with water to form carbonic acid, and blood pH will decrease. B) Inhaling oxygen exhaled into the bag will cause oxygen to diffuse back into the blood and react with water to form carbonic acid, and blood pH will increase. C) Inhaling carbon dioxide exhaled into the bag will cause carbon dioxide to diffuse back into the blood and react with water to form carbonic acid, and blood pH will increase. D) Inhaling carbon dioxide exhaled into the bag will cause carbon dioxide to diffuse back into the blood and react with water to form carbonic acid, and blood pH will decrease.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease that is characterized by damage and scarring of lung tissue. This results in the lungs becoming stiff and inelastic. What function is most likely to be impaired in someone with pulmonary fibrosis? A) contraction of the diaphragm B) relaxation of the diaphragm C) gas exchange at the alveoli D) expansion of the lungs

The flow rate of a gas through a tube is proportional to the diameter of the tube. Through which structure in the human respiratory system does air flow the fastest? A) bronchiole B) trachea C) bronchus D) alveoli

Cigarette smoking can sometimes lead to development of a "smoker's cough," which results from paralysis of cilia in the airways. Why would the paralysis of cilia lead to smoker's cough? A) Paralyzed cilia can no longer clear the airways of mucus so coughing helps remove it. B) Paralyzed cilia can no longer provide an immune response to protect the airways from harmful compounds in the smoke, so coughing is used to try to prevent the compounds from damaging the airways. C) Paralyzed cilia lead to a nervous response that "tickles" the airways and induces coughing. D) Paralyzed cilia push mucus downward into the alveoli, which coughing attempts to remove.

Which respiratory structure likely has the largest surface area for gas exchange to occur? A) the body surface of a worm B) the alveoli of a pig C) the tracheal system of a house fly D) the gills of a trout

If the hemoglobin molecules in your red blood cells suddenly were unable to bind carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions, what would happen to your blood pH? A) It would increase. B) It would stay the same. C) It would decrease. D) There is not enough information to answer this question

Sometime after a human baby is born, the expression of fetal hemoglobin ceases and the expression of adult hemoglobin begins. Imagine that a baby is born and this switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin does not occur. In which part of the world would this baby be well-adapted to living? A) high-altitude cities B) open grasslands C) sea level at the beach D) a tropical rain forest