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New Frontier

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The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

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Peace Corps

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an army of idealistic and mostly youthful volunteers, mission was to bring American skills to underdeveloped countries

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Apollo

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under JFK, a multibillion-dollar project to land an American on the moon

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Berlin Wall

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A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.

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EEC (European Economic Community)

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usually called the Common Market, in 1957, six European nations signed the Treaty of Rome, which provided for the gradual abolition of tariffs and import quotas among the six member nations. (France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxemberg.)

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Bay of Pigs Invasion

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in 1961, an attempt by Cuban exiles in southern Cuba to overthrow the Cuban socialist government of Fidel Castro; the effort was funded by the U.S. and was famously disastrous

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Cuban missile crisis

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Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.

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Freedom Riders

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Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

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Voter Education Project

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(1962-1968) Effort by SNCC and other civil rights groups to register the South's historically disenfranchised black population. The project typified a common strategy of the civil rights movement, which sought to counter racial discrimination by empowering people at grassroots levels to exercise their civic rights through voting.

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March on Washington

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held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

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This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

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Affirmative action

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a policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group

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Great Society

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President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

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Freedom Summer

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A campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi, which up to that time had almost totally excluded black voters.

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Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

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Group that sent its own delegates to the Democratic National Convention in 1964 to protest discrimination against black voters in Mississippi

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

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a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.

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Black Panther Party

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Organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. The Panthers represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964 and 1965. (989)

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Black Power

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A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.

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Six-Day War

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(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sanai Peninsula.

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Stonewall Rebellion

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(1969) Uprising in support of equal rights for gay people sparked by an assault by off-duty police officers at a gay bar in New York. The rebellion led to rise in activism and militancy within the gay community and furthered the sexual revolution of the late 1960s. (998)

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SDS (Students for a Democratic Society)

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an antiestablishment New Left group, founded in 1960, this group charged that corporations and large government institutions had taken over America; they called for a restoration of "participatory democracy" and greater individual freedom

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RFK

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He was liked by workers, young people, Latinos, blacks. June 5, 1968, he was assassinated by a young Arab immigrant resentful of his pro-Israel views. Supported civil rights movement after his brother's death, former Attorney General.

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Robert S. McNamara

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was the secretary of defense under Kennedy. He helped develop the flexible response policy; opposed the war in Vietnam and was removed from office

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Ngo Dinh Diem

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South Vietnamese president that was catholic and strongly opposed communism. His poor leadership and corrupt government spelled doom

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James Meredith

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He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want him to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

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Lee Harvey Oswald

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United States assassin of President John F. Kennedy (1939-1963)

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Malcolm X

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he was an advocate of black power and was the figurehead of the Nation of Islam for some time. He was greatly influential in getting people to believe in black power and self-defense, as opposed to King's peace.

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Eugene McCarthy

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a little known Democratic Senator from Minnesota, he represented the Democratic party in the 1968 presidential election. He was a devout Catholic and a soft-spoken, sometimes poet. He used a group of antiwar college students as his campaign workers. He, with the help of his "Childrens Crusade", got 42% of the democratic votes and 20 out of 24 convention delegates.

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George Wallace

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Four time governor of Alabama. Most famous for his pro-segregation attitude and as a symbol for states' rights.

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Vietnamization

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President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam War, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

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Nixon Doctrine

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proclaimed that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments but in the future, Asians and others would have to fight their own wars without the support of large numbers of American troops.

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Silent majority

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label Nixon gave to middle-class Americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in Vietnam, he contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960s and early 1970s

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My Lai Massacre

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In 1968 American troops massacred women and children in a Vietnamese village; this deepened American people's disgust for the Vietnam War.

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Kent State University

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the location of one of the many college student protests against the Vietnam War. The protest ended with a clash against the police and the death of several students. The incident greatly decreased the support for U.S. involvement in Vietnam and caused even more protest and resentment.

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Pentagon Papers

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Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam

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Dentente

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relaxation of tensions between the U.S and its two major Communist rivals, The Soviet Union and China

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Miranda Warning

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ruling that requires police, when arresting suspects, to inform them of their rights, including the right to remain silent and have an attorney present during questioning

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Philadelphia Plan

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required construction-trade unions working on the federal pay roll to establish "goals and timetables" for black employees. This plan changed the definition of "affirmative action" to include preferable treatment on groups, not individuals

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EPA

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responsible for managing federal efforts to control air and water pollution, radiation and pesticide hazards, environmental research, hazardous waste, and solid-solid waste disposal.

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Earth Day

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a holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970

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Southern strategy

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Nixon's attempt to attract the support of Southern conservative Democrats who were unhappy with federal desegregation policies and liberal Supreme Court.

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War Powers Act

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Notify Congress within 48 hours of deploying troops; had to gain Congress' approval to stay longer than 90 days; designed to curtail President's power

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Watergate

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1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down

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"smoking gun" tape

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the tape that proved Nixon knew about the cover up

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ERA

answer

...

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Roe v. Wade

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established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state interference in 1st; state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2nd; state may regulate to protect health or unborn child in 3rd. inferred from right of privacy established in griswald v. connecticut

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Malaise speech

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(1979)National address by Jimmy Carter in July 1979 in which the President chided American materialism and urged a communal spirit in the face of economic hardships. Although Carter intended the speech to improve both public morale and his standings as a leader, it had the opposite effect and was widely perceived as a political disaster for the embattled president

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SALT II

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the second treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics resulting from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

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Iranian hostage crisis

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In 1979, Iranian fundamentalists seized the American embassy in Tehran and held fifty-three American diplomats hostage for over a year. The Iranian hostage crisis weaked the Carter presidency; the hostages were finally released on January 20, 1981, the day Ronald Reagan became president.

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Henry Kissinger

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The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency

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Warren E. Burger

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the Supreme Court justice durning the Nixon admistration. He was chosen by Nixon because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. He presided over the extremly controversal case of abortion in Roe vs. Wade.

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Rachel Carson

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published Silent Spring in 1962; documented the environmental damage done by DDT and other pesticides, which heightened public awareness at the start of the modern environmental movement.

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George McGovern

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A Senator from South Dakota who ran for President in 1972 on the Democrat ticket. His promise was to pull the remaining American troops out of Vietnam in ninety days which earned him the support of the Anti-war party, and the working-class supported him, also. He lost however to Nixon.

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Gerald Ford

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the first president to be solely elected by a vote from Congress. He entered the office in August of 1974 when Nixon resigned. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. The Vietnam War ended in 1975, in which he evacuated nerely 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam. He closed the war.

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John Dean III

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He was a former white house lawyer that testified about the involvement of the top levels of the White House. He talked of the president, the Watergate cover-up and accused the president of violating justice. His claims were later supported by Nixon's tape recordings.

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Jimmy Carter

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The 39th President who created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

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Leonid Brezhnev

answer

replaced Khrushchev after the Cuban Missile Crisis; signed SALT agreement with Nixon in Moscow

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