APUSH Ch17-19 Test – Flashcards
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Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
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the first federal regulatory board, supervised railroad regulation
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Interstate Commerce Act
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all charges made by railroads "shall be reasonable and just" (sought to outlaw competition)
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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(1890) law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained interstate or foreign trade (sought to restore competition); too vague to stop development of trusts
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US vs. E. C. Knight Co.
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(1895) supreme court ruled that SAA could be applied only to commerce, not to manufacturing
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Social Darwinism
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theory of natural selection in biology., The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
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Herbert Spencer
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social darwinist. believed that Darwin's idea of natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to marketplace; concentration of wealth in the hands of the "fit" benefited the future of human race
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Professor William Sumner
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(Yale) social darwinist. believed that helping poor interfered with laws of nature and would weaken evolution of humans
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Gospel of Wealth
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many found religion to be more convincing than social darwinism. believed in correlation between work ethic and god's favor.
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National Labor Union
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(1866) first attempt to organize all workings in all states. Goals: higher wages, max of 8 hour day, equal rights for women and blacks, monetary reform and worker cooperatives. lost support after depression and unsuccessful strikes of 1877
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Knights of Labor
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2nd national labor union. (1869) began as secret society in attempts to avoid detection by employers. Under Terence Powderly, went public in 1881, opening membership to ALL workers. Goals: worker cooperatives, abolition of child labor, abolition of trusts and monopolies. declined rapidly after Haymarket riot
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American Federation of Labor
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concentrated on attaining practical economic goals such as higher wages and improved working conditions. founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886. did NOT advocate a reform program to remake American society
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reason for strikes
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1. threat of foreigners taking jobs (increased xenophobia) 2. growing size and power of corporate employers 3. substitution of machines for human skills
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Strike of 1877
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a railroad strike shut down two-thirds of the nation's railroad mileage. Violence broke out, federal troops restored order, and the strike collapsed
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Homestead Strike
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Strikers went on strike against Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel Plant in Pittsburgh in protest of Carnegie's refusal to negotiate with the union. the action of radicals turned the public against the workers.
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Pullman Strike
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workers refused to handle trains that contained Pullman cars because of a price cut issued by George Pullman. President Cleveland broke the strike by sending federal troops to ensure the movement of the mail
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laissez fair
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literally means "to let people do as they wish". idea that government should not interfere with business matters.
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Granger Movement
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(1867) composed of farmers who demanded the regulation of western railroads and other monopolies.
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American Protection Association
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(1887) one of the most anti foreign organizations in the U.S. It sought nativist goals such as immigration exclusion.
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Social Gospel
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Focused on improving living conditions of poor rather than purely spiritual matters
