Bio 2051 – Microbiology Test Questions – Flashcards
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| Microbial communities |
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| in biofilms microbes have specialized functions & act as multicellular organism and all live together |
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| Biofilms |
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| are communities of different kinds of microorganisms •Plaque on teeth, clogs in drains |
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| Viruses |
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| are non-cellular- considered to be microbes but are not fully functional cells |
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| Prokaryotes 1. Bacteria 2. Archae Eukaryotes 3. Algae 4. Protists 5. Fungae (its own classification) 6. Viruses |
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| 6 major groups studied by microbiologists |
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| Black Plague |
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| in Europe killed 1/3 population in 14th century |
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| Black Plague |
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| – Typically transmitted through a flea that bites an infected rat that then bites a person and infects them – People thought illness were caused by evil spirits, witchcraft, as punishment |
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| Smallpox |
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| -in Americas –Brought over by eupropeans –Sometimes eupropeans gave Indians infected blankets to kill them off |
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| Florence Nightingale |
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| convinced British govt to improve army living conditions & upgrade army hospital standards |
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| 1) TB 2) AIDS |
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| 1) -in the 19th century 2) -in present day |
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| Robert hook in mid 1600s |
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| Who was the first to term the word "cell"? |
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| •Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - 1676 |
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| –Built simple microscopes with only one lens –Could magnify ab 300 times –He drew everything he studied and was first person to publish his drawings and to see and document prokaryotes. –He was a tailor and used microscopes to look at his quilts –Never shared his secret on how to build his microscopes –Described “wee animalcules” –Published first drawings of bacteria (prokaryotes) |
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| Spontaneous Generation |
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| that living organisms originate from non-living matter |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| in 1861 he showed that microbes do not grow in liquid until introduced from outside |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| in 1861 he showed that microbes do not grow in liquid until introduced from outside |
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| Pasteurization (named after Pasteur) |
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| use of moderate heat to reduce number of microorganisms in foods (milk, wine, oysters) |
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| Others tried Pasteurs expts and didn’t have same results as he did- |
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| some of the bacteria can withstand the heat and produce spores that will survive in boiling water. Pasteur just picked a veg broth to work with that didn’t have spores |
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| Robert Koch |
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| Koch’s Postulates - Series of steps to determine if a specific organism causes a certain disease |
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| Robert Koch |
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| Developed 4 criteria for determining disease causing microbes from studying Anthrax |
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| 1.The microbe is found in all cases of disease, but absent from healthy individuals •HIV does not follow this. The symptoms are all different from person to person. The incubation period for this is so long these postulates would be impossible to determine •Streptococcus lies dormant in some people. This can be passed to someone else and infect them. Also, if immune system decreases then dormant can become and infection 2.The microbe is isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture •Some bacteria cannot be grown in a lab 3.When the microbe is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the same disease occurs 4.The same strain of microbe is obtained from the newly diseased host and cultured to see if we get the same microbe |
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| What are the 4 criteria in determing disease causing microbes? |
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| S aureus |
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| 10 % of people who are infected have symptoms |
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| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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| -organism that causes TB -Grows very slowly; hard to stain due to lipid content. |
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| Robert Koch |
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| Who developed the Acid-Fast staining procedure he was awarded nobel prize in 1905 for discovery of TB |
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| Immunization |
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| Stimulation of an immune response by deliberate inoculation with an attenuated pathogen |
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| Lady Montagu (early 1700’s)- |
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| brought practice of inoculation with smallpox (variolation) to England from Turkey |
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| Variolation |
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| inhaling scabs of someone infected with smallpox to vaccinate themselves with a much weaker form of the virus (attenuated the disease) |
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| Edward Jenner |
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| 1778, found that milkmaids exposed to cowpox were immune to smallpox |
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| Cowpox |
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| What vaccination made people resistant to smallpox? |
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| Pasteur |
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| -In 1879 studied Fowl Cholera -He discovered by attenuating (making weaker) a disease it creates a vaccination -Developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, rabies (from dried rabbit spinal cords) |
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| mid 1800s |
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| Golden age of microbiology? |
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| Ignas Semmelweis |
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| -Puerperal fever/childbed fever -Medical students carried “cadaver particles” from autopsy room to delivery room -Caused by streptococcus -Had med students wash hands in chlorinated lime water- reduced mortality rate from 18% to 1% |
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| Joseph Lister |
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| •1864 - British surgeon found that survival rate of surgical patients increased if surgeons washed hands, sterilized instruments, and used disinfectants (carbolic acid/phenol) during surgery |
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| Paul Ehrlich |
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| •Used term “chemotherapy” – using chemicals to kill pathogens without harming patient |
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| Paul Ehrlich |
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| •Found arsenic compounds used to destroy trypanosomes -arsenic later found to be harmful to humans |
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| Paul Ehrlich |
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| Discovered Salvarsan to treat Syphilis |
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| Alexander Fleming (1929) |
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| •Discovered antimicrobial effects of penicillin G (produced by penicillium notatum fungus) on staphylococcus |
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| Florey and Chain |
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| who determined mode of action of penicillin and developing method of mass producing the drug |
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| Alexander Fleming, Florey, and Chain |
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| Who received the 1945 nobel prize in medicine? |
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| 1945 |
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| When did penicillin become available for general use? |
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| World War II |
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| In what war was penicillin first used? |
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| Fannie Hesse in 1882 -She was the wife of Robert Koch's Co-worker |
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| Who had the idea of using agar to grow bacteria? |
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| Agar |
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| polysaccharide derived from red algae |
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| Robert Petri of course (1887) |
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| Who invented the Petri dish? |
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| Observed “wee animalcules" (Antony Leeuwenhoek) First scientific Small pox vaccination (Edward Jenner) Advocated washing hands to stop the spread of disease (Ignaz Semmelweis) Disproved spontaneous generation (Louis Pasteur) Supported Germ Theory of Disease (Louis Pasteur) Practiced antiseptic surgery (Joseph Lister) Growth of Bacteria on solid media (Robert Koch) Outlined Kochs postulates (Robert Koch) First Rabies vaccination (Louis Pasteur) Invented Petri Dish (R.J. Petri) Discovered viruses (Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovski) Discovered cure for syphilis Salvarsan 606 (Paul Ehrlich) Discovered Penicillin (Alexander Fleming) |
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| Place the following in order... Discovered cure for syphilis Salvarsan 606 (Paul Ehrlich) First Rabies vaccination (Louis Pasteur) Disproved spontaneous generation (Louis Pasteur) Practiced antiseptic surgery (Joseph Lister) Discovered Penicillin (Alexander Fleming) First scientific Small pox vaccination (Edward Jenner) Observed “wee animalcules" (Antony Leeuwenhoek) Outlined Kochs postulates (Robert Koch) Advocated washing hands to stop the spread of disease (Ignaz Semmelweis) Growth of Bacteria on solid media (Robert Koch) Invented Petri Dish (R.J. Petri) Discovered viruses (Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovski) Supported Germ Theory of Disease (Louis Pasteur) |
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| 0.1% |
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| What percent of microbes in our biosphere can be culutured in lab? |
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| Anaerobes |
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| -What type of microbes do not need or use oxygen-Found at the bottom of swamps |
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| -Anaerobic –High pressure –Hot or cold temperatures –No organic carbon -instead use light energy and CO2 |
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| Where can microbes be found? |
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| Winogradsky column |
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| • Layers grow different species, reflecting different conditions they require (need o2, grow at stop doesn’t need o2 grow at bottom, need sun, grow towards light etc) |
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;Nitrogen cycle ;Bacteria fix N2 to NH4 ;Carbon cycle ;Photosynthetic microbes fix most carbon ;Sulfur cycle ;Phosphorus cycle |
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| Microbes cycle most elements on earth (List them) |
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| Asexually (Binary fission) |
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| how do microbial species reproduce? |
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| –Difficult to distinguish by shape (or outward characteristics) –Often reproduce asexually (binary fission) –Pass DNA to each other without reproduction |
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| Why are microbial species difficult to classify? (Carolus Linnaeus - "father of taxonomy" he created binomial nomenclature) |
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| –Gram stain –Ability to metabolize different substrates |
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| Use biochemical properties to classify |
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| –Bacterial genomes are relatively small so easy to sequence –2 distinct species share no more than 95% similarity of DNA sequence |
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| Use nucleic acid sequencing to classify |
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| Prokaryotes |
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| Bacteria and Archae are both what? |
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| rRNA sequencing |
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| how are Domains determined? |
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| Bacteria |
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| What are most prokaryotes that we encounter? |
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| Bacteria |
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| Salmonella and Escherichia coli are examples of what? |
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| Archae |
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| prokaryotes that live in extreme enviornments: hot springs, glaciers, salt lakes |
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| Methanococcus and Halobacterium |
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| What are two examples of Archae? |
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| False |
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| Archae are bacteria. T/F? |
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| Saccharomyces yeast |
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| what is used to make beer and bread? |
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| Diatoms & Seaweed |
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| example of algae? |
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| Protozoa (protists) |
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| Unicellular, motile, no cell wall Ex. Amoeba, Paramecium, & Giardia |
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| Endosymbiosis (Symbiotic) |
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| theory that eukaryotic organelles evolved through a symbiotic relationship (between 2 prokaryotes) one cell engulfed a second cell and a (___________) relationship developed |
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| Endosymbiosis |
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| Eukaryotes evolved through what? |
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| Endosymbiosis |
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| Mitochondria and Chloroplast are thought to have evolved this way |
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| Mitochondria |
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| ________ evolved from respiring bacteria similar to E. coli |
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| Chloroplast |
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| evolved from phototroph such as cyanobacteria |
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| Mitochondria and Chloroplast |
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| -Have 2 membranes (body cells have 1 membrane) -possess their own DNA and ribosomes (separate from the cell DNA and is similar in arrangement to bacteria DNA) -are about the size of a prokaryotic cell -divide by a process similar to bacteria (independently of the cell they reside in- binary fission) |
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| Prokaryote |
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| Which is smaller a Eukaryote or prokaryote? |
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| 2?m 0.2?m |
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| size of smallest eukaryotic cell prokaryotic cells can be as small as |
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| 0.2?m |
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| at what size is a cell considered a nanobacteria? |
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| Coccus Diplococcus Streptococcus Staphylococcus Tetrads |
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| - single cells - 2 cells - chains of more than 2 cells - grape like cluster of cells - packets of 4 cells |
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| Cocci Bacillus |
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| Most simple bacterial shape Most common bacterial shape? |
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| spirilla spirochetes Vibrio |
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| •Rigid spiral-shaped bacteria are called •Flexible spiral-shaped bacteria are called -curved rods |
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| condensor lens |
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| o located between light source and specimen o Focuses the light rays up through specimen. Does not help with magnification. |
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| Objective lens |
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| o Closest to specimen. Typically on revolving nose piece. o Typical scope has 10, 40, & 100X objective lenses o In each has multplie lenses. |
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| Ocular lens |
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| o Closest to the eye o Typically magnify 10x o Each has multiple lenses |
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| shape, arrangement, and endospores |
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| What can you determine at 1000x magnification? |
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| Resolution |
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| - ability to distinguish between 2 objects that are close together |
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| 0.2 micrometers |
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| Highest resolution of a typical light microscope is |
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| wavelength of light & numerical aperture |
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| Resolution is determined by ? |
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| filter |
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| by use of what we can single out the shortest wavelength? |
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| Thiomargarita namibiensis |
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| Super-size cells - ______________________ is the size of a fruit fly head -AKA “Sulfur pearl of Namibia” |
